List of Christian denominations

A Christian denomination is a distinct religious body within Christianity, identified by traits such as a name, organization and doctrine. Individual bodies, however, may use alternative terms to describe themselves, such as church, convention, communion, assembly, house, union, network, or sometimes fellowship. Divisions between one denomination and another are primarily defined by authority and doctrine. Issues regarding the nature of Jesus, Trinitarianism, salvation, the authority of apostolic succession, eschatology, conciliarity, papal supremacy and papal primacy among others may separate one denomination from another. Groups of denominations, often sharing broadly similar beliefs, practices, and historical ties—can be known as "branches of Christianity" or "denominational families" (e.g. Eastern or Western Christianity and their sub-branches).^[1] These "denominational families" are often imprecisely also called denominations.

Christian denominations since the 20th century have often involved themselves in ecumenism. Ecumenism refers to efforts among Christian bodies to develop better understandings and closer relationships.^[2]^[3] It also refers to efforts toward visible unity in the Christian Church, though the terms of visible unity vary for each denomination of Christianity; the Roman Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church each teach visible unity may only be achieved by converting to their denominational beliefs and structure, citing claims of being the one true church.^[4]^[5] The largest ecumenical organization in Christianity is the World Council of Churches.^[6]^[3]

The following is not a complete list, but aims to provide a comprehensible overview of the diversity among denominations of Christianity, ecumenical organizations, and Christian ideologies not necessarily represented by specific denominations. Only those Christian denominations, ideologies and organizations with Wikipedia articles will be listed in order to ensure that all entries on this list are notable and verifiable. The denominations and ecumenical organizations listed are generally ordered from ancient to contemporary Christianity.

Terminology and qualification

Some bodies included on this list do not consider themselves denominations. For example, the Catholic Church considers itself the one true church and the Holy See as pre-denominational.^[7] The Eastern Orthodox Church also considers itself the original Christian church and pre-denominational.^[8]^[9] To express further the complexity involved, the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox churches were historically one and the same, as evidenced by the fact that they are the only two modern churches in existence to accept all of the first seven ecumenical councils, until differences arose, such as papal authority and dominance, the rise of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the continuance of emperors in the Eastern Roman Empire, and the final and permanent split that occurred during the Crusades with the siege of Constantinople.^[10] This also illustrates that denominations can arise not only from religious or theological issues, but political and generational divisions as well.

Other churches that are viewed by non-adherents as denominational are highly decentralized and do not have any formal denominational structure, authority, or record-keeping beyond the local congregation; several groups within the Restoration movement and congregational churches fall into this category.

Some Christian bodies are large (e.g. Catholics, Orthodox, Pentecostals and non/inter-denominationals, Anglicans or Baptists), while others are just a few small churches, and in most cases the relative size is not evident in this list except for the denominational group or movement as a whole (e.g. Church of the East, Oriental Orthodox Churches, or Lutheranism). The largest denomination is the Catholic Church with more than 1.3 billion members.^[11] The smallest of these groups may have only a few dozen adherents or an unspecified number of participants in independent churches as described below. As such, specific numbers and a certain size may not define a group as a denomination. However, as a general rule, the larger a group becomes, the more acceptance and legitimacy it gains.

Modern movements such as Christian fundamentalism, Pietism, Evangelicalism, the Holiness movement and Pentecostalism sometimes cross denominational lines, or in some cases create new denominations out of two or more continuing groups (as is the case for many united and uniting churches, for example; e.g. the United Church of Christ).^[12]^[13] Such subtleties and complexities are not clearly depicted here.

Between denominations, theologians, and comparative religionists there are considerable disagreements about which groups can be properly called Christian or a Christian denomination as disagreements arise primarily from doctrinal differences between each other. As an example, this list contains groups also known as "rites" which many, such as the Roman Catholic Church, would say are not denominations as they are in full papal communion, and thus part of the Catholic Church.^[14] For the purpose of simplicity, this list is intended to reflect the self-understanding of each denomination. Explanations of different opinions concerning their status as Christian denominations can be found at their respective articles.

There is no official recognition in most parts of the world for religious bodies, and there is no official clearinghouse which could determine the status or respectability of religious bodies. Often there is considerable disagreement between various groups about whether others should be labeled with pejorative terms such as "cult", or about whether this or that group enjoys some measure of respectability. Such considerations often vary from place to place, or culture to culture, where one denomination may enjoy majority status in one region, but be widely regarded as a "dangerous cult" in another part of the world. Inclusion on this list does not indicate any judgment about the size, importance, or character of a group or its members.

Early Christian

Early Christianity is often divided into three different branches that differ in theology and traditions, which all appeared in the 1st century AD/CE. They include Jewish Christianity, Pauline Christianity and Gnostic Christianity.^[15] All modern Christian denominations are said to have descended from the Jewish and Pauline Christianities, with Gnostic Christianity dying, or being hunted out of existence after the early Christian era and being largely forgotten until discoveries made in the late 19th and early twentieth centuries.^[16] There are also other theories on the origin of Christianity.^[17]

The following Christian groups appeared between the beginning of the Christian religion and the First Council of Nicaea in 325.

Unlike the previously mentioned groups, the following are all considered to be related to Christian Gnosticism.

Bardaisanites
Basilideans
Carpocratianism
Nicolaitans
Sethianism
Simonians (sometimes considered Proto-Gnostic)
Valentinianism

Late ancient and Medieval Christian

The following are groups of Christians appearing between the First Council of Nicaea, the East-West Schism and proto-Protestantism.

