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During the 6th century the Suevic kingdom became a territorial entity, called Kingdom of Galicia by contemporaries as Gregory of Tours. While the Visigoths were struggling to maintain their kingdom against the Franks, the Suevi turned gradually to Catholicism, under the influence of the Pannonian religious Martin of Braga, which have arrived from Gallia with the probable a mission of bringing the Suevi into Catholicism, and so to align them politically with Ravenna and the Franks. This gradual conversion, initiated by Chariaric and carried on by Ariamir and Theodemir, was complete under the kingship of Miro; the integration of Suebi and Galicians is also seen in the increasing presence of Germanic Catholic bishops.

Miro-> Waffensohnschaft

Cabrera, Rafael Barroso; De Pablos, Jorge Morín; Ramos, Isabel M. Sánchez (2023-06-29). Gallaecia Gothica: From the Conspiracy of Dux Argimundus (AD 589/590) to Integration in the Visgothic Kingdom of Toledo. Ricardo López Fernebrand (trans.). Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-1-80327-508-6 978-1-80327-507-9. JSTOR 10.2307/jj.4350569. Retrieved 2023-09-27. {{cite book}}: Check |isbn= value: length (help)

Brittons

sfasf

business names and services (Zeltia, Celta train service), and also personal names (Breogán, Celtia, Zeltia).

TODO

- Festa dos maios

Internal history

Galician evolved locally from Vulgar Latin. Its lexicon, which is predominantly of Latin extraction, was enriched with numerous local substrate words of Celtic and pre-Celtic origin. These frequently refer to local fishes and flora, agriculture, and landforms description:

• fishes: rodaballo 'turbot', centolo 'European spider crab';
• flora: carballo 'oak tree', abeneiro and amieiro 'alder tree', bidueiro 'birch tree', toxo 'gorse';
• natural terrain: braña 'meadow, bog', gándara rego corgo ambas mestas
• agriculture: leira cómaro olga senra busto
• technology: chedas, choca, labego, dorna

On the other hand, being a lateral language, its Latin inherited lexicon is very conservative, preserving words which fell into disuse in central areas: ***

In the 5th century two Germanic people, the Sueves and the Goths arrived to the Iberian Peninsula; a number of words derive from their languages, among them: groba, Sá < Sala, laverca, mexengra, faísca, marco...

Galician preserved the seven vowel system of Vulgar Latin /a e ɛ i o ɔ u/ (but currently Galician only admits one of five vowels /a e i o u/ in post-tonic syllables, or one of three /a e o/ [ɐ ɪ ʊ] in final unstressed position).

From Vulgar Latin to the 11th century

The two most notorious groups of changes in the early evolution of Galician are first the apparition of palatalised consonants, and then the lenition of the consonantal system. These changes are qualitatively shared with other Western Romance languages.

• Palatalization of the word initial and post-consonant clusters CL-, FL-, PL- > /t͡ʃ/ (since the low middle ages spelled <ch>):

Latin clāmāre 'to call' > chamar idem

Lat. flammam 'flame' > chama idem

Lat. plicāre 'to fold, to arrive' > chegar 'to arrive'

The consonantal cluster GL- was reduced to /l/:

Lat. GLANDEM 'acorn' > landra idem

• Latin g and C usually palatalized before a front vowel, first into africates, later into fricative consonants:

Lat. gelāta 'frozen' > Medieval Galician geada /ʒeˈaða/ > xeada /ʒeˈaða/ 'freezing'

• Latin e or i in hiatus usually produced the palatalization of a preceding consonant:

• The medial group -SC- evolved into a palatal ***:

Lat. (prunam) damascenam > pre-Galician amexena > ameixa

• The cluster -GN- evolved into the palatal nasal /ɲ/, today noted <ñ>, but usually <n>, <nn>, <ni>, <gn> or <nh> in the Middle Ages:

Lat. AGNUM 'lamb' > año idem.

• Some consonantal clusters appeared in Vulgar Latin due to elision of unstressed vowels. Those containing an /l/, , were palatalized:

1. into ly
2. into ch

• Assimilation of the clusters -PT- > -TT-, later reduced to -t-, and -PS- > -SS-: Latin SEPTEM 'seven' > sete idem, CAMPSĀRE > cansar 'to tire'(but CAPSUM 'cheese' > *cajsu > queijo > queixo idem).

• Vocalization of stop consonants in the syllable coda (Galician phonotactics doesn't currently allow stops in the coda except in recent loanwords and learned words): Lat. INTEGRUM 'whole' > enteiro idem, Lat. CATHEDRAM 'armchair' > cadeira 'chair', Lat. OCTUM 'eight' > oito idem, Lat. SAXUM [ˈsak.sũ] 'rock' > seixo 'rock; quartz', FRAGMINA 'fragments' > frouma 'pine needles, dead vegetation in the ground'. However, larger clusters of consonants were usually reduced and simplified: SANCTUS 'saint' > santo idem, MIXTŪRA /kst/ 'mixture' > mestura idem.

• Partially, l-vocalization: Lat. ALTRUM > outro, ALTĀRIUM 'altar' > outeiro 'hill, summit'; but Lat. VULPEM 'fox' > golpe idem. The cluster -ǓLT- usually evolved into -oit-: Lat. MULTUM 'much / many' > *mouto > moito idem, Lat. AUSCULTARE 'to listen' > escoitar idem.

• Lenition of stops /p/, /t/, /k/:

• Lenition of /f/:

• Simplification of long stop consonants:

11th-13th century

During the central centuries of the Middle Ages Galician incorporated a large number of words from Latin, French and Occitan, as those were the languages of High Culture in Western Europe during these period. Galician also acquired a large number of navigation and boat building words from French and from the Germanic languages spoken by northern navigators.

