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Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny

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Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny
Петро Конашевич–Сагайдачний
Hetman of the HRG Host of Zaporizhia
In office
1616–1622
Preceded byVasyl Strilkovsky[1]
Succeeded byOlifer Holub[1]
Personal details
Bornnear 1582[2]
Kulchytsi, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (now Ukraine)
Died(1622-04-20)20 April 1622[2]
Kyiv, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth (now Ukraine)
Saint

Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny
Right-Believing Hetman
Venerated inOrthodox Church of Ukraine
Canonized25 May 2011 by Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church
Feast7 April

Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny (Template:Lang-uk; Template:Lang-pl; born about 1582[2] in Kulchytsi, today Sambir Raion – 20 April 1622 in Kyiv) was a Ukrainian Cossack political and civic leader, Hetman of Zaporozhian Cossacks from 1616 to 1622,[2] a military leader of Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth both on land and sea. While being a hetman, he transformed the Cossack Host from an irregular military formation into a regular army. Under his tenure a greater common identity developed the Cossacks, the Orthodox clergy and peasants of Ukraine, which would ultimately be inherited as a modern national consciousness. His troops played a significant role in the Battle of Khotyn against the Turks in 1621 and Polish Prince Władysław's attempt to gain the throne of Russia in 1618.[3]

In 2011 he was canonized in the Orthodox Church of Ukraine as a Right-Believing hetman.[4] On 20 April 2022 he was further declared by Metropolitan Epifaniy patron saint of the military forces of Ukraine.[5]

Early life

The Coat of arms of Pobuh family, to which Petro Sahaidachny belonged.

Petro Konashevych was born in Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in the village of Kulchytsy (Przemyśl land) three miles away from Sambir in the Ruthenian Voivodeship into a Ukrainian Eastern Orthodox noble family. His father's name was Konon (Konash), Konashevych is a patronym.[6] He graduated from Ostroh Academy in Volhynia. His school mate was Meletiy Smotrytskyi, author of the Hramatyka book, by which many generations of Ukrainians, Russians, and Belarusians learned the Slavic language grammatics. From an early age he learnt the weapon and horsemanship skills. He joined to the cossacks of Zaporozhian Host and took a part in cossack military expeditions to Moldavia in 1600 and Livonia in 1601. His talent in a military strategy, courage and ability to show leadership under great adversity and hardship were acquired by cossacks leader (otaman) Samiylo Kishka. Later, Sahaidachny moved to Lviv, and after to Kyiv, where he became the assistant and tutor of the Kyivan judge I. Aksak family.

Career

Early Turkish campaign

Cossacks capturing Caffa (Feodosia). Woodcut from 1622 book

By the end of the 16th century, Sahaidachny traveled to Zaporizhia, where in 1605, he was elected as a kosh otaman of the Zaporozhian Host cossacks. Under his control, the Host participated in campaigns against the Crimean Tatars and the Turks. The Сossacks fleet captured the Turkish fortress Varna, burned and destroyed a strong Turkish navy (10,000 ships).[citation needed] He is famous for his sea sorties on Crimea and Turkey and in 1616 captured Caffa (Feodosia) on the Crimean peninsula, the largest center of the slave trade. He released from slavery many Christian men, women and children.[7][8]

Muscovite campaign

In 1618, Sahaidachny joined the anti-Turkish Holy League.[6] While he was battling the Turks, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth requested his assistance for war with Muscovy (Russian Tsardom); they wanted him to provide Władysław IV Vasa, the King of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, with 20,000 Cossacks near Moscow. Sahaidachny did, and seized the forts in the cities of Putivl, Kursk, Livny, Yelets and many others. Near Serpukhov Sahaidachny forced the Muscovite army to flee. The Muscovite troops under command of the voivode G. Volkonsky forced the Cossacks to take a detour, but were unable to stop the advance of the Cossacks regiments to Moscow. In September 1618 he forced to flee the army of another Muscovite nobleman, Vasilii Buturlin. Later, the united army of Jan Karol Chodkiewicz and Sahaidachny sieged Moscow and on 11 October tried to take the Arbat Gates but then get the order to stop the storm.