Church of the East

The Church of the East split from the Roman-recognized state church of Rome during the Sasanian Period. It is also called the Nestorian Church or the Church of Persia.^[18] Declaring itself separate from the state church in 424–427, liturgically, it adhered to the East Syriac Rite.^[19] Theologically, it adopted the dyophysite doctrine of Nestorianism, which emphasizes the separateness of the divine and human natures of Jesus, and addresses Mary as Christotokos instead of Theotokos; the Church of the East also largely practiced aniconism.^[20]^[21] Adhered to by groups such as the Keraites and Naimans (see Christianity among the Mongols), the Church of the East had a prominent presence in Inner Asia between the 11th and 14th centuries, but by the 15th century was largely confined to the Eastern Aramaic-speaking Assyrian communities of northern Mesopotamia, in and around the rough triangle formed by Mosul and Lakes Van and Urmia—the same general region where the Church of the East had first emerged between the 1st and 3rd centuries.^[22]

Its patriarchal lines divided in a tumultuous period from the 16th-19th century, finally consolidated into the Eastern Catholic Chaldean Church (in full communion with the Pope of Rome), and the Assyrian Church of the East.^[23]^[24] Other minor, modern related splinter groups include the Ancient Church of the East (split 1968 due of rejecting some changes made by Patriarch Shimun XXI Eshai) and the Chaldean Syrian Church. In 1995 the Chaldean Syrian Church reunified with the Assyrian Church of the East as an archbishopric. The Chaldean Syrian Church is headquartered in Thrissur, India. Together, the Assyrian, Ancient, Chaldean Syrian and Chaldean Catholic Church comprised over 1.6 million in 2018.^[25]^[26]^[27]^[28]

Assyrian Christianity

Assyrian Christianity comprises those Eastern churches who kept the traditional Nestorian christology and ecclesiology of the historical Church of the East after the original church reunited with the Catholic Church in Rome, forming the Chaldean Catholic Church in 1552. Assyrian Christianity forms part of the Syriac Christian tradition. The Assyrian Church of the East and the Ancient Church of the East together had over 0.6 million members as of 2018^[update].^[29]^[26]

Oriental Orthodox Churches

The Oriental Orthodox Churches are the Christian churches adhering to Miaphysite christology and theology, with a combined global membership of 62 million as of 2019^[update].^[30]^[31]^[32] These churches reject the Council of Chalcedon in 451 and those after it. They departed from the state church of the Roman Empire after the Chalcedonian Council.^[33]^[32] Other denominations, such as the Eastern Orthodox Church and bodies in Old and True Orthodoxy, often label the Oriental Orthodox Churches as "Monophysite"; as the Oriental Orthodox do not adhere to the teachings of Eutyches, they themselves reject this label, preferring the term "Miaphysite". Historically, the Oriental Orthodox Churches considered themselves collectively to be the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church that Jesus founded. Some Christian denominations have recently considered the body of Oriental Orthodoxy to be a part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church, a view which is gaining increasing acceptance in the wake of ecumenical dialogues between groups such as Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman and Eastern Catholicism, and Protestant Christianity. Most member churches of the Oriental Orthodox Churches are part of the World Council of Churches.^[32]

Eastern Orthodox

The Eastern Orthodox Church, officially the Orthodox Catholic Church, claims continuity (based upon apostolic succession) with the early Church as part of the state church of Rome. Though it considers itself pre-denominational, being the original Church of Christ before 1054,^[34]^[8] some scholars suggest the Eastern Orthodox and Catholic churches began after the East–West Schism.^[35]^[36] The Eastern Orthodox Church had about 230 million members as of 2019^[update], making it the second largest single denomination behind the Catholic Church.^[37]^[38]^[39] Some of them have a disputed administrative status (i.e. their autonomy or autocephaly is not recognized universally). Eastern Orthodox churches by and large remain in communion with one another, although this has broken at times throughout its history. Two examples of impaired communion between the Orthodox churches include the Moscow–Constantinople schisms of 1996 and 2018.^[40]^[41]^[42]^[43]

Catholic

The Catholic Church, or Roman Catholic Church, is composed of 24 autonomous sui iuris particular churches: the Latin Church and the 23 Eastern Catholic Churches. It considers itself the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church that Christ founded,^[44] and which Saint Peter initiated along with the missionary work of Saint Paul and others. As such, the Catholic Church does not consider itself a denomination, but rather considers itself pre-denominational, the original Church of Christ. Continuity is claimed based upon apostolic succession with the early Church.^[45] The Catholic population exceeds 1.3 billion as of 2016^[update].^[11]

Latin Church (Western Church)

The Latin Church is the largest and most widely known of the 24 sui iuris churches that together make up the Catholic Church.^[14] It is headed by the Bishop of Rome—the Pope—with headquarters in Vatican City, enclaved within Rome, Italy. As of 2015^[update], the Latin Church comprised 1.255 billion members.^[46]

Eastern Catholic Churches

All of the following are particular churches of the Catholic Church. They are all in communion with the Pope as Bishop of Rome and acknowledge his claim of universal jurisdiction and authority. They have some minor distinct theological emphases and expressions (for instance, in the case of those that are of Greek/Byzantine tradition, concerning some non-doctrinal aspects of the Latin view of Purgatory and clerical celibacy).^[47] The Eastern Catholic Churches and the Latin Church (which are united in the worldwide Catholic Church) share the same doctrine and sacraments, and thus the same faith. The total membership of the churches accounted for approximately 18 million members as of 2019^[update].^[48]

Protestant

Protestantism is a movement within Christianity which owes its name to the 1529 Protestation at Speyer, but originated in 1517 when Martin Luther began his dispute with the Roman Catholic Church. This period of time, known as the Reformation, began a series of events resulting over the next 500 years in several newly denominated churches (listed below). Some denominations were started by intentionally dividing themselves from the Roman Catholic Church, such as in the case of the English Reformation while others, such as with Luther's followers, were excommunicated after attempting reform.^[49] New denominations and organizations formed through further divisions within Protestant churches since the Reformation began. A denomination labeled "Protestant" subscribes to the fundamental Protestant principles—though not always—that is scripture alone, justification by faith alone, and the universal priesthood of believers.^[50]

The majority of contemporary Protestants are members of Adventism, Anglicanism, the Baptist churches, Calvinism (Reformed Protestantism), Lutheranism, Methodism and Pentecostalism.^[51] Nondenominational, Evangelical, charismatic, neo-charismatic, independent, Convergence, and other churches are on the rise, and constitute a significant part of Protestant Christianity.^[52]

