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Targa Florio

Coordinates: 37°56′52″N 13°47′10″E / 37.94778°N 13.78611°E / 37.94778; 13.78611
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Targa Florio
CategoryEndurance
CountryTour of Island of Sicily, Italy
Inaugural season1906
Folded1977
Last Drivers' championItaly Raffaele Restivo,
Italy Alfonso Merendino
Last Constructors' championUnited Kingdom  Chevron B36 BMW
Official websitewww.targa-florio.it
Alessandro Cagno (1883-1971), winner of first Targa Florio in 1906. Pictured at 1907 event.

The Targa Florio was a public road endurance automobile race held in the mountains of Sicily near the island's capital of Palermo. Founded in 1906, it was the oldest sports car racing event, part of the World Sportscar Championship between 1955 and 1973. While the first races consisted of a whole tour of the island, the track length in the race's last decades was limited to the 72 km (45 mi) of the Circuito Piccolo delle Madonie, which was lapped 11 times.

After 1973, it was a national sports car event until it was discontinued in 1977 due to safety concerns. It has since been run as Targa Florio Rally, a rallying event, and is part of the Italian Rally Championship.

History

Vincenzo Trucco, driving an Isotta Fraschini, was the winner of the 1908 Targa Florio.
Vincenzo Lancia, driving a Fiat 50 HP, finished second.

The race was created in 1906 by the wealthy pioneer race driver and automobile enthusiast, Vincenzo Florio, who had started the Coppa Florio race in Brescia, Lombardy in 1900. The Targa also claimed to be a worldly event not to be missed. Renowned artists, such as Alexandre Charpentier and Leonardo Bistolfi, were commissioned to design medals. A magazine was initiated, Rapiditas, which aimed to enhance, with graphic and photographic reproductions of the race, the myth of the car and the typical character of modern life, speed.[1]

One of the toughest competitions in Europe, the first Targa Florio covered 3 laps of a 92 mile (148 km) circuit, totaling 276 miles (444 km), traversing through winding bends and multiple hairpin curves on treacherous mountain roads, with around 2,000 corners per lap and over 3,600 feet (1,100 m) of elevation change, at heights where severe changes in climate frequently occurred. Alessandro Cagno won the inaugural 1906 race in nine hours, averaging 30 miles per hour (50 km/h).

By the early to mid-1920s, the Targa Florio course had been shortened to 67 miles (108 km) and had become one of Europe's most important races, as neither the 24 Hours of Le Mans nor the Mille Miglia had been established yet. Grand Prix races were still isolated events, not a series like today's F1.

The wins of Mercedes (not yet merged with Benz) in the 1920s made a big impression in Germany, especially that of German Christian Werner in 1924, as he was the first non-Italian winner since 1920. Rudolf Caracciola repeated a similar upset win at the Mille Miglia a couple of years later. In 1926, Eliska Junkova, one of the great female drivers in Grand Prix motor racing history, became the first woman to ever compete in the race. The 1931 race saw a one-off return to the Grande course after roads and bridges specifically unique to the Medio course near Polizzi Generosa had been destroyed by landslides during severe rainstorms; the 1932 course saw the first use of the Piccolo course after a road connecting Caltavuturo and Collesano was constructed on the direct orders of Benito Mussolini himself by request of Florio.

In 1953, the FIA World Sportscar Championship was introduced. The Targa became part of it in 1955. Mercedes had to win 1-2 with the Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR in order to beat Ferrari for the title. They had missed the first two of the 6 events, Buenos Aires and the 12 Hours of Sebring, where Ferrari, Jaguar, Maserati and Porsche scored points. Mercedes appeared at and won in the Mille Miglia, then pulled out of Le Mans as a sign of respect for the victims of the 1955 Le Mans disaster, but won the Tourist Trophy at Dundrod. Despite a number of incidents, the Stirling Moss/Peter Collins and Juan Manuel Fangio/Karl Kling cars finished minutes ahead of the best Ferrari and secured the title. In 1958 the race again became a round in the Championship replacing the discontinued Mille Miglia as the Italian round of the Championship.

