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Sderot

Coordinates: 31°31′22″N 34°35′43″E / 31.52278°N 34.59528°E / 31.52278; 34.59528
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Not to be confused with Sdarot.

Sderot
  • שְׂדֵרוֹת‎
  • سديروت
City (from 1996)
Hebrew transcription(s)
 • ISO 259Śderot
Official logo of Sderot
Sderot is located in Northwest Negev region of Israel
Sderot
Sderot
Sderot is located in Israel
Sderot
Sderot
Coordinates: 31°31′22″N 34°35′43″E / 31.52278°N 34.59528°E / 31.52278; 34.59528
CountryIsrael
DistrictSouthern
Founded1951
Government
 • MayorAlon Davidi
Area
 • Total
4,472 dunams (4.472 km2 or 1.727 sq mi)
Population
 (2022)[1]
 • Total
33,002
 • Density7,400/km2 (19,000/sq mi)
Name meaningBoulevards/avenues

Sderot (Template:Lang-he, pronounced [sdeˈʁot], lit. 'boulevards'; Template:Lang-ar) is a western Negev city and former development town in the Southern District of Israel. In 2022, it had a population of 33,002.[1] Sderot is located nearby Gaza, with the closest point being 840 metres (2,760 ft) away.[2]

Sderot is located less than a mile from Gaza (the closest point is 840 m),[2] and is notable for having been a major target of Qassam rocket attacks from the Gaza Strip. Between 2001 and 2008, rocket attacks on the city killed 13 people, wounded dozens, caused millions of dollars in damage and profoundly disrupted daily life.[3] Although rocket fire subsided after the Gaza War, the city has come under rocket attack on occasion since that time.


Geography

Sderot lies 1 kilometre (0.62 miles) from the Gaza Strip and the town of Beit Hanoun.

History

20th century

The Israeli Negev Brigade had depopulated the area on which Sderot would be built on the 2nd and 13th of May 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War, expelling the 422 Muslim farmers there who cultivated citrus, bananas and cereals from the Palestinian village of Najd.[4] The latter were relocated in Gaza as refugees.[5][6][7][4]

Sderot was founded in 1951 as a transit camp for Israeli immigrants, primarily from Kurdistan and Iran. It was originally called Gabim Dorot and housed 80 families.[8] It was later renamed Sderot, a symbolic nod to the numerous avenues of trees planted in the Negev to combat desertification and beautify the arid landscape. Like many localities in the Negev, a green motif was chosen in keeping with the Zionist vision of "making the desert bloom."[9]

The development served as part of a chain of settlements designed to block infiltration from Gaza.[10][11] Permanent housing was completed three years later, in 1954.[11]

School in Sderot, early 1950s

From the mid-1950s, the town attracted many Moroccan Jews.[10][12] Romanian Jewish immigrants also began settling in Sderot. In 1956, Sderot was recognized as a local council.[13] In the 1961 census, North African immigrants, mostly from Morocco, made up 87% of the population, with 11% from Kurdistan.[14]

Palestinian rocket attacks
on Israel
A rocket fired from a civilian area in Gaza towards civilian areas in Southern Israel
A rocket fired from the Gaza Strip
into Israel, 2008
By year (list)
Groups responsible
Rocket types
Cities affected
Regional Council areas affected
Settlements affected (evacuated)
Defense and response
See also

Sderot absorbed another large wave of immigrants, from the former Soviet Union, during the 1990s post-Soviet aliyah. Immigrants from Ethiopia also arrived during this time, doubling its population. In 1996, it was declared a city. A number of Palestinians from the Gaza Strip were resettled in Sderot beginning in 1997 after cooperating with the Shin Bet.[15]

21st century

See also: 2023 Israel–Hamas war
The remnants of Qassam rockets fired on Sderot
Iron Dome rocket defense battery near Sderot
Sderot is located in the 10–15 sec of Grad rocket range
A factory burns in Sderot after a rocket attack from the Gaza Strip in June 2014

From 2001, in the beginning stage of the Second Intifada, the city was a target for rockets from the Gaza Strip.[16] Rocket fire intensified after the Israeli disengagement from Gaza in 2005,[17] with the city sustaining constant rocket fire from Qassam rockets launched by Hamas and Islamic Jihad.[18] The population declined as families left the city in desperation. The city continued to suffer from rocket fire until the Gaza War's end in 2009, which brought an end to regular rocket fire aimed at the city.

The city has still suffered from occasional rocket fire ever since. Despite the imperfect aim of these homemade projectiles, they caused deaths and injuries, as well as significant damage to homes and property, psychological distress and emigration from the city. The Israeli government installed a "Red Color" (צבע אדום) alarm system to warn citizens of impending rocket attacks, although its effectiveness was questioned. Citizens were only given 7–15 seconds to reach shelter after the sounding of the alarm.