This list gives only an overview, and certainly does not mention all of the Protestant denominations. The exact number of Protestant denominations, including the members of the denominations, is difficult to calculate and depends on definition. A group that fits the generally accepted definition of "Protestant" might not officially use the term. Therefore, it should be taken with caution. The most accepted figure among various authors and scholars includes around 900 million to a little over 1 billion Protestant Christians.^[53]^[54]

Proto-Protestant

Proto-Protestantism refers to movements similar to the Protestant Reformation, but before 1517, when Martin Luther (1483–1546) is reputed to have nailed the Ninety-Five-Theses to the church door. Major early Reformers were Peter Waldo (c. 1140–c. 1205), John Wycliffe (1320s–1384), and Jan Hus (c. 1369–1415). It is not completely correct to call these groups Protestant due to the fact that some of them had nothing to do with the 1529 protestation at Speyer which coined the term Protestant. In particular, the Utraquists were eventually accommodated as a separate Catholic rite by the papacy after a military attempt to end their movement failed. On the other hand, the surviving Waldensians ended up joining Reformed Protestantism, so it is not completely inaccurate to refer to their movement as Protestant.

Arnoldists
Berengarians
Friends of God
Hussites

Lollards
Pataria
Petrobrusians
Piagnoni
Strigolniki
Waldensians

Waldensian Evangelical Church

Lutheran

Lutherans are a major branch of Protestantism, identifying with the theology of Martin Luther, a German friar, ecclesiastical reformer, and theologian. Lutheranism initially began as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church before the excommunication of its members. Today with most Protestants, Lutherans are divided among mainline and evangelical theological lines. The whole of Lutheranism had about 70-90 million members in 2018.^[55]^[56]^[57]^[58] The largest non-United Lutheran denomination was the Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus, an Eastern Protestant Christian group.^[59]

Radical Pietism

Those who separated from established Lutheran churches to form their own denominations are known as Radical Pietists (as opposed to Pietistic Lutherans, who remain in the Lutheran churches (such as the Church of the Lutheran Brethren) and combine its emphasis on Biblical doctrine with the importance of individual piety and living a holy Christian life.^[60] Although a movement in Lutheranism, influence on Anglicanism, in particular John Wesley, led to the spawning of the Methodist movement.

Reformed

Calvinism, also known as the Reformed tradition or Reformed Protestantism is a movement which broke from the Catholic Church in the 16th century. Calvinism follows the theological traditions set down by John Calvin, John Knox and other Reformation-era theologians. Calvinists differ from Lutherans on the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist, theories of worship, and the use of God's law for believers, among other things. There are from 60 to 80 million Christians identifying as Reformed or Calvinist according to statistics gathered in 2018.^[61]^[62]^[63]

Continental Reformed churches

Presbyterianism

Congregationalism

Anglican

Anglicanism or Episcopalianism has referred to itself as the via media between Roman Catholicism and Protestantism.^[64]^[65] The majority of Anglicans consider themselves part of the one, holy, catholic and apostolic Church within the Anglican Communion. Anglicans or Episcopalians also self-identify as both Catholic and Reformed. Although the use of the term "Protestant" to refer to Anglicans was once common, it is controversial today, with some rejecting the label and others accepting it. Anglicans numbered over 85 million in 2018.^[66]

Anglican Communion

United and Uniting churches

Other Anglican churches and Continuing Anglican movement

There are numerous churches following the Anglican tradition that are not in full communion with the Anglican Communion. Some churches split due to changes in the Book of Common Prayer and the ordination of women, forming Anglo-Catholic or Evangelical Anglican communities.^[67] A select few of these churches are recognized by certain individual provinces of the Anglican Communion.

Anabaptist

The Anabaptists trace their origins to the Radical Reformation. Alternative to other early Protestants, Anabaptists were seen as an early offshoot of Protestantism, although the view has been challenged by some^[who?] Anabaptists.^[68] There were approximately 2.1 million Anabaptists as of 2015.^[69]

Amish

Hutterites

Mennonites

River Brethren

Schwarzenau Brethren

Other Anabaptists

Baptist

Baptists emerged as the English Puritans were influenced by the Anabaptists, and along with Methodism, grew in size and influence after they sailed to the New World (the remaining Puritans who traveled to the New World were Congregationalists). Some Baptists fit strongly with the Reformed tradition theologically but not denominationally. Some Baptists also adopt presbyterian and episcopal forms of governance. In 2018, there were about 75-105 million Baptists.^[61]^[70]

Other Baptists

Bapticostals

Nazareth Baptist Church

Holiness Baptists

Seventh Day Baptists
Spiritual Baptist

Methodist

The Methodist movement emerged out the influence of Pietism within Anglicanism. Unlike Baptists (also emerging from the Church of England), Methodists have retained liturgical worship and other historic Anglican practices including vestments and (in some Methodist denominations such as the United Methodist Church) the episcopacy. Methodists were some of the first Christians to accept women's ordination since the Montanists. Some 60-80 million Christians are Methodists and members of the World Methodist Council.^[61]^[71]^[72]

Holiness movement

The Holiness movement emerged from 19th-century Methodism. As of 2015^[update], churches of the movement had an estimated 12 million adherents.^[73]

Keswickian

The Higher Life movement emerged in the United Kingdom and emphasized the importance of sanctification, "the deeper and higher life".^[74] It became popularized through the Keswick Conventions; W.E. Boardman's Keswickian theology had an influence on A.B. Simpson, who established the Christian and Missionary Alliance.^[75]

Christian and Missionary Alliance

Campbellite and Millerite

Adventism was a result from the Restoration movement, which sought to restore Christianity along the lines of what was known about the apostolic early Church which Restorationists saw as the search for a more pure and ancient form of the religion.^[76] This idea is also called Christian Primitivism. Following the Stone-Campbell Restoration Movement, William Miller preached the end of the world and the second coming of Christ in 1843/44. Some followers after the failed prediction became the Adventists or Campbellites, while other splinter groups eventually became Apocalyptic Restorationists. Many of the splinter groups did not subscribe to trinitarian theologies. Well known Restorationist groups related in some way to Millerism include the Jehovah's Witnesses, World Mission Society Church of God, the Restored Church of God, and the Kingdom of Jesus Christ. There are a little over 7 million Restorationist Christians.