Course variants

All the Targa Florio Madonie circuit variants
Black: Piccolo circuit
Blue: Medio circuit
Green: Grande circuit

Several versions of the track were used. It started with a single lap of a 148 km (92 mi) circuit from 1906-1911 and 1931. From 1912 to 1914 a tour around the perimeter of Sicily was used, with a single lap of 975 kilometres (606 mi), lengthened to 1,080 kilometres (670 mi) from 1948 to 1950. The 146 km "Grande" circuit was then shortened twice, the first time to 108 km (67 mi), the version used from 1919-1930, and then to the 72 km (45 mi) circuit used from 1932 to 1936 and 1951 to 1977. From 1951-1958, the long coastal island tour variant was used for a separate event called the Giro di Sicilia (Lap of Sicily).

The start and finish took place at Cerda. The counter-clockwise lap lead from Caltavuturo and Collesano from an altitude over 600 metres (1,970 ft) down to sea level, where the cars raced from Campofelice di Roccella on the Buonfornello straight along the coast, a straight that was even longer than the Mulsanne Straight at the Circuit de la Sarthe in Le Mans. The longest version of the circuit went south through Caltavuturo (whereas the shortest version of the open-road circuit went east just before entry into Caltavuturo, through a mountainous section directly to Collesano) through an extended route through elevation changes, and climbed uphill through the nearby towns of Castellana, Sottana, Madonnuzza and Miranti, twisting around mountains up to the highest point- 1,100 metres (3,600 ft) at Geraci Siculo, dropping down 620 metres (2,030 ft) into Castelbuono, twisting around more mountains and passing through Isnello and the village of Mongerrati and then rejoined the most recent version of the track at Collesano. The second version of the track also went south through Caltavuturo and took a shortcut starting right before Castellana to Collesano via the town of Polizzi Generosa. There was a closed circuit called Favorita Park in the Sicilian capital of Palermo used from 1937-1940. All the roads used for all the variations of the circuits are still in use and can be driven on today. Originally a narrow 2-lane country road, the Buonfornello straight became a lot wider in the late 1960's thanks to the development of the Autostrade motorways all over Italy.

The challenge of the Targa was unprecedented in its difficulty and the driving experience of any of the course variants was unlike any other circuit in the world other than perhaps that of the Nurburgring in Germany and (for motorcycles) and the much faster but similar Snaefell Mountain Course on the Isle of Man. All of the variants had 18 to 23 corners per mile (11 to 14 corners per kilometer)- the original Grande 146 km (91 mi) circuit had in the realm of 2,000 corners per lap, the 108 km (67 mi) Medio had about 1,300-1,400 corners per lap and the final iteration of the course, the 72 km (45 mi) Piccolo circuit had about 800-900 corners per lap. To put that into perspective, most purpose-built circuits have between 12 and 18 corners, and the longest purpose-built circuit in the world, the 13-mile Nurburgring, has about 180 corners. So learning any of the Targa Florio courses was extremely difficult and required, like most long circuits, at least 60 laps to learn the course- and unlike the purpose-built Nurburgring, the course had to be learned properly in public traffic, and one lap of even the Piccolo course would take about an hour to do in a road car- if there was little to no traffic. To even finish this punishing race required a very reliable car- and it being a slow, twisty circuit it was very hard on the gearbox, brakes and the suspension of a car. Some manufacturers and entrants, particularly non-Italian ones would sometimes outright skip the Targa because of the difficulty of learning the layout and were unsure if their cars could stand the brutal pace there.[2]

Lap speeds

Like a rally event (and events like the Isle of Man TT and the Mille Miglia), the race cars were started one by one every 15 seconds for a time trial, as a start from a full grid was not possible on the tight and twisty roads.