In late October, the army of Sahaidachny moved in a raid towards the south from Moscow. During this raid the army captured the city of Serpukhov, and in early December it captured Kaluga. John III Sobieski wrote that this successful raid caused panic among the Russians and forced them to conclude negotiations as soon as possible. The whole campaign finally culminated in December 1618 by signing the Truce of Deulino, resulting in the greatest territorial expansion of the Commonwealth.

The Cossacks' invasion of Muscovy has been described by Ukrainian historian Valery Smolyi as "not the best page of Sahaidachny's biography".[9] Sahaidachy and his cossacks had been positioning themselves as supporters of the Orthodox Christianity and potential allies of Muscovy.[10] However, they left the "bloody trace" which extended from Livny to Moscow and back to Kaluga and Kyiv.[11] In research of Russian, Ukrainian and American historians Cossacks have been blamed for destroying and robbing Orthodox churches, cities and villages, killing children and women, who belonged to Orthodox (Greek) Christianity.[12][13][14] Later, Sahaidachny asked Patriarch Teophanes III of Jerusalem to forgive him for such behavior.[10]

Sahaidachny returned to Zaporizhia, and did not only become a kosh otaman, but was also the Hetman of Ukraine. (Another source claims that in 1621 he was a colonel of the Commonwealth Registered Cossacks regiment.)[10] In order to avoid conflict with the Poles, Sahaidachny agreed to limit the Cossack register to 3,000 men; the remainder were regarded as peasants ("kholopy"). He also banned unauthorized Cossack sea raids to Turkey and the king gave Sahaidachny the right to be called an elder of the Cossacks ("starshina").[15]

Restoration of the Ukrainian Orthodox hierarchy

A sword gifted to Sahaidachny by king Vladislaus Vasa as a sign of gratitude for his services at the Battle of Khotyn

Not only did Sahaidachny fight for control, he also fought for the religious and cultural rights of the Ukrainian people. In 1620, he registered himself and his entire Zaporozhian Host as students into the Kyiv Epiphany Brotherhood School, that preceded the current Kyiv Mohyla Academy. It was done in order to protect the school from conversion from an Orthodox school into a Roman Catholic Jesuit Collegium. He also contributed to the establishment of a cultural center in Kyiv and sought to unite the Cossack military with the Ukrainian clergy and nobility.[citation needed]

In early 1620 Sahaidachny sent an envoy to the Russian tsar. At this time there was the Patriarch Teophanes III of Jerusalem and this envoy held talks with him about the possibility of his arrival in Ukraine.

In 1620, Sahaidachny convinced Patriarch Teophanes III, who recently returned from Moscow, to reconstruct the Orthodox hierarchy, that was almost destroyed by the creation of the Greek-Catholic Church. As a result, the Metropolis of Kiev, Galicia and all Ruthenia was erected mainly on the territory of the Commonwealth.

Patriarch Teophanes III of Jerusalem blamed Cossacks for the participation in the Muscovy campaign saying that damnation have been put on them for this, because Muscovites are Orthodox Christians and in a future they never would fight again against them.[16][17]

The patriarch appointed Iov Boretsky as a Kyivan Metropolitan bishop and five other bishops at the same time.[6] Because the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had threatened to arrest Teophanes III as a spy, Sahaidachny was guaranteed his protection by the patriarch. After the new metropoliten and bishops were installed, Sahaidachny escorted the patriarch to the Ottoman border with a 3,000 men Cossack army.[15]

The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth accepted the appointment, because it wanted to keep close contacts with Sahaidachny after the Turks defeated the Polish army at the Battle of Ţuţora (1620).

Because of Sahaidachny's moderate policies towards Commonwealth, he provoked dissatisfaction among the Cossacks, and in 1620, they briefly elected Yatsko Borodavka as hetman.[6]

Battle of Khotyn

Defending the Polish banner at Khotyn, painting of the Battle at Khotyn in 1621 by Juliusz Kossak, 1892.

In 1621, the famous Battle of Khotyn had occurred, where close to 80,000 Cossacks and Polish troops fought against 160,000 Turkish army. The battle held at bay for a whole month, until the first snow compelled Osman II to withdraw his weakened forces.[18] Sahaidachny and his army played a significant role in the battle, forcing the Turks to sign an unfavorable peace treaty. During the battle, Sahaidachny was seriously wounded. After the battle, the Polish king sent Sahaidachny a sword in recognition of his services.