Stone-Campbell Restoration movement

Adventist movement

Millerites

Sunday observing

Saturday observing

Other Adventist

Quaker

Quakers, or Friends, are members of various movements united by their belief in the ability of each human being to experientially access the light within, or "that of God in every person".^[77]

Shakers

Shakers

Plymouth Brethren

Plymouth Brethren is a conservative, low church, non-conformist, evangelical Christian movement whose history can be traced to Dublin, Ireland, in the late 1820s, originating from Anglicanism.^[78]

Exclusive Brethren
Indian Brethren
Kerala Brethren Assembly
Open Brethren
Church Assembly Hall, one of the Chinese Independent Churches
Gospel Hall Brethren or Gospel Hall Assemblies
Needed Truth Brethren or The Churches of God

Irvingist

The Catholic Apostolic churches were born out of the 1830s revival started in London by the teachings of Edward Irving, and out of the resultant Catholic Apostolic Church movement.^[79]

Catholic Apostolic Church

Pentecostal and Charismatic

Pentecostalism and Charismatic Christianity began in the 1900s. The two movements emphasize direct personal experience of God through baptism with the Holy Spirit. They represent some of the largest growing movements in Protestant Christianity.^[80] As a result of the two movements, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal was established. According to the Pew Research Center, Pentecostals and Charismatics numbered some 280 million people in 2011.^[57]

Other Charismatic movements

Neo-charismatic movement

Uniting and united

These united or uniting churches are the result of a merger between distinct denominational churches (e.g., Lutherans, Anglicans, Presbyterians and the Continental Reformed churches). As ecumenism progresses, unions between various Protestants are becoming more and more common, resulting in a growing number of united and uniting churches. Major examples of uniting churches are the United Protestant Church of France (2013) and the Protestant Church in the Netherlands (2004).^[81]^[82] Churches are listed here when their disparate heritage marks them as inappropriately listed in the particular categories above.

Free Evangelical Churches

Free Evangelical Churches

Evangelical

The term Evangelical appears with the reformation and reblossoms in the 18th century and in the 19th century.^[83] Evangelical Protestantism modernly understood is an inter-denominational Protestant movement which maintains the belief that the essence of the Gospel consists of the doctrine of salvation by grace through faith in Jesus Christ's atonement.^[84]

African Evangelicalism

Evangelical Church of West Africa

P'ent'ay

P'ent'ay, simply known as Ethiopian-Eritrean Evangelicalism are a group of indigenous Protestant Eastern Baptist, Lutheran, Pentecostal, and Mennonite denominations in full communion with each other and believe that Ethiopian and Eritrean Evangelicalism are the reformation of the current Orthodox Tewahedo churches as well as the restoration of it to original Ethiopian Christianity. They uphold that in order for a person to be saved one has to accept Jesus as their Lord and Savior for the forgiveness of sins; and to receive Christ one must be "born again" (dagem meweled).^[85] Its members make up a significant portion of the 2 million Eastern Protestant tradition.

Asian-initiated churches

Asian-initiated churches are those arising from Chinese and Japanese regions that were formed during repression in authoritarian eras as responses from government crackdowns of their old Christian denominations which were deemed illegal or unrecognized in their countries' state atheism or religion.

Chinese Independent Churches

Local Church movement

Japanese Independent Churches

Malaysian Evangelicalism

Borneo Evangelical Church (SIb Malaysia)

South American Evangelicalism

Evangelical Free Church denomination (international)

Internet churches

LifeChurch.tv

Eastern Protestant

These churches resulted from a post–1800s reformation of Eastern Christianity, in line with Protestant beliefs and practices.

Other Protestant churches and movements

These are denominations, movements, and organizations deriving from mainstream Protestantism but are not classifiable under historic or current Protestant movements nor as parachurch organizations.

Associated Gospel Churches of Canada (AGC)
Believers' Church in India
Believers Eastern Church
Brunstad Christian Church
The Christian Community
Church of Christ, Instrumental (Kelleyites)
Cooneyites (not to be confused with Christian Conventions, above)
Evangelical Covenant Church of America (Swedish Evangelical Mission Covenant)
Evangelical Free Church of America
Family International
Fellowship of Fundamental Bible Churches
Fellowship of Independent Evangelical Churches
Gloriavale Christian Community
Grace Movement Churches
Great Commission Association
Indian Shakers
Inspirationalists (Amana Church Society)
Jesus Movement
Local Churches
Methernitha
Metropolitan Community Churches
Shiloh Youth Revival Centers
Universal Life
Universal Alliance
The Way International
The African Church
Apostles of Johane Maranke
Christ Apostolic Church
Church of the Lord (Aladura)
Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim
Kimbanguist Church
Zion Christian Church

Early modern England

Nonconformist / English Dissenters

Independent sacramental

Independent sacramental churches refer to a loose collection of individuals and Christian denominations who are not part of the historic sacramental Christian denominations (such as the Roman Catholic, Anglican, and Orthodox churches) and yet continue to practice the historic sacramental rites independently while utilizing "Old Catholic", "Catholic", or "Autocephalous Orthodox" labels. Many such groups originated from schisms of these larger denominations, and they claim to have preserved the historical episcopate or apostolic succession, though such claims are frequently disputed or rejected outright by the historic churches of Rome, Constantinople, the Old Catholic Union of Utrecht, and the Church of England.^[86]^[7]

Independent Catholic

Independent Catholic churches arguably began in 1724. The Independent Catholic churches self-identify as either Western or Eastern Catholic although they are not affiliated with or recognized by the Catholic Church.

