n-Propyl chloride
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| Names | |
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| Preferred IUPAC name
1-Chloropropane | |
| Other names
chloromethylethane, propyl chloride, 1-propyl chloride
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| Identifiers | |
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEMBL | |
| ChemSpider | |
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.007.955 |
| EC Number |
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |
| UN number | 1278 |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |
| C3H7Cl | |
| Molar mass | 78.54 |
| Appearance | Colorless liquid |
| Density | 0.890 |
| Melting point | −122.8 °C (−189.0 °F; 150.3 K) |
| Boiling point | 46.7 °C (116.1 °F; 319.8 K) |
| 0.27 g/100 ml at 20 °C | |
| Solubility in ethanol | miscible |
| Solubility in diethyl ether | miscible |
Refractive index (nD)
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1.3886 |
| Viscosity | 4.416 cP at 0 °C 3.589 cP at 20 °C |
| Hazards | |
| Occupational safety and health (OHS/OSH): | |
Main hazards
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Extremely flammable liquid and vapor. Vapor may cause flash fire. Harmful if swallowed or inhaled. May be harmful if absorbed through skin. Affects central nervous system. Causes irritation to skin, eyes and respiratory tract. |
| GHS labelling: | |
 
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| Danger | |
| H225, H302, H312, H332 | |
| P210, P233, P240, P241, P242, P243, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P312, P302+P352, P303+P361+P353, P304+P312, P304+P340, P312, P322, P330, P363, P370+P378, P403+P235, P501 | |
| NFPA 704 (fire diamond) | |
| Flash point | −18 °C (0 °F; 255 K) |
| Safety data sheet (SDS) | External MSDS |
| Related compounds | |
Related alkyl halides
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Ethyl chloride isopropyl chloride Tert-Butyl chloride |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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n-Propyl chloride (also 1-propyl chloride or 1-chloropropane) is a colorless, flammable chemical compound. It has the chemical formula C3H7Cl and is prepared by reacting n-propyl alcohol with phosphorus trichloride in the presence of a zinc chloride catalyst.[1]
Properties
1-chloropropane is the simplest asymmetric chloropropane, analogous to the symmetric 2-chloropropane. Because of the presence of the heavy electronegative chlorine atom, 1-chloropropane has a higher melting point and boiling point than propane (BP 46.6 °C vs -42 °C).
Toxicity
Acute Effects
1-Chloropropane has been associated with acute toxic effects in various studies. In a rat study, the LD50 (lethal dose for 50% of the test subjects) for oral ingestion was found to be greater than 2 grams per kilogram of body weight. This suggests a relatively low acute toxicity when ingested by rats.
Antidote and Emergency Treatment
In cases of exposure to 1-chloropropane, appropriate emergency treatment measures are crucial. Immediate first aid includes ensuring adequate decontamination, performing artificial respiration if the patient is not breathing, flushing contaminated eyes with water, and seeking medical attention. It's important not to induce vomiting, and if vomiting occurs, maintaining an open airway is vital.
Advanced treatment may include airway control, positive-pressure ventilation, treatment for pulmonary edema, monitoring for cardiac rhythm abnormalities, and administration of fluids and vasopressors if necessary. Seizures can be treated with medications like diazepam or lorazepam.
Non-Human Toxicity
In laboratory animal studies, exposure to 1-chloropropane has been associated with adverse effects. Rats exposed to high concentrations of 1-chloropropane exhibited alveolar hemorrhage and liver necrosis. Additionally, the compound has been rated for its eye irritant potential in rabbit studies.
Environmental Fate and Exposure 1-Chloropropane can enter the environment through various waste streams, and it has been detected in volcanic emissions. In the atmosphere, it can undergo degradation through reaction with hydroxyl radicals, with an estimated half-life of about 15 days.
The compound is expected to have high mobility in soil, and volatilization from both moist and dry soil surfaces is anticipated. 1-Chloropropane may resist aerobic biodegradation in soil and water, but anaerobic dehalogenation can occur.
In aquatic environments, 1-chloropropane is not expected to adsorb to suspended solids and sediment. It can rapidly volatilize from water surfaces, and its potential for bioconcentration in aquatic organisms is considered low.
Human Exposure
Occupational exposure to 1-chloropropane may occur through inhalation and dermal contact in workplaces where the compound is produced or used. Additionally, the general population can be exposed to 1-chloropropane through inhalation of ambient air and dermal contact with vapors and products containing the compound.
Associated Disorders and Diseases
1-Chloropropane exposure is associated with the category of "Solvents, acute toxic effect," indicating its potential to cause acute poisoning in humans. The exact disorders and diseases resulting from exposure to 1-chloropropane may vary depending on the level and duration of exposure, and individual susceptibility.
References
- ^ Merck Index of Chemicals and Drugs, 9th ed., monograph 7635 Bingham, E., Cohrssen, B., & Powell, C.H. (2001). Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 (5th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. [PMID: N/A] Currance, P.L., Clements, B., & Bronstein, A.C. (Eds). (2005). Emergency Care For Hazardous Materials Exposure. 3rd edition, Elsevier Mosby, St. Louis, MO. [PMID: N/A] Grant, W.M. (1986). Toxicology of the Eye (3rd ed.). Charles C. Thomas Publisher, Springfield, IL. DOW CHEM CO; Results of Range Finding Toxicological Tests on N-Propyl Chloride; 08/02/46; EPA Doc. No. 86-870002171; Fiche No. OTS0515961 Jordan A, et al. (2000). Environ Sci Technol, 34(6), 1122-1124. Giger W, Schaffner C. (1981). Stud Environ Sci, 17(Qual Groundwater), 517-22. Swann RL, et al. (1983). Res Rev, 85, 17-28. Lyman WJ, et al. (1990). Handbook of Chemical Property Estimation Methods. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc. Hansch C, et al. (1995). Exploring QSAR. Hydrophobic, Electronic, and Steric Constants. ACS Prof Ref Book. Washington, DC: Amer Chem Soc. Meylan WM, Howard PH. (1993). Chemosphere, 26, 2293-99. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/
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