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Lower Guinean forests

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The Lower Guinean forests also known as the Lower Guinean-Congolian forests, are a region of coastal tropical moist broadleaf forest in West Africa, extending along the eastern coast of the Gulf of Guinea from eastern Benin through Nigeria and Cameroon.[1] The Guinean forests encompass a diverse array of vegetation zones that range from humid coastal forests, freshwater swamp forests (such as those found around the Niger Delta), to arid, semi-deciduous forests further inland, characterized by extended periods of dry weather.[2]

The Guinean Forests Hotspot boasts a plethora of ecological characteristics that make it globally exceptional.[3] Notably, the Niger Delta swamp forests rank as the second-largest swamp forest on the African continent, while the Central African Mangroves represent the largest mangrove expanse in Africa. [3] Moreover, the offshore volcanic islands within the hotspot are remarkable for their substantial levels of unique species, particularly considering their size.[3] Additionally, the hotspot contains the Volta River, one of West Africa's largest rivers, and the delta of the Niger River, the longest and most massive river in the region. Furthermore, the Western Equatorial Crater Lakes ecoregion is among those recognized as globally remarkable.[3]

The Dahomey Gap, a region of savanna and dry forest in Togo and Benin, divides the Lower Guinean forests from the Upper Guinean forests to the west, which extend along the western coast of the Gulf of Guinea from Togo to Liberia and north to Guinea. To the north and northeast, the Lower Guinean forests transition to the drier inland Guinean forest–savanna mosaic and Northern Congolian forest–savanna mosaic and to the southeast are bounded by the Congolian Coastal forests, whose boundary is the Sanaga River in Cameroon.[4] The Lower Guinean forests share many biotic affinities with the Upper Guinean forests. They are collectively known as the Guinean Forests of West Africa, location is Sierra Leone.[5]

The Lower Guinean forests, represent a vital ecological region in West and Central Africa. Stretching along the Gulf of Guinea coastline, these forests encompass parts of Nigeria, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Congo, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), and smaller portions of neighboring countries.[6] The Lower Guinean forests are globally recognized as a biodiversity hotspot, characterized by their exceptional ecological significance and remarkable species diversity.[7]

Ecoregions

The World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF) divides the Lower Guinean forests into a number of distinct ecoregions:

The WWF has designated two regions of the Lower Guinean forests as Global 200 priority regions for conservation. The WWF's "Coastal Congolian forests" region includes the Cross-Sanaga Bioko coastal forests, São Tomé and Príncipe moist lowland forests, and Atlantic Equatorial coastal forests ecoregions. The "Cameroon Highlands forests" Global 200 region includes the Cameroonian Highlands forests and the Mount Cameroon and Bioko montane forests ecoregions.

Geographical Features

Tropical Rainforests

These forests primarily consist of tropical rainforests, characterized by high rainfall, lush vegetation, and a wide variety of plant life. The region's rainfall is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year.[1]

Flora and Fauna

The Guinean Forests Hotspot is renowned for its abundant and distinctive collection of wildlife. A noteworthy characteristic of the fauna within this region is that numerous endemic species have particularly limited distributions within the hotspot, rendering them highly susceptible to the consequences of deforestation.[2] To illustrate, the Upper Guinea Highlands harbor an exceptionally high concentration of endemic bats and amphibians with constrained habitats, all of which are classified as either Critically Endangered or Endangered.[2]

The Lower Guinean forests are recognized as one of the world's biodiversity hotspots. They are home to a vast array of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic.[8]

Lower Guinean forests are known for their rich botanical diversity, including numerous tree species, epiphytes, orchids, and medicinal plants. The forests support diverse wildlife, including various primates (such as chimpanzees and gorillas), big cats (like leopards and forest elephants), numerous bird species, reptiles, amphibians, and insects.[9][1]

Around 63 out of the approximately 320 mammal species are unique to this area, and there are also seven exclusive genera, among them is the single-species genus like the Liberian mongoose (Libtnezctis kuhn~, EN).[2] Another example of a one-species genus is the pygmy hippo (Hexaprotodon liberiensis, VU), a charming miniature version of its larger relative, which is found solely in the Guinean forests, with one subspecies residing in Upper Guinea and another in the Niger Delta.[2]