Independent Eastern Orthodox

These churches consider themselves Eastern Orthodox but are not in communion with the main bodies of Eastern Orthodoxy. Some of these denominations consider themselves as part of True Orthodoxy or the Old Believers.

True Orthodoxy

True Orthodoxy, or Genuine Orthodoxy, is a movement of Eastern Orthodox churches that separated from the mainstream Eastern Orthodox Church over issues of ecumenism and calendar reform since the 1920s.^[87]

Old Believers

Russian Old Believers refused to accept the liturgical and ritual changes made by Patriarch Nikon of Moscow between 1652 and 1666. Several Old Believer denominations have reunified with the Russian Orthodox Church and subsequent wider Eastern Orthodox communion.

Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church (Belokrinitskaya)
Lipovan Orthodox Old-Rite Church (Belokrinitskaya)
Russian Old-Orthodox Church (Novozybkovskaya)
Pomorian Old-Orthodox Church (Pomortsy)

Independent Oriental Orthodox

Those are churches which claim to be Oriental Orthodox, but are not in communion with the main Oriental Orthodox churches.

Syncretic Orthodoxy

Syncretic Orthodox churches blend with other denominations outside of Eastern Orthodoxy and are not in communion with the main body of Eastern nor Oriental Orthodoxies. These bodies may also be considered part of Eastern Protestant Christianity or the Convergence Movement.

Miscellaneous

The following are independent and non-mainstream movements, denominations and organizations formed during various times in the history of Christianity by splitting from mainline Catholicism, Eastern or Oriental Orthodoxy, or Protestantism not classified in the previous lists.

Independent Russian

Southcottist

Christian Identitist

Independent/Isolated

House of Aaron
Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (HSA-UWC/Unification Church/Unification Movement)
Sanban Puren Pai
The Process Church of The Final Judgment
Trinitarian Universalism
Brotherhood Church
United House of Prayer for All People
Lord's Resistance Army
Mita Congregation (USA / Puerto Rico)
Olive Tree and related South Korean New Religious Movements such as Shincheonji and Victory Altar
Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Twelve Tribes communities
Westboro Baptist Church

Nontrinitarian

These groups or organizations diverge from historic trinitarian theology (usually based on the Council of Nicaea) with different interpretations of Nontrinitarianism.

Oneness Pentecostalism

Unitarian and Universalism

American Unitarian Association (consolidated with the Universalist Church of America to form the Unitarian Universalist Association and Unitarian Universalism)
- Unitarian Universalist Christian Fellowship
International Council of Unitarians and Universalists
Polish Brethren
Socinianism
Unitarian Christian Conference USA
Unitarian Christian Emerging Church
Universalist Church of America (consolidated with the American Unitarian Association to form the Unitarian Universalist Association and Unitarian Universalism)

Nontrinitarian Restorationism

Latter Day Saint movement

Most Latter Day Saint denominations are derived from the Church of Christ established by Joseph Smith in 1830. The largest worldwide denomination of this movement, and the one publicly recognized as Mormonism, is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. Some sects, known as the "Prairie Saints", broke away because they did not recognize Brigham Young as the head of the church, and did not follow him West in the mid-1800s. Other sects broke away over the abandonment of practicing plural marriage after the 1890 Manifesto. Other denominations are defined by either a belief in Joseph Smith as a prophet or acceptance of the Book of Mormon as scripture. The Latter Day Saints comprise a little over 16 million members collectively.^[88]

Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)

"Prairie Saint" Latter Day Saints

"Rocky Mountain" Latter Day Saints

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

Fundamentalist Rocky Mountain Latter Day Saints

Other Latter Day Saint denominations

Fellowships of the Remnant
Restoration Church of Jesus Christ (extinct)

British Israelism

Armstrongism (Worldwide Church of God)
British-Israel-World Federation

Worldwide Church of God splinter groups

Bible Students and splinter groups

Other Nontrinitarian restorationists

Swedenborgianism

Christian Science

Esoteric Christianity (Gnosticism)

Other Nontrinitarians

Antoinism
Christadelphians
Church of the Blessed Hope
Church of God (Seventh-Day)
The Church of Almighty God
Family Federation for World Peace and Unification
- World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church
Some Quakers
Spiritual Christians from Russia
Tolstoyan movement
Two by Twos ("Christian Conventions")
United Church of God
Universal Alliance
World Mission Society Church of God

Judeo-Christian

Messianic Judaism

Black Hebrew Israelites

Caucasian Albanian Orthodox

Albanian-Udi Church (registered as an official church in Azerbaijan)

Other groups

Parachurch

Parachurch organizations are Christian faith-based organizations that work outside and across denominations to engage in social welfare and evangelism. These organizations are not churches but work with churches or represent a coalition of churches.

Ideologies

A Christian movement is a theological, political, or philosophical interpretation of Christianity that is not necessarily represented by a specific church, sect, or denomination.

Syncretic

The relation of these movements to other Christian ideas can be remote. They are listed here because they include some elements of Christian practice or beliefs, within religious contexts which may be only loosely characterized as Christian.

African diaspora religions

African diaspora religions are a number of related religions that developed in the Americas in various nations of the Caribbean, Latin America and the Southern United States. They derive from traditional African religions with some influence from other religious traditions, notably Christianity and Islam. Examples incorporating elements of Christianity include but are not limited to:

Candomblé
Rastafari
Santería
Santo Daime
Umbanda
Voodoo
- Brazilian Vodum
  - Tambor de Mina, a syncretic religion that developed in northern Brazil
- Cuban Vodú
- Dominican Vudú
- Haitian Vodou
- Hoodoo
- Louisiana Voodoo

New Thought

The relation of New Thought to Christianity is not defined as exclusive; some of its adherents see themselves as solely practicing Christianity, while adherents of Religious Science say "yes and no" to the question of whether they consider themselves to be Christian in belief and practice, leaving it up to the individual to define oneself spiritually.