Death

A page with a fragment of the "Poems for mourning funeral of the noble knight Petro Konashevych Sahaidachny by Cassian Sakowicz («ВѢршѢ на жалосный погреб зацного рыцера Петра Конашевича Сагайдачного….»); title says "For coat of arms of the HRG Strong Host of Zaporizhia" (На Гербъ Силного Войска Е.К.М. Запорозкого)

On 20 April 1622 Sahaidachny died in Kyiv from wounds he suffered at the Battle of Khotyn. He was later buried in the Bratsky Monastery of Kyiv.[19] He left his assets to the brotherhood schools in Kyiv and Lviv for church causes.[6] His legacy was so great, that most of the population of Kyiv attended his funeral en masse.[15] Sahaidachny's work, About Union, was highly regarded by the Lithuanian Kanclerz Lew Sapieha.[20] In 1646, John III Sobieski, a monarch of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, said the following about Sahaidachny:

He was a man of great spirit who sought danger, did not care about his own life, was swift and energetic in battle, cautious, slept little and was sober... was careful at discussions, and non-talkative in conversations.[21]

— John III Sobieski, 1646

Polish historian Jan Widacki wrote that Konashevych-Sahaidachny was among Zaporozhian hetmans the one most loyal to Poland.[22] He was a supporter of the Polish-Ukrainian military cooperation against the enemies of the Commonwealth.[23][24]

Legacy

See also

Part of a series on
Cossacks
"Zaporozhian Cossacks write to the Sultan of Turkey" by Ilya Repin (1844–1930)
Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks
Cossack hosts
Other Cossack groups
History
Notable Cossacks
Cossack terms
Cossack folklore

