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Biography

I will be break up the single paragraph already on the wiki page into these different subsections and combine what I've written with existing paragraphs

Early Years

She started her studies at Académie Julian, one of few art schools at the time that taught women with the same rigor as men. When her family relocated to Brussels, she studied at The Royal Academy of Fine Arts in 1908.^[1]

Weimer Period

Mammen was an avid reader of modernist literature, and translated Arthur Rimbaud's Illuminations.

Style and Methods

She worked in a variety of mediums, including watercolor, oil, lithography, and sculpture but is most known for her Weimer period (1919-33) works in watercolor and graphite. Her use of soft watercolors and muted tones add a hazy, atmospheric quality to her works QUOTE IN HERE. During this period she was a part of the New Objectivity movement, in which artists attempted to reconcile with a post-WWI Germany by looking at societal issues with a discerning eye (CITE). SNIPPETS OF QUOTES + CLEAR CITATION

Under the Nazi regime, her works showED an influence of Cubism and expressionism. She was particularly inspired by Picasso and his Guernica^[2] ADDRESS AMBIGUITY OF THE FIRST SENTENCE

Themes

Mammen's works focused largely on female subjects and female relationships, sometimes romantic. Many of her female subjects displayed characteristics of the "New Woman'' of 1920's Berlin - fashionable, independent, and promiscuous. CITATION

Many of her works centered around the themes of female relationships and sexuality, as well as homosexuality and challenging gender roles. She included 14 of her illustrations in Curt Moreck's Guide to Depraved Berlin, published in 1931, a guide to the lesbian and gay scene in Berlin.^[3] Her contributions depicted prostitutes, women-only nightclubs, and cafés of the city (CITE 262). She also provided illustrations for Les Chansons de Bilitis, a collection of lesbian love poems.

Legacy

Foundation and Jeanne Mammen Apartment Museum

The Jeanne Mammen Foundation runs a museum of Jeanne's studio apartment, which she lived and worked in for over 50 years. (CITE)

Quote

"I always wished to be just a pair of eyes, to explore the world without being seen, only to see others." — Jeanne Mammen^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b Böhmert, Lydia (2017). Jeanne Mammen: Paris - Bruxelles - Berlin. Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9783422073777.
^ Troeller, Jordan (2019). "Review of Jeanne Mammen, The Observer: Retrospective 1910–1975". Woman's Art Journal. 40 (1): 49–51. ISSN 0270-7993.
^ Royal, Suzanne (2007). Graphic Art in Weimar Berlin: The Case of Jeanne Mammen (PhD). University of Southern California.

[:0-1] Böhmert, Lydia (2017). Jeanne Mammen: Paris - Bruxelles - Berlin. Berlin: Deutscher Kunstverlag. pp. 13–14. ISBN 9783422073777.

[2] Troeller, Jordan (2019). "Review of Jeanne Mammen, The Observer: Retrospective 1910–1975". Woman's Art Journal. 40 (1): 49–51. ISSN 0270-7993.

[3] Royal, Suzanne (2007). Graphic Art in Weimar Berlin: The Case of Jeanne Mammen (PhD). University of Southern California.

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