Other syncretists

Other Christian or Christian-influenced syncretic traditions and movements include:

Alleluia church
Bwiti (Some sects)
Burkhanism
Cao Đài
Chrislam
Christopaganism
Cults of many folk saints such as Santa Muerte and Maximón
Dōkai
Ghost Dance
Kakure Kirishitans
Longhouse Religion
Mama Tata
Modekngei
Native American Church
Pai Mārire and other syncretic Māori religions
Pilgrims of Arès
Pomio Kivung
Xueta Christianity
Some Rizalista religious movements

Historical movements with strong syncretic influence from Christianity but no active modern membership include

References

^ "Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ "Ecumenism". Anglican Communion Website. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ ^a ^b "The WCC as a Fellowship of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ "On Christian Unity and Ecumenism". www.oca.org. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
^ "Ecumenical". www.usccb.org. Retrieved 17 February 2020.
^ "History of the World Council of Churches". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2020.
^ ^a ^b "Dominus Iesus". Vatican.va. Retrieved 14 September 2017.
^ ^a ^b "The Original Christian Church". oca.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ "History of the Orthodox Church". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ "The differences between the Catholic and Orthodox churches". The Economist. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Presentazione dell'Annuario Pontificio 2018 e dell' "Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae" 2016". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ "What is the United Church of Christ?". United Church of Christ. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ Gunnemann, Louis H.; Rooks, Charles Shelby (1999). The shaping of the United Church of Christ : an essay in the history of American Christianity. Internet Archive. Cleveland, Ohio : United Church Press. ISBN 9780829813456.
^ ^a ^b "Catholic Rites and Churches". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ "Fragmentation of the primitive Christian movement", Religious Tolerance, retrieved 14 September 2017
^ Trafton, Jennifer; Colossanov, Rebecca. "Gnostics: Did You Know?". Christian History. Retrieved 17 September 2020.
^ Early Christian History, retrieved 14 September 2017
^ Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908765.
^ Hill, Henry (1988). Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches. Anglican Book Centre. ISBN 9780919891906.
^ Silverberg, Robert (1972). The realm of Prester John. Doubleday.
^ Hall, Christopher A. (16 August 2002). Learning Theology with the Church Fathers. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830826865.
^ Frazee, Charles A. (22 June 2006). Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521027007.
^ L'Orient syrien (in French). 1966.
^ "The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries" (PDF). The Syriac Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ "Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ Baumer, Christoph (28 April 2006). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-115-X.
^ "The Eastern Catholic Churches (2016)" (PDF). Catholic Near East Welfare Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ Baumer, Christoph (2006). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity (1st ed.). London, England, United Kingdom: I.B. Tauris. p. 272. ISBN 1-84511-115-X.
^ Lamport, Mark A. (2018). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 601. ISBN 978-1-4422-7157-9. Today these churches are also referred to as the Oriental Orthodox Churches and are made up of 50 million Christians.
^ "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Oriental Orthodoxy has separate self-governing jurisdictions in Ethiopia, Egypt, Eritrea, India, Armenia and Syria, and it accounts for roughly 20% of the worldwide Orthodox population.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Orthodox churches (Oriental)". www.oikoumene.org.
^ The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History. Harvest House Publishers. 2013. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7369-4806-7.
^ "About the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
^ "Eastern and Orthodox by Tom Shoemaker". www.mesacc.edu. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ "Great Schism". National Geographic Society. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.
^ "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Eastern Orthodoxy is split into 15 jurisdictions heavily centered in Central and Eastern Europe, accounting for the remaining 80% of Orthodox Christians.
^ "Status of Global Christianity, 2019, in the Context of 1900–2050" (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity.
^ "Who Are Eastern Orthodox Christians and What Do They Believe?". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ "Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 8 November 2000 : Russian Orthodox Church (archive)". mospat.ru. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ "CNEWA – The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church". cnewa.org. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ "Statement by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church concerning the encroachment of the Patriarchate of Constantinople on the canonical territory of the Russian Church | The Russian Orthodox Church". Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ MacFarquhar, Neil (15 October 2018). "Russia Takes Further Step Toward Major Schism in Orthodox Church". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ "Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church". Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.
^ Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican City: Catholic Church. 2002. pp. 77, 861.
^ "The Pontifical Yearbook 2017 and the "Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae" 2015". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 2 June 2018.
^ Anthony Dragani, From East to West
^ "The beautiful witness of the Eastern Catholic Churches". Catholic Herald. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
^ "Protestant, I.2.a" Oxford English Dictionary
^ "The "Solas" of the Reformation" (PDF). Lmsusa.org.
^ "Christianity". HISTORY. Retrieved 26 August 2020.
^ World Council of Churches: Evangelical churches: "Evangelical churches have grown exponentially in the second half of the 20th century and continue to show great vitality, especially in the global South. This resurgence may in part be explained by the phenomenal growth of Pentecostalism and the emergence of the charismatic movement, which are closely associated with evangelicalism. However, there can be no doubt that the evangelical tradition "per se" has become one of the major components of world Christianity. Evangelicals also constitute sizable minorities in the traditional Protestant and Anglican churches. In regions like Africa and Latin America, the boundaries between "evangelical" and "mainline" are rapidly changing and giving way to new ecclesial realities."
^ "Pewforum: Christianity (2010)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2013.
^ "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" (PDF). gordonconwell.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017.
^ "Member Churches". The Lutheran World Federation. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ "About Us". Lutheran Church of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ ^a ^b "Christian Traditions". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.
^ "News and Events". eecmy.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ "Pietism and the Brethren". www.cob-net.org. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Christian Traditions (Protestant)". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ "About The World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC) :: World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC)". 27 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ Brown, Andrew (27 May 2009). "Chinese Calvinism flourishes | Andrew Brown". The Guardian.
^ Bevins, Winfield (30 January 2018). "Whatever happened to the Anglican Via Media?". Anglican Compass. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ "Via Media". Episcopal Church. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2020.
^ "Member Churches". www.anglicancommunion.org. Anglican Communion Office. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ "Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen - Directory of Jurisdictions". 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (1808). Winckelmann's Werke (in German). Walther.
^ "World Directory | Mennonite World Conference". mwc-cmm.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ McHatton, Misti. "Baptist World Alliance". community.christianemergencynetwork.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ "Member Churches". World Methodist Council. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ "Membership". www.methodist.org.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
^ "Holiness churches — World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ Sanner, A. Elwood; Harper, Albert Foster (1978). Exploring Christian Education. Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8341-0494-5.
^ Burgess, Stanley M.; Maas, Eduard M. van der (3 August 2010). The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements: Revised and Expanded Edition. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87335-8. A.B. Simpson, founder of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA), influenced by A.J. Gordon and W.E. Boardman, adopted a Keswickian understanding of sanctification.
^ Mannion, Gerard; Mudge, Lewis Seymour (2008). The Routledge companion to the Christian church. p. 634. ISBN 978-0-415-37420-0.
^ Fox, George; Parker, Percy Livingstone; Nicoll, W. Robertson (William Robertson) (1903). George Fox's Journal. University of Michigan. London, Isbister and company, limited.
^ "Arquivo.pt". arquivo.pt. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ "Catholic Apostolic Church". InfoPlease. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
^ "Spirit and Power - A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
^ "United Protestant Church of France". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ "Protestant Church in the Netherlands". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
^ Kidd, Thomas. "When Did Evangelical Christianity Begin?". The Gospel Coalition. Retrieved 30 January 2020.
^ "Glossary | Operation World". www.operationworld.org. Retrieved 6 September 2018.
^ "Evangelical Church Fellowship of Ethiopia". www.ecfethiopia.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.
^ Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB. The Apocryphile Press. pp. 202–208. ISBN 978-1-949643-02-2.
^ Beoković, Jelena (1 May 2010). "Ko su ziloti, pravoslavni fundamentalisti" [Who are Zealots, Orthodox Fundamentalists]. Politika. Retrieved 5 August 2014.
^ "15 Million Member Milestone Announced at LDS Church Conference". www.mormonnewsroom.org. 5 October 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[1] "Eastern Christianity and Western Christianity". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[2] "Ecumenism". Anglican Communion Website. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[:5-3] "The WCC as a Fellowship of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[4] "On Christian Unity and Ecumenism". www.oca.org. Retrieved 17 February 2020.