Low Middle ages

ûa > una / funario > fûeiro > fungueiro; *inaddire > êadir > engadir

Middle Galician

• Till the Low Middle Ages, there was an opposition in between the result of Latin and pre-Latin initial B- and V-. This opposition was lost ***.

OUTRO

• grolo
• centolo
• xistro
• combarro
• samborca,

Other substrate words:

- AUKA -> céltico

• mazarico < maracico 'curlew'
• abóbora
• abesouro
• gándara
• veiga
• beira
• aburar 'quemar'
• bourar 'golpear'
• aínda
• álamo
• anta
• antena
• abracar
• eiró
• bácoro
• barallar
• baxouca
• bálago?
• baranda
• bisbarra
• broa
• buscar
• cáparo

Lang

As example of element frequently defended as eminently Celtic are:

etnonyms: Albiones, Lemavi, Arrotreba, Artabri, Querquereni, Nemetati... Also the medievally attested Bergantiños, Nendos, Entíns rivers: Tambre, Deva, Dubra, Nantón, Ézaro Divinities: Lugubo Arquienobo, Ariounis, Suleis Nantugaicis, Coso Oenaego, Aerno Personal names: Artius, Nantius, Nantia, Andamus, Vecius Composites: Andercus, Vesuclotus, Corotures, Ambiollus, Verotus Places: Nemetobriga

... Or Medieval attested ones as Osmo, Vama, Beresmo, Ledesma, Bermo < Veramo,

Farm work

** In particular, Celtic etymology has been proposed for river names ( ), ethnonyms, personal names, and hill-fort names, which are continued in today toponimy: -brig / superlativos:

Hydronyms: Deva, Nantón, Dubra, Tambre, Ambasmestas < 'Mixed waters', Avia, Bervia...

Ethnomyms: Albiones, Celticos, Lemos... Nendos, Bergantiños, Entíns...

Personal names:

Hill-fort names

Roman era characteristic toponyms, frequently turned later into locational surnames, include:

• names of pagus or villa, as an adjectival formation derived from a Roman personal name: Cortiñán < Quortiniano 1105, Lourenzá < Laurentiana 934, Mariñán < Mariniano 910, Rubiá < Rufiana, Touriñán < Tauriniana 942, etc.
• terms formed as plural neuter forms, generally lost in Romance: Triabá < Tria Vada "Three fords"; Triacastela "Three castles"; Moimenta < Monimenta "Barrows"; Zanfoga, Santifoga < Centum Foca "A hundred hearths".

Topo.

These are some of the Celtic linguistic elements found locally:

• theonyms: Lugus, Toutatis, Suleis.

• oronyms: Vindius (Celtic *windo- 'white', hence ‘White Mountain’), Trileucum.
• river names: Minius, Limia, Tamaris, Navia, among those rivers attested during Roman era; other rivers with Celtic etymology are Avia, Deva, Dubra < Dubria, Ézaro < Esar < *Isaris, Nantón...

• ethnonyms: Albiones, Neri, Lemavi, Arrotreba, Artabri (Falileyev), Querquerni.

• personal names: Andamus (cf. Gaulish name Andamorix); Artius (Celtic *arto- 'bear'); Vecius (from *weik- ''), Nantius, Nantia *** . Of some two hundred instances of native names in Galicia, or referring to people originating from Galicia, over 10% are composite: Reburrus (and variants, 9 instances), Vesuclotus, Cadroiolo, Auledus, Caluenus (< *Calugenos), Meiduena (< *Medugena)... Composite names appear to belong to older generations and to go obsolete during the process of Romanization.

• place names: as Brigantium (), Novium (‘New’), Iria (‘Fertile’), Olca (‘Farm’), Verium ('Superior') and also superlatives, as Berisamum, and composites:

- briga: Nemetobriga, Calubriga, Coeliobriga, Talabriga, Abobriga...

- brixs: Aviliobris, Ercoriobris, Lubris, Elaniobris, Miobris...

- dunum: Caladunum

- oculum: Louciocelum, Ocelum

Many modern day Galician place names belong to these same groups:

- Superlatives: Beresmo < Berisamum < *Bergisamum; Sésamo, Sísamo < *Segisamum; Osmo < Osamo 1157 < Uxsamum, Bermo < *Veramo, Ledesma < *φletisama, Bama < Vama 912 < *Uφama..., Visma < Visama 13th c., Bermo < Vermo, Lermo < Leramu 1161

- briga: Biobra, Oímbra < Olimbria 953

- bris: the mountains Monte Xiabre < Senabre 1182, Monte Castrove < Castovre 11th c, and also the inhabited places Brión < *brigon,*** Trobe < Talovre 914, Tiobre < Toyobre 1037, Ombre < Anobre 971, Sillobre < Siliobre 830, O Grove < Ogrobre 912, Lestrobe, Illobre < Iliovre 897; Coebre < Colobre 897; Canzobre < Caranzobre 1399; Bendrade < Vendabre 899; Alcobre, Alcabre... *** Blanca

- ocelum: Andamollo < *Andamocelum, Bendollo < Vendollo < Vindocelum…

Together with others as Noia < *Nowya 'New', Luentia < Loentena < *Lowentena, Bendia < Vendena

Roman period

Roman monuments: Ponte Bibei, Torre Hércules (Faro Bregancio), Muralla Lugo, Augasantas, mosaico lugo

With the Diocletian reform Gallaecia (comprehending Gallaecia proper, Asturia and posibly also Cantabria) was turned into a province, with capital in Braga. During the 4th century the cities of the province were walled.

- cristianismo

Germanic period

Suebos, Godos -> Mapa

Montes en mancomún e dereito civil galego

Monasticismo

Antroponimia

Saa, Sa <- Sala

Britania

Tei-

Dornas <- viquingos: fortalezas

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