Although the public road circuit used for the Targa was extremely challenging- it was a very different kind of circuit and race from any other race on the sportscar calendar. All of the circuit variations of the Targa had so many corners that lap speeds at the Targa never went higher than 80 mph (128 km/h), as opposed to Le Mans in France, where cars would average 150+ mph (240+ km/h) or the Nürburgring, where cars would average 110 mph (176 km/h). Helmut Marko set the lap record in 1972 in an Alfa Romeo 33TT3 at 33 min 41 s at an average of 128.253 km/h (79.693 mph) during an epic charge where he made up 2 minutes on Arturo Merzario and his Ferrari 312PB.[3] The fastest ever was Leo Kinnunen in 1970, lapping in the Porsche 908/3 at 128.571 km/h (79.890 mph) or 33 min 36 seconds flat.[4]

Due to the track's length, drivers practised in the week before the race in public traffic, often with their race cars fitted with license plates. Porsche factory drivers even had to watch onboard videos, a sickening experience for some. The lap record for the 146 km "Grande" circuit was 2 hours 3 min 54.8 seconds set by Achille Varzi in a Bugatti Type 51 at the 1931 race at an average speed of 70.7 km/h (43.931 mph).[5] The lap record for the 108 km "Medio" circuit was 1 hour 21 min 21.6 seconds set by Varzi in an Alfa Romeo P2 at an average speed of 79.642 km/h (49.487 mph) at the 1930 race.[6] The fastest completion around the short version of the island tour was done by Giovanni "Ernesto" Ceirano in a SCAT at the 1914 race, completed in 16 hours, 51 minutes and 31.6 seconds from May 24–25, 1914.[7] The fastest completion of the long version of the island tour was by Mario and Franco Bornigia in an Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Competizione, completed in 12 hours, 26 minutes and 33 seconds flat at the 1950 race at an average speed of 86.794 km/h (53.931 mph).[8]

1970s, safety and demise

At the 1970 race, Nino Vaccarella and Ignazio Giunti, driving a Ferrari 512S, navigate a tight corner in the town of Collesano.

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, race cars with up to 600 hp (450 kW) such as Nino Vaccarella's Ferrari 512S raced through small mountain villages while spectators sat or stood right next to, or even on, the road. Porsche, on the other hand, did not race its big and powerful 917K, but rather the smaller and nimbler 908/3 Spyders.

Due to safety concerns, especially by Helmut Marko, who called the race "totally insane", the last Targa Florio run as an FIA World Sportscar Championship race was in 1973. During the 1973 event, there were an unusually high number of accidents, two of which were fatal; one which privateer Charles Blyth crashed his Lancia Fulvia HF into a trailer at the end of the Buonfornello straight and was killed; and another where an Italian driver crashed his Alpine-Renault into a group of spectators, killing one. There were several other accidents during practice in which a total of seven spectators sustained injuries. The event was won by a Porsche 911 Carrera RSR as the prototypes such as Jacky Ickx's Ferrari suffered crashes or other troubles.

The Targa's international demise was compounded by widespread concern about the organizers' inability to properly maintain the race on such a massive circuit. There were not enough marshals, most spectators sat too close to the roads, and also the international automotive governing body, the FIA, mandated safety walls on all circuits that hold FIA-mandated events from 1974 onwards. The 72-kilometre (45 mi) length of combined public roads made this impracticable, especially from a financial standpoint. The sport's growing professionalism was something the Targa's organizers simply could not keep up with. One example of this concern was when Briton Brian Redman crashed his Porsche 908/03 during the 1971 event 20 miles into the first lap. The steering on his car broke, and it hit a stone wall and caught fire. Redman had second-degree burns all over his body and it took 45 minutes for any medical help to reach Redman (while he was attended to by spectators who were trying to keep him cool by waving objects). The Porsche team did not know where he was for 12 hours until teammates Pedro Rodriguez and Richard Attwood found him in a local clinic in Cefalu. Also during this race Alain de Cadenet in a Lola was going down the Buonfornello straight and a piece of bodywork flew off a car in front of him and hit him on the head. He was knocked out cold and the Lola went off the road and crashed into a nearby wall, and caught fire. de Cadenet's life was saved not by marshals, but by an active Italian military serviceman watching the race from a location close to de Cadenet's crash, and he pulled him out of the wreck. de Cadenet was taken to the same clinic in Cefalu where Redman was, where he was badly burned and had lost the use of his left eye.[9]

The Targa was continued as a national event for some years, before a crash in 1977 where hillclimbing specialist Gabriele Ciuti went off the road and crashed at the fast curves at the end of the Buonfornello straight after some of the bodywork flew off his BMW-powered Osella prototype. This accident killed 2 spectators and seriously injured 5 others (including Ciuti, who went into a coma, but survived), and effectively sealed the race's fate. After this accident the race was forcibly taken over by local police and was stopped on the 4th lap, and it also saw 2 other drivers having serious accidents; one of them was critically injured, but survived.