Ecological Significance

Carbon Storage

These forests play a critical role in sequestering carbon dioxide, helping to mitigate climate change. Their extensive vegetation stores significant amounts of carbon.[10][11] One of the most pressing global environmental concerns is climate change, primarily driven by the accumulation of greenhouse gases, including carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere.[12] The Lower Guinean Forests emerged as a key player in mitigating this phenomenon. These forests boast a remarkable capacity for carbon storage. The extensive and diverse vegetation that thrives within this biome serves as a substantial carbon sink, effectively sequestering carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.[13]

In fact, numerous studies and scientific reports have emphasized the importance of these forests in the fight against climate change.[14] Research findings underscore that the Lower Guinean Forests store significant amounts of carbon, serving as a vital buffer against the rising levels of atmospheric CO2.[15] This sequestration function underscores the invaluable role played by these forests in supporting global efforts to reduce the impacts of climate change.

Water Regulation

The forests regulate water flow, helping to prevent flooding during heavy rains and ensuring a steady supply of freshwater to rivers and streams.[16][17] The water regulation function of the Lower Guinean Forests is another crucial aspect of their ecological significance. These forests act as natural sponges, absorbing and releasing water in a manner that benefits both the environment and human communities. During periods of heavy rainfall, they play a critical role in preventing flooding by absorbing excess water and regulating its flow.[18][19] This not only safeguards the ecosystems within the forests but also safeguards human settlements downstream from potential deluges.

However, the forests ensure a consistent supply of freshwater to the numerous rivers and streams that originate within or flow through their territory.[20] This consistent water supply is vital for sustaining the aquatic life and vegetation that depend on these water bodies, ultimately contributing to the well-being of the entire region.[21]

Habitat for Endangered Species

Several critically endangered species, including the Cross River gorilla and various species of monkeys and birds, inhabit the Lower Guinean forests.[22][23] The Lower Guinean Forests serve as a refuge for a diverse range of wildlife. Among the most emblematic inhabitants of these forests is also the Cross River gorilla, an elusive and highly endangered primate species.[24] These forests are also home to a plethora of other species, including various monkeys, birds, and numerous plants with unique ecological significance.[25]

The preservation of these forests is, therefore, paramount for the continued survival of these vulnerable species. Conservation efforts in the Lower Guinean Forests are crucial to maintaining the biodiversity of the region and ensuring the protection of these species.[26]

Cultural and Indigenous Importance

These forests are often home to indigenous communities with rich cultural traditions. The forests provide resources and are central to the way of life of many local people.[27] These forests have been the cradle of diverse cultural traditions, lifestyles, and worldviews that have thrived for generations.[28] The Cultural and Indigenous Importance of the Lower Guinean Forests therefore extends beyond their ecological significance, reflecting a profound connection between the region's indigenous communities and the forest environment.[29][28] Understanding and acknowledging this cultural dimension is integral to appreciating the holistic significance of these forests.

Threats and Conservation

The Guinean Forests Hotspot faces severe threats, being among the world's most endangered forest systems, marked by extensive habitat fragmentation and degradation across the majority of the area.[2]

Deforestation

The Lower Guinean forests are under threat from deforestation due to logging, agriculture, mining, and infrastructure development. This threatens both biodiversity and carbon storage.[1][30] While these causes may not be limited to this region, each contributes to the ongoing degradation of this vital ecosystem.

  1. Commercial Logging: Commercial logging is a major driver of deforestation in the Lower Guinean forests. Valuable timber species are harvested for export and domestic use, leading to a significant loss of forest cover. Documented instances of this include the extraction of valuable hardwoods like mahogany (Swietenia spp.) and sapele (Entandrophragma cylindricum) for international markets. A study by the World Resources Institute (WRI) highlighted the impact of logging in this region, revealing that it accounts for a substantial portion of deforestation.
  2. Agricultural Expansion: The expansion of agriculture, including slash-and-burn farming, plays a substantial role in forest loss. Local communities clear forested areas to make way for crop cultivation, particularly in areas where subsistence farming is prevalent. Documented instances include cases of cocoa cultivation, oil palm plantations, and subsistence farming practices. A report from the Rainforest Foundation UK documented the expansion of cocoa farming in the Lower Guinean forests and its detrimental impact on the environment.
  3. Mining Activities: Mining for valuable minerals such as gold and bauxite results in deforestation in the Lower Guinean forests. The extraction of these minerals leads to the clearing of large areas of forest and generates pollution, disrupting local ecosystems. Documented instances include gold mining activities in Ghana and Guinea, which have been widely reported as contributing to deforestation. The Global Forest Watch platform provides data on mining-related deforestation in these regions.
  4. Infrastructure Development: The construction of roads, highways, and other infrastructure projects often necessitates clearing significant portions of forested land. As human populations continue to grow, there is a growing demand for improved transportation networks, leading to further deforestation. The fragmentation of forest habitats due to infrastructure development can also isolate populations of various species, making it harder for them to thrive and migrate.