[5] "Ecumenical". www.usccb.org. Retrieved 17 February 2020.

[6] "History of the World Council of Churches". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 15 April 2020.

[:6-7] "Dominus Iesus". Vatican.va. Retrieved 14 September 2017.

[:2-8] "The Original Christian Church". oca.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[9] "History of the Orthodox Church". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

[10] "The differences between the Catholic and Orthodox churches". The Economist. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[:0-11] "Presentazione dell'Annuario Pontificio 2018 e dell' "Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae" 2016". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[12] "What is the United Church of Christ?". United Church of Christ. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[13] Gunnemann, Louis H.; Rooks, Charles Shelby (1999). The shaping of the United Church of Christ : an essay in the history of American Christianity. Internet Archive. Cleveland, Ohio : United Church Press. ISBN 9780829813456.

[:3-14] "Catholic Rites and Churches". www.ewtn.com. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[15] "Fragmentation of the primitive Christian movement", Religious Tolerance, retrieved 14 September 2017

[16] Trafton, Jennifer; Colossanov, Rebecca. "Gnostics: Did You Know?". Christian History. Retrieved 17 September 2020.

[17] Early Christian History, retrieved 14 September 2017

[18] Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318-1913. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042908765.

[19] Hill, Henry (1988). Light from the East: A Symposium on the Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian Churches. Anglican Book Centre. ISBN 9780919891906.

[20] Silverberg, Robert (1972). The realm of Prester John. Doubleday.

[21] Hall, Christopher A. (16 August 2002). Learning Theology with the Church Fathers. InterVarsity Press. ISBN 9780830826865.

[22] Frazee, Charles A. (22 June 2006). Catholics and Sultans: The Church and the Ottoman Empire 1453-1923. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521027007.

[23] L'Orient syrien (in French). 1966.

[24] "The Patriarchs of the Church of the East from the Fifteenth to Eighteenth Centuries" (PDF). The Syriac Institute. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[25] "Mar Thoma Syrian Church of Malabar". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[oikoumene.org-26] "Holy Apostolic Catholic Assyrian Church of the East". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[27] Baumer, Christoph (28 April 2006). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity. I.B. Tauris. ISBN 1-84511-115-X.

[28] "The Eastern Catholic Churches (2016)" (PDF). Catholic Near East Welfare Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 October 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[29] Baumer, Christoph (2006). The Church of the East: An Illustrated History of Assyrian Christianity (1st ed.). London, England, United Kingdom: I.B. Tauris. p. 272. ISBN 1-84511-115-X.

[30] Lamport, Mark A. (2018). Encyclopedia of Christianity in the Global South. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 601. ISBN 978-1-4422-7157-9. Today these churches are also referred to as the Oriental Orthodox Churches and are made up of 50 million Christians.

[31] "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Oriental Orthodoxy has separate self-governing jurisdictions in Ethiopia, Egypt, Eritrea, India, Armenia and Syria, and it accounts for roughly 20% of the worldwide Orthodox population.

[:4-32] "Orthodox churches (Oriental)". www.oikoumene.org.

[33] The Popular Encyclopedia of Church History. Harvest House Publishers. 2013. p. 108. ISBN 978-0-7369-4806-7.

[34] "About the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America". www.goarch.org. Retrieved 2 June 2018.

[35] "Eastern and Orthodox by Tom Shoemaker". www.mesacc.edu. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

[36] "Great Schism". National Geographic Society. 6 April 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.

[37] "Orthodox Christianity in the 21st Century". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 8 November 2017. Eastern Orthodoxy is split into 15 jurisdictions heavily centered in Central and Eastern Europe, accounting for the remaining 80% of Orthodox Christians.

[38] "Status of Global Christianity, 2019, in the Context of 1900–2050" (PDF). Center for the Study of Global Christianity.