Although the Targa Florio was a rally-type race that took place on closed-off public mountain roads with (aside from straw bales and weak guardrails at some of the turns, the latter were installed by the island's government) practically no safety features, only 9 people – including spectators – died at the event over the 71 year and 61 race history using a total of 6 circuit configurations. This number is relatively small compared to other open road races, like the Mille Miglia, where over a period of 30 years and 24 races, 56 people lost their lives and the Carrera Panamericana, where over a period of 5 years and 5 races, 25 people were killed. This is probably due to the fact that the mountain roads used were extremely slow and twisty, and average lap speeds never reached even 80 mph (130 km/h) even up to the final years of the race's history, even with the very long straight at the northernmost of the track, whereas most road circuits had average speeds anywhere between 110 mph (180 km/h) and even 160 mph (260 km/h).

Legacy

After winning the race several times, Porsche named the hardtop convertible version of the 911 after the Targa. The name targa means plaque or plate, see targa top.

The Australian-made Leyland P76 had a special version named Targa Florio to commemorate victory by journalist-rallyist Evan Green on a Special Stage of the 1974 London-Sahara-Munich World Cup Rally which was held on the Targa Florio course.[10]

Since 1992 the event has lent its name to a modern recreation, staged half-a-world away in the form of the famous road rally Targa Tasmania held on the island state of Tasmania, off the Southern coast of Australia. There are also the Targa New Zealand since 1995, the Targa Newfoundland since 2002 and Targa Great Barrier Reef since 2018 where it is held in the Far North section of Queensland.

2017 will celebrate the 101st Anniversary of the Targa Florio and the first time the event has left Italy. This is an amazing attraction for Victoria, Australia and all car enthusiasts. The event, tours Victoria’s coast and countryside from November 29 to December 3 and features over 150 of the world’s most admirable cars and is expected to attract fans, celebrities and media from across the globe.

The Targa Florio Australian Tribute (TFAT - https://www.targaflorioaustralia.com/) is a regularity event for classic cars produced in the years between 1906 and 1976. Cars competed over 4 days on Victoria’s open roads at regulated speed. As part of the event there were 56 trials across the 4 days. The inaugural event was a huge success and was repeated in 2018. The 3rd Targa Florio Australian Tribute 2019 will be held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, from 27 November to 1 December 2019.

Winners

[11]