Habitat Fragmentation

The expansion of human activities has led to the fragmentation of forest habitats, making it more challenging for wildlife to thrive and migrate.[31]

Illegal Wildlife Trade

Poaching and the illegal trade in wildlife, especially for bushmeat and exotic pets, put pressure on many species within the forests.[30][32]

Climate Change

Changing rainfall patterns and temperature variations associated with climate change can impact the health and distribution of forest ecosystems.[33]

Conservation Efforts

Efforts are being made by conservation organizations, governments, and local communities to protect and conserve the Lower Guinean forests. Strategies include creating protected areas, promoting sustainable forestry practices, and raising awareness about the ecological and cultural value of these unique forests. Conservation initiatives aim to balance the need for economic development with the imperative to preserve this vital ecological region.[34]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Darwall, W., Polidoro, B., Smith, K., & Somda, J. (2015). Ecosystem profile guinean forests of West Africa biodiversity hotspot. Critical Ecosystem Partnership Fund Report.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Bakarr, M; Oates, J.F; Fahr, J; Parren, M; Röde, M.O; Demey, R (2004). Guinean forests of West Africa. Washington, D.C: CEMEX & Conservation International. pp. 123–130.
  3. ^ a b c d Carr, Jamie; Adewale Adeleke; Angu, Kenneth Angu; Belle, Elise; Burgess, Neil; Savrina Carrizo; Choimes, Argyris; Nonie Coulthard; Darwall, William; Foden, Wendy; Jean-Marc Garreau; Wenceslas Gatarabirwa; Hicks, Charlotte; Kapijimpanga, Daniel Ramlose; King, Emily (2015). "Ecosystem Profile Guinean Forests of West Africa Biodiversity Hotspot". Critical Ecosystem partnership. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1724.8889.
  4. ^ Linder, H. Peter, Helen M. de Klerk Julia Born et al. (2012). "The partitioning of Africa: statistically defined biogeographical regions in sub‐Saharan Africa". Journal of Biogeography Volume 39, Issue 7 May 2012. [1]
  5. ^ "Guinean Forests of West Africa", Wikipedia, 2023-03-29, retrieved 2023-07-01
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  9. ^ "Guinean Forests of West Africa - Species | CEPF". www.cepf.net. Retrieved 2023-10-09.
  10. ^ Nunes, Leonel J. R.; Meireles, Catarina I. R.; Pinto Gomes, Carlos J.; Almeida Ribeiro, Nuno M. C. (February 2020). "Forest Contribution to Climate Change Mitigation: Management Oriented to Carbon Capture and Storage". Climate. 8 (2): 21. doi:10.3390/cli8020021. ISSN 2225-1154.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
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  14. ^ Bettinger, Pete (2011-03-25). "Carbon Sinks and Climate Change, Forests In The Fight Against Global Warming, by Colin A. G. Hunt: Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., 2009, 236 pages, ISBN-13 978-1-84720-977-1". Journal of Sustainable Forestry. 30 (3): 261–262. doi:10.1080/10549811.2011.530937. ISSN 1054-9811.
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  17. ^ Nilsson, Christer; Renöfält, Birgitta Malm (2008). "Linking Flow Regime and Water Quality in Rivers: a Challenge to Adaptive Catchment Management". Ecology and Society. 13 (2). ISSN 1708-3087.
  18. ^ Fairhead, James; Leach, Melissa (2000). "Desiccation and Domination: Science and Struggles over Environment and Development in Colonial Guinea". The Journal of African History. 41 (1): 35–54. ISSN 0021-8537.
  19. ^ Bonan, Gordon B. (2008). "Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests". Science. 320 (5882): 1444–1449. ISSN 0036-8075.