[39] "Who Are Eastern Orthodox Christians and What Do They Believe?". ThoughtCo. Archived from the original on 5 June 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[40] "Statement of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church 8 November 2000 : Russian Orthodox Church (archive)". mospat.ru. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[41] "CNEWA – The Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church". cnewa.org. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[42] "Statement by the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church concerning the encroachment of the Patriarchate of Constantinople on the canonical territory of the Russian Church | The Russian Orthodox Church". Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[43] MacFarquhar, Neil (15 October 2018). "Russia Takes Further Step Toward Major Schism in Orthodox Church". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[44] "Responses to Some Questions Regarding Certain Aspects of the Doctrine on the Church". Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith.

[45] Catechism of the Catholic Church. Vatican City: Catholic Church. 2002. pp. 77, 861.

[46] "The Pontifical Yearbook 2017 and the "Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae" 2015". press.vatican.va. Retrieved 2 June 2018.

[47] Anthony Dragani, From East to West

[48] "The beautiful witness of the Eastern Catholic Churches". Catholic Herald. 7 March 2019. Retrieved 18 September 2020.

[49] "Protestant, I.2.a" Oxford English Dictionary

[50] "The "Solas" of the Reformation" (PDF). Lmsusa.org.

[51] "Christianity". HISTORY. Retrieved 26 August 2020.

[52] World Council of Churches: Evangelical churches: "Evangelical churches have grown exponentially in the second half of the 20th century and continue to show great vitality, especially in the global South. This resurgence may in part be explained by the phenomenal growth of Pentecostalism and the emergence of the charismatic movement, which are closely associated with evangelicalism. However, there can be no doubt that the evangelical tradition "per se" has become one of the major components of world Christianity. Evangelicals also constitute sizable minorities in the traditional Protestant and Anglican churches. In regions like Africa and Latin America, the boundaries between "evangelical" and "mainline" are rapidly changing and giving way to new ecclesial realities."

[53] "Pewforum: Christianity (2010)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 August 2013.

[54] "Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact" (PDF). gordonconwell.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017.

[55] "Member Churches". The Lutheran World Federation. 19 May 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[56] "About Us". Lutheran Church of New Zealand. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[Christian_Traditions-57] "Christian Traditions". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2020.

[58] Melton, J. Gordon; Baumann, Martin (21 September 2010). Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices, 2nd Edition [6 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-59884-204-3.

[59] "News and Events". eecmy.org. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 17 July 2020.

[60] "Pietism and the Brethren". www.cob-net.org. Retrieved 17 July 2020.

[:1-61] "Christian Traditions (Protestant)". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 19 December 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[62] "About The World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC) :: World Communion of Reformed Churches (WCRC)". 27 October 2014. Archived from the original on 27 October 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[63] Brown, Andrew (27 May 2009). "Chinese Calvinism flourishes | Andrew Brown". The Guardian.

[64] Bevins, Winfield (30 January 2018). "Whatever happened to the Anglican Via Media?". Anglican Compass. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[65] "Via Media". Episcopal Church. 22 May 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2020.

[66] "Member Churches". www.anglicancommunion.org. Anglican Communion Office. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[67] "Fellowship of Concerned Churchmen - Directory of Jurisdictions". 31 January 2015. Archived from the original on 31 January 2015. Retrieved 17 July 2020.

[68] Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (1808). Winckelmann's Werke (in German). Walther.

[69] "World Directory | Mennonite World Conference". mwc-cmm.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[70] McHatton, Misti. "Baptist World Alliance". community.christianemergencynetwork.org. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[71] "Member Churches". World Methodist Council. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[72] "Membership". www.methodist.org.uk. Retrieved 4 September 2018.

[73] "Holiness churches — World Council of Churches". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[SannerHarper1978-74] Sanner, A. Elwood; Harper, Albert Foster (1978). Exploring Christian Education. Beacon Hill Press of Kansas City. p. 101. ISBN 978-0-8341-0494-5.

[BurgessMaas2010-75] Burgess, Stanley M.; Maas, Eduard M. van der (3 August 2010). The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements: Revised and Expanded Edition. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87335-8. A.B. Simpson, founder of the Christian and Missionary Alliance (CMA), influenced by A.J. Gordon and W.E. Boardman, adopted a Keswickian understanding of sanctification.

[76] Mannion, Gerard; Mudge, Lewis Seymour (2008). The Routledge companion to the Christian church. p. 634. ISBN 978-0-415-37420-0.

[77] Fox, George; Parker, Percy Livingstone; Nicoll, W. Robertson (William Robertson) (1903). George Fox's Journal. University of Michigan. London, Isbister and company, limited.

[78] "Arquivo.pt". arquivo.pt. Archived from the original on 18 May 2016. Retrieved 19 April 2020.

[79] "Catholic Apostolic Church". InfoPlease. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

[80] "Spirit and Power - A 10-Country Survey of Pentecostals". Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. 5 October 2006. Retrieved 19 April 2020.

[81] "United Protestant Church of France". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 17 July 2020.

[82] "Protestant Church in the Netherlands". www.oikoumene.org. Retrieved 17 July 2020.

[83] Kidd, Thomas. "When Did Evangelical Christianity Begin?". The Gospel Coalition. Retrieved 30 January 2020.

[84] "Glossary | Operation World". www.operationworld.org. Retrieved 6 September 2018.

[85] "Evangelical Church Fellowship of Ethiopia". www.ecfethiopia.org. Retrieved 19 July 2019.

[86] Jarvis, Edward (2018). God, Land & Freedom: The True Story of ICAB. The Apocryphile Press. pp. 202–208. ISBN 978-1-949643-02-2.

[87] Beoković, Jelena (1 May 2010). "Ko su ziloti, pravoslavni fundamentalisti" [Who are Zealots, Orthodox Fundamentalists]. Politika. Retrieved 5 August 2014.

[88] "15 Million Member Milestone Announced at LDS Church Conference". www.mormonnewsroom.org. 5 October 2013. Retrieved 5 September 2018.

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