Year Winner Car Time Distance
(km)		 Speed
(km/h)		 Laps Course Variant
1906 Italy Alessandro Cagno Itala 35/40 HP 9:32:22.0[12] 446.469 46.80 3 Grande Circuit (146 km)
1907 Italy Felice Nazzaro Fiat 28/40 HP 8:17:36.4[13] 446.469 53.83 3
1908 Italy Vincenzo Trucco Isotta Fraschini 50 HP 7:49:26.0[13] 446.469 57.06 3
1909 Italy Francesco Ciuppa S.P.A. 28/40 HP 2:43:19.2[13] 148.823 54.67 1
1910 Italy Franco Tullio Cariolato Franco Automobili 35/50 HP 6:20:47.4[13] 297.646 46.90 2
1911 Italy Giovanni "Ernesto" Ceirano SCAT 22/32 HP 9:32:22.4[13] 446.469 46.80 3
1912 United Kingdom Cyril Snipe SCAT 25/35 HP 23:37:19.8[14] 979.000 41.44 1 Island Tour (short) (979 km)
1913 Italy Felice Nazzaro Nazzaro Tipo 2 19:18:40.6[13] 979.000 50.70 1
1914 Italy Giovanni "Ernesto" Ceirano SCAT 22/32 16:51:31.6[13] 979.000 58.07 1
1919 France André Boillot Peugeot EXS 7:51:01.8 432 55 4 Media Circuit (108 km)
1920 Italy Guido Meregalli Nazzaro GP 8:27:23.8 432 50.924 4
1921 Italy Giulio Masetti Fiat 451 7:25:05.2 432 58.236 4
1922 Italy Giulio Masetti Mercedes GP/14 6:50:50.2 432 63.091 4
1923 Italy Ugo Sivocci Alfa Romeo RL Targa Florio 7:18:00.2 432 59.177 4
1924 Germany Christian Werner Mercedes Tipo Indy 2,0 6:32:37.4 432 66.010 4
1925 Italy Bartolomeo Costantini Bugatti T35 7:32:27.2 540 71.609 5
1926 Italy Bartolomeo Costantini Bugatti T35T 7:20:45.0 540 73.507 5
1927 Italy Emilio Materassi Bugatti T35C 7:35:55.4 540 71.065 5
1928 France Albert Divo Bugatti T35B 7:20:56.6 540 73.478 5
1929 France Albert Divo Bugatti T35C 7:15:41.7 540 74.366 5
1930 Italy Achille Varzi Alfa Romeo P2 6:55:16.6 540 78.010 5
1931 Italy Tazio Nuvolari Alfa Romeo 8C-2300 Monza 9:00:27.0 584 64.834 4 Grande Circuit (146 km)
1932 Italy Tazio Nuvolari Alfa Romeo 8C-2300 Monza 7:15:50.6 574 79.296 8 Piccolo Circuit (72 km)
1933 Italy Antonio Brivio Alfa Romeo 8C-2300 Monza 6:35:03.0 504 76.729 7
1934 Italy Achille Varzi Alfa Romeo Tipo-B P3 6:14:26.8 432 69.222 6
1935 Italy Antonio Brivio Alfa Romeo Tipo-B P3 5:27:29.0 432 80.010 6
1936 Italy Constantino Magistri Lancia Augusta 2:08:47.2 144 67.088 2
1937 Italy Giulio Severi Maserati 6CM 2:55'49.0 315.6 107.704 60 Favorita Park (5.26 km)
1938 Italy Giovanni Rocco Maserati 6CM 1:30'04.6 171.6 114.303 30
1939 Italy Luigi Villoresi Maserati 6CM 1:40.15.4 228 136.445 40
1940 Italy Luigi Villoresi Maserati 4CL 1:36.08.6 228 142.288 40
1948 Italy Clemente Biondetti
France Igor Troubetzkoy		 Ferrari 166 S 12:12'00.0 1080 88.866 1 Island Tour (long) (1080 km)
1949 Italy Clemente Biondetti
Italy Aldo Benedetti		 Ferrari 166 SC 13:15.09.4 1080 81.494 1
1950 Italy Mario Bornigia
Italy Giancarlo Bornigia		 Alfa Romeo 6C 2500 Competizione 12:26.33.0 1080 86.794 1
1951 Italy Franco Cortese Frazer Nash 7:31.04.8 576 76.631 8 Piccolo Circuit (72 km)
1952 Italy Felice Bonetto Lancia Aurelia B20 7:11.58.0 576 76.631 8
1953 Italy Umberto Maglioli Lancia D20 3000 7:08.35.8 576 80.635 8
1954 Italy Piero Taruffi Lancia D24 6:24.18.0 576 89.930 8
1955 United Kingdom Stirling Moss
United Kingdom Peter Collins		 Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR 9:43.14.0 936 96.290 13
1956 Italy Umberto Maglioli
Germany Huschke von Hanstein		 Porsche 550 7:54.52.6 720 90.770 10
1957 Italy Fabio Colona Fiat 600 - 359 - 5
1958 Italy Luigi Musso
Belgium Olivier Gendebien		 Ferrari 250 TR 58 10:37.58.1 1008 94.801 14
1959 Germany Edgar Barth
Germany Wolfgang Seidel		 Porsche 718 RSK 11:02.21.8 1008 91.309 14
1960 Sweden Jo Bonnier
Germany Hans Herrmann		 Porsche 718 RS 60 7:33.08.2 720 95.320 10
1961 Germany Wolfgang von Trips
Belgium Olivier Gendebien		 Ferrari 246 SP 6:57.39.4 720 103.433 10
1962 Belgium Willy Mairesse
Mexico Ricardo Rodriguez
Belgium Olivier Gendebien		 Ferrari 246 SP 7:02'56.3 720 102.143 10
1963 Sweden Jo Bonnier
Italy Carlo Maria Abate		 Porsche 718 GTR 6:55.45.1 720 109.908 10
1964 United Kingdom Colin Davis
Italy Antonio Pucci		 Porsche 904 GTS 7:10.53.3 720 100.258 10
1965 Italy Nino Vaccarella
Italy Lorenzo Bandini		 Ferrari 275 P2 7:01:12.4 720 102.563 10
1966 Belgium Willy Mairesse
Switzerland Herbert Müller		 Porsche Carrera 6[15] 7:16:32.6 720 98.910 10
1967 Australia Paul Hawkins
Germany Rolf Stommelen		 Porsche 910[16] 6:37.01.0 720 108.812 10
1968 United Kingdom Vic Elford
Italy Umberto Maglioli		 Porsche 907 6:28:47.9 720 111.112 10
1969 Germany Gerhard Mitter
Germany Udo Schütz		 Porsche 908/2 6:07:45.3 720 117.469 10
1970 Switzerland Jo Siffert
United Kingdom Brian Redman		 Porsche 908/3[17] 6:35.30.0 792 120.152 11
1971 Italy Nino Vaccarella
Netherlands Toine Hezemans		 Alfa Romeo 33/3 6:35:46.2 792 120.070 11
1972 Italy Arturo Merzario
Italy Sandro Munari		 Ferrari 312PB 6:27:48.0 792 122.537 11
1973 Switzerland Herbert Müller
Netherlands Gijs van Lennep		 Porsche 911 Carrera RSR[18] 6:54:20.1 792 114.691 11
1974 France Gérard Larrousse
Italy Amilcare Ballestrieri		 Lancia Stratos[19] 4:35:02.6 576 114.883 8
1975 Italy Nino Vaccarella
Italy Arturo Merzario		 Alfa Romeo 33TT12[20] 4:59:16.7 576 120.895 8
1976 Italy Eugenio "Amphicar" Renna
Italy Armando Floridia		 Osella PA4-BMW[21] 5:43:46.0 576 99.090 8
1977 Italy Raffaele Restivo
Italy Alfonso Merendino		 Chevron B36-BMW[21] 2:41:17.0 288 107.140 4