References

  1. ^ a b Сас П. М.,Кіркене Г. Хотинська битва 1621 – битва за Центральну Європу
  2. ^ a b c d "Конашевич–Сагайдачний Петро Кононович". History.org.ua. Retrieved 2022-08-16.
  3. ^ Nataliia Polonska-Vasylenko (1992). History of Ukraine. Vol. 1. Libid press Kyiv. p. 440. Kashchenko, Adrian (1917). A Short History of the Zaporozhian Host (4th ed.). Ukrainian press in Katerinoslav, Leipsig, Germany. pp. 91–92.
  4. ^ "ПЦУ визнала святим гетьмана Петра Сагайдачного". dilo.net.ua. Aug 29, 2020. Retrieved Jul 29, 2022.
  5. ^ "Metropolitan Epifaniy proclaims Hetman Petro Sahaidachny the patron saint of the Ukrainian army". Religious Information Service of Ukraine. 20 April 2022.
  6. ^ a b c d e Wynar, L.; Zhukovsky, A. "Konashevych-Sahaidachny, Petro". Encyclopedia of Ukraine.
  7. ^ Davies, Brian L. (2007). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge. p. 17.
  8. ^ OSTAPCHUK, Victor (2001). "The Human Landscape of the Ottoman Black Sea in the Face of the Cossack Naval Raids". Oriente Moderno. 20 (81) (1): 23–95. doi:10.1163/22138617-08101003. JSTOR 25817745.
  9. ^ Valery Smolyi, "Peter Sahadachny: knight, politician, man". Vitchizna, 13, #1, 189–194 (1990) (Валерій Смолий, Петро Сагайдачний: воїн, політік, людина. Вїтчизна, 13, №1, 189–194 (1990)),"ВіпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅпїЅ". Archived from the original on 2015-01-01. Retrieved 2013-04-03.
  10. ^ a b c Valery Smolyi, "Peter Sahadachny: knight, politician, man". Vitchizna', 13, #1, 189–194 (1990) (Валерій Смолий, Петро Сагайдачний: воїн, політік, людина. Вїтчизна, 13, №1, 189–194 (1990)) Archived 2014-11-13 at the Wayback Machine
  11. ^ Bel'sk monastery script, Full Collection of the Russian Chronicles, v. 34, p. 266 | ПСРЛ Полное собрание русских летописей т. 34, Бельская летопись, стр 266. Retrieved Jul 29, 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  12. ^ Dmitry Yavornitsky. "9–10 (Дмитрий Иванович Яворницкий ИСТОРИЯ ЗАПОРОЖСКИХ КАЗАКОВ История запорожских казаков. Киев.: Наук. думка, 1990. – Т. 2. – 660 с. Академия наук Украинской ССР, Археографическая комиссия, Институт истории, Главы 9–10)". History of Zaporozhian Cossacks. Vol. 2. Retrieved Jul 29, 2022. {{cite book}}: |website= ignored (help)
  13. ^ "Г.В. Вернадский. Московское царство". gumilevica.kulichki.net. Retrieved Jul 29, 2022.
  14. ^ "ВОЕННАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА – [ Общая история ] – Соловьёв С.М. История России с древнейших времён". militera.lib.ru. Retrieved Jul 29, 2022.
  15. ^ a b c Subtelny, Orest (2000). Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press. p. 116. ISBN 0-8020-8390-0.
  16. ^ Vladimir Golubutsky, Zaporozhian Cossacks, chapter IV (Володимир ГОЛОБУЦЬКИЙ, ЗАПОРОЗЬКЕ КОЗАЦТВО KИЇВ – 1994, Розділ VII, СОЦІАЛЬНО–ПОЛІТИЧНЕ Й ЕКОНОМІЧНЕ СТАНОВИЩЕ В УКРАЇНІ НАПРИКІНЦІ XVI – НА ПОЧАТКУ XVII СТОЛІТТЯ)
  17. ^ Valery Smolyi, Peter Sahadachny: knight, politician, man. Vitchizna, 13, #1, 189–194 (1990) (Валерій Смолий, Петро Сагайдачний: воїн, політік, людина. Вїтчизна, 13, №1, 189–194 (1990)) Archived 2015-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ Valery Smolyi, Peter Sahadachny: knight, politician, man. Vitchizna, 13, #1, 189–194 (1990) (Валерій Смолий, Петро Сагайдачний: воїн, політік, людина. Вїтчизна, 13, №1, 189–194 (1990) Archived 2015-01-01 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Maksimovich, M.A. Issledovanie o getmane Petre Konasheviche S.
  20. ^ Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary. 1906.
  21. ^ John III Sobieski (1646). Sahaidachny, Petro Konashevych. Archived from the original on 2007-09-27.
  22. ^ Jan Widacki (1984). Kniaź Jarema. Wydawnictwo "Śląsk". p. 25. ISBN 978-83-216-0440-4. Retrieved 15 December 2012.
  23. ^ [1] [dead link‍]
  24. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-03. Retrieved 2022-02-15.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  25. ^ Kozhara: Hetman Sahaidachny frigate to join NATO’s anti-piracy operation, Interfax-Ukraine (17 September 2013)
  26. ^ "History of Academy". Army Academy named after hetman Petro Sahaydachyi. Archived from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013.
  27. ^ Germany to send military advisers to Ukraine, UNIAN (9 December 2016)
  28. ^ (in Russian) A monument to Sahaidachny in Kharkov, Status quo (23 August 2014)
  29. ^ (in Ukrainian) In Kharkiv opened a "conquered" in annexed Crimea monument Sagaydachny, The Ukrainian Week (22 August 2015)
  30. ^ (in Ukrainian) Dedicated to the heroes, Broadcasting Company «MTV» [«Mariupol television»] (13 October 2017)
  31. ^ "У Мангуші окупанти демонтували пам'ятник гетьману Сагайдачному, тому що його встановили "азовці", – ВІДЕО". 0629.com.ua – Сайт города Мариуполя (in Ukrainian). Retrieved 2022-05-08.

Further reading

  • Antonovych, V. (1991). Hetmany Ukrayiny, istorichni portrety. Zbirnyk.
  • Haidai, L. (2000). Petro Sahaidachny. Vezha.
  • Sas, P. Petro (1992). Kyivska starovyna.
  • Yavornytsky, Dmytro (1990). Hetman Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny. Dnipro.
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