  20. ^ Lopes, Ana Faria; Macdonald, Jacob L.; Quinteiro, Paula; Arroja, Luís; Carvalho-Santos, Cláudia; Cunha-e-Sá, Maria A.; Dias, Ana Cláudia (2019-10-01). "Surface vs. groundwater: The effect of forest cover on the costs of drinking water". Water Resources and Economics. Payments for Forest Watershed Services. 28: 100123. doi:10.1016/j.wre.2018.06.002. ISSN 2212-4284.
  21. ^ KG, Willis (2002). "Benefits and costs of forests to water supply and water quality". Social and Environmental Benefits of Forestry.
  22. ^ Oates, J. F., Bergl, R. A., & Linder, J. M. (2004). Africa's Gulf of Guinea forests: Biodiversity patterns and conservation priorities (p. 90). Washington, DC: Conservation International.
  23. ^ Mittermeier, R. A., Valladares-Pádua, C., Rylands, A. B., Eudey, A. A., Butynski, T. M., Ganzhorn, J. U., ... & Walker, S. (2006). Primates in peril: the world's 25 most endangered primates, 2004–2006. Primate Conservation, 2006(20), 1-28.
  24. ^ Parren, Marc (2004-01-01). "Guinean forests of West Africa". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  25. ^ Carr, Jamie; Adewale Adeleke; Angu, Kenneth Angu; Belle, Elise; Burgess, Neil; Savrina Carrizo; Choimes, Argyris; Nonie Coulthard; Darwall, William; Foden, Wendy; Jean-Marc Garreau; Wenceslas Gatarabirwa; Hicks, Charlotte; Kapijimpanga, Daniel Ramlose; King, Emily (2015). "Ecosystem Profile Guinean Forests of West Africa Biodiversity Hotspot". doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.1724.8889. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  26. ^ Oates, John F. (2004). Africa's Gulf of Guinea Forests: Biodiversity Patterns and Conservation Priorities. Conservation International. ISBN 978-1-881173-82-3.
  27. ^ Fairhead, J., & Leach, M. (1996). Misreading the African landscape: society and ecology in a forest-savanna mosaic (No. 90). Cambridge University Press.
  28. ^ a b Richards, Paul (1996). "Forest indigenous peoples: concept, critique and cases". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B: Biological Sciences. 104: 349–365. doi:10.1017/S0269727000006199. ISSN 2053-5910.
  29. ^ Lawson, G. W. (1996). "The Guinea–Congo lowland rain forest: an overview". Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, Section B: Biological Sciences. 104: 5–13. doi:10.1017/S0269727000006096. ISSN 2053-5910.
  30. ^ a b Babon, Andrea; Gowae, Gae Yansom (2013). Drivers of deforestation and forest degradation (Report). Center for International Forestry Research. pp. 1–11.
  31. ^ Voigt, Maria; Supriatna, Jatna; Deere, Nicolas J; Kastanya, Agustinus; Mitchell, Simon L; Rosa, Isabel M D; Santika, Truly; Siregar, Rondang; Tasirin, Johny S; Widyanto, Adi; Winarni, Nurul L; Zakaria, Zuliyanto; Mumbunan, Sonny; Davies, Zoe G; Struebig, Matthew J (2021-09-01). "Emerging threats from deforestation and forest fragmentation in the Wallacea centre of endemism". Environmental Research Letters. 16 (9): 094048. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac15cd. ISSN 1748-9326.
  32. ^ Mozer, Annika; Prost, Stefan (2023-12-01). "An introduction to illegal wildlife trade and its effects on biodiversity and society". Forensic Science International: Animals and Environments. 3: 100064. doi:10.1016/j.fsiae.2023.100064. ISSN 2666-9374.
  33. ^ Norris, K., Asase, A., Collen, B., Gockowksi, J., Mason, J., Phalan, B., & Wade, A. (2010). Biodiversity in a forest-agriculture mosaic–The changing face of West African rainforests. Biological conservation, 143(10), 2341-2350.
  34. ^ Nasi, R., Brown, D., Wilkie, D., Bennett, E., Tutin, C., Van Tol, G., & Christophersen, T. (2008). Conservation and use of wildlife-based resources: the bushmeat crisis. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Montreal. and Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Bogor. Technical Series, 50.
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