Races between 1955 and 1973 were part of the World Championship, with the 1957 race not a race but a regularity test following the Mille Miglia accident.

Wins by manufacturer

Porsche 910 2.0 coupé driven by Umberto Maglioli and Udo Schütz in 1967.
Alfa Romeo RL Targa Florio
Ferrari 275 P2
1927-Bugatti T35c driven by Materassi
Maserati 26MM driven by Luigi Fagioli in 1928

The list below includes all car manufacturers who have attained a podium. The table does not include the results of the 1957 edition, which was held as a regularity race.

Pos. Brand 1st
place 		2nd
place 		3rd
place 		Fastest
laps
1 Germany Porsche 11 9 12 8
2 Italy Alfa Romeo 10 13 7 10
3 Italy Ferrari 7 6 4 7
4 Italy Lancia 5 7 5 4
5 France Bugatti 5 4 5 6
6 Italy Maserati 4 6 9 4
7 Germany Mercedes-Benz 3 2 1 4
8 Italy SCAT 3 0 0 0
9 Italy Fiat 2 3 3 2
10 Italy Nazzaro 2 0 0 0
11 Italy Itala 1 2 1 1
12 Italy Osella 1 1 1 2
13 France Peugeot 1 1 1 1
14 United Kingdom Chevron 1 1 0 0
15 Italy S.P.A. 1 0 1 1
16 Italy Franco 1 0 0 1
17 Italy Isotta Fraschini 1 0 0 0
17 United Kingdom Frazer-Nash 1 0 0 0
19 France Ballot 0 1 1 0
19 Italy Cisitalia 0 1 1 0
19 Italy De Vecchi 0 1 1 0
22 Italy Osca 0 1 0 1
23 Italy Aquila Italiana 0 1 0 0
23 Switzerland Sigma 0 1 0 0
25 United Kingdom Lola 0 0 1 1
26 Italy Abarth 0 0 1 0
26 Italy AMP 0 0 1 0
26 France Berliet 0 0 1 0
26 France Darracq 0 0 1 0
26 Italy Diatto 0 0 1 0
26 Austria Steyr 0 0 1 0
32 United Kingdom Aston Martin 0 0 0 1

See also

Further reading

  • Clarke, R M, ed. (1999). Targa Florio: The Ferrari & Lancia Years, 1948-1954. Cobham, Surrey, UK: Brooklands Books. ISBN 1855204983.
  • Clarke, R M, ed. (1999). Targa Florio: The Porsche & Ferrari Years, 1955-1964. Cobham, Surrey, UK: Brooklands Books. ISBN 1855204878.
  • Clarke, R M, ed. (1999). Targa Florio: The Porsche Years, 1965-1973. Cobham, Surrey, UK: Brooklands Books. ISBN 1855204886.
  • Valenza, Giuseppe (2007). Targa Florio Il Mito: Legenda Editore (Italy). ISBN 9788888165172.
  • Giuseppe Valenza (2018), "Targa Florio The Myth Anatomy of an Epic Race 1906-1973". G.Valenza. (Italy). ISBN 978-88-908854-3-3.
  • Giuseppe Valenza (2009) "Targa Florio Il Mito", Nigensha Publishing. Tokyo. ISBN 978-4-544-04418-8.

References

  1. ^ (in Italian) Florio, Vincenzo, by Simone Candela - Treccani Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani - Volume 48 (1997)
  2. ^ "1973 Targa Florio | Motorsport Database".
  3. ^ "56th Targa Florio 1972". formula2.net. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  4. ^ "Leo Kinnunen". forix.autosport.com. Retrieved 2008-07-13.
  5. ^ "Targa Florio 1931". Formula2.net. 2001-08-26. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
  6. ^ "Targa Florio 1930". Formula2.net. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
  7. ^ "1914 Targa Florio - The AUTOSPORT Bulletin Board". Forums.autosport.com. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
  8. ^ "Targa Florio 1950". Formula2.net. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
  9. ^ "Alain de Cadenet: I drove le Mans at 230mph... With only one working eye". 22 October 2015.
  10. ^ "The Leyland P76 a brief history". Themotorreport.com.au. 2008-06-09. Retrieved 2011-05-12.
  11. ^ "F2 Register - Index". Formula2.net. Retrieved 2011-10-18.
  12. ^ "1906 Targa Florio". Motor Sport Magazine Database. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Autocourse: A Review of International Motorsport in 1959. 1960. p. 118.
  14. ^ Pino Fondi, Targa Florio 20th century epic, page 330
  15. ^ "5Oth TARGA FLORIO 1966". Imca-slotracing.com. 2012-09-04. Archived from the original on 2012-09-04. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  16. ^ "THE FORD". Imca-slotracing.com. 2006-10-29. Archived from the original on 2006-10-29. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  17. ^ "Porsche 917 and Ferrari 512S". Imca-slotracing.com. 2008-05-17. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  18. ^ "LE MANS 24 HOURS 1973 - LES 24 HEURES DU MANS DE 1973". Imca-slotracing.com. 2012-12-08. Archived from the original on 2012-12-08. Retrieved 2020-12-09.
  19. ^ "World Sports Racing Prototypes - Non Championship Races 1974". Wsrp.ic.cz. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  20. ^ "World Sports Racing Prototypes - Non Championship Races 1975". Wsrp.ic.cz. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
  21. ^ a b "World Sports Racing Prototypes - Non Championship Races 1976". Wsrp.ic.cz. Retrieved 2013-01-05.
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