In May 2007, a significant increase in shelling from Gaza prompted the temporary evacuation of thousands of residents.[19] By November 23, 2007, 6,311 rockets had fallen on the city.[20] Yediot Ahronoth reported that during the summer of 2007, 3,000 of the city's 22,000 residents (consisting mostly of the city's key upper and middle class residents) left for other areas, out of Qassam rocket range. Russian billionaire Arcadi Gaydamak organised a series of relief programs for residents unable to leave.[21] On December 12, 2007, after more than 20 rockets landed in the Sderot area in a single day, including a direct hit to one of the main avenues, Sderot mayor Eli Moyal announced his resignation, citing the government's failure to halt the rocket attacks.[22] Moyal was persuaded to retract his resignation.

In a gesture of solidarity, El Al (Israel's national airline) named one of its Boeing 777 passenger planes Sderot (4X-ECE).[23][24]

In January 2008, the Jewish Community Relations Council of New York organized a display of 4,200 red balloons outside the headquarters of the United Nations.[25] Each balloon represented a Qassam rocket that had been fired into Sderot,[26] where for years the town and its surrounding area have been under near-constant bombardment by thousands of rockets and mortar shells fired from Gaza.[27] Consul David Saranga, who conceptualized the display, said he used the balloons as an opportunity to call upon the international community to stop ignoring what's happening in Israel.[28] The balloon display made headlines in New York City papers as well as international publications.[29]

In January 2008, British journalist Seth Freedman of The Guardian described Sderot as a city of near-deserted streets and empty malls and cafes.[30] In March 2008, the mayor said that the population had dropped by 10–15%, while aid organizations said the figure was closer to 25%. Many of the families that remained were those who could not afford to move out or were unable to sell their homes.[31] Studies found that air raid sirens and explosions have caused severe psychological trauma in some residents.[32] According to a study carried out at Sapir Academic College in 2007, some 75% of residents aged 4–18 were suffering from PTSD, including sleeping disorders and severe anxiety, in the wake of rocket attacks on the city, and 1,000 residents were receiving psychiatric treatment at the community mental health center.[33][34] From mid-June 2007 to mid-February 2008, 771 rockets and 857 mortar bombs were fired at Sderot and the western Negev, an average of three or four each a day.[35]

During the Gaza War in December 2008 and January 2009, between 50 and 60 rockets were fired at Sderot per week, causing about half the city's residents to temporarily evacuate. The war ended regular rocket fire from Gaza and the city experienced a revitalization. By 2009, demand for apartments was outweighing supply, a new sports complex largely funded by donor aid had opened, a new shopping mall was being built, and the assistance that the city had received due to concern over the years of rocket fire meant that Sderot now had better community, educational, and recreational services than many other Negev development towns.[36] The city sustained rocket fire on occasion over the following years, including during Operation Protective Edge.[37] However, the introduction of the Iron Dome rocket defense system reduced the effectiveness of this rocket fire, with many of these rockets being intercepted.

Israel Defense Forces exhibition in Sderot, 2019

In 2011, a Sderot resident filed a million dollar lawsuit against two Canadian organizations raising funds for a Canadian ship to join the Gaza flotilla. According to the lawyers, "The Canadian Boat's raison d'être is to aid and abet the terrorist organization that rules Gaza." The suit alleges that these actions violate Canadian laws that prohibit aid to terror groups.[38]

"Sderot cinema" is a name given to gatherings at a hill in Sderot, where over 50 locals would come to watch the bombing of the Gaza strip during the last four wars.[39][40] [41][42] The name was coined by a Danish journalist who snapped a photo of it and posted it on Twitter.[43][44][45] Similar events happened in Operation Cast Lead in 2009,[46] after which some critics decided to refer to the hill as "Hill of Shame".[39][47] Sderot residents have complained about the media portrayal.[48]

In May 2019, the Israeli Air Force held a special flypast (aerial display) over Sderot (in addition to Yom Ha'atzmaut flypast), in order to salute the residents of Sderot who suffer continuously from Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel.

On October 7, 2023, Hamas gunmen attacked Sderot, engaging in firefights with Israeli police and civilians in the streets and occupying the town's police station.[49] About eighteen members of the Israeli police were killed during the fighting.[50] Fighting continued through the night until security forces retook the police station, which was demolished in case more terrorists remained inside. Early estimates stated that at least 20 civilians were killed as they were waiting at bus stops, walking down the street, and driving in their cars.[51] Of the 36,000 residents of the city, 90% were evacuated during the days after the massacre.[52]

Local government

In 2010, after a decline in charitable donations, the municipality revealed that it was on the verge of bankruptcy.[53]

In May 2011, the British Ambassador to Israel visited Sderot and met with Mayor David Buskila, who described the suffering of children in both Sderot and Gaza:[2] "Believe me that I feel bad for my children, for the children that live here in Sderot, but I also feel pain for the children that live in the other side of the border in Gaza ... This situation that the children from this place and the other place is because of the behaviour of the leaders of the terror organisations. We can create another quality of life, it is so close."

In October 2013, Alon Davidi was elected Mayor of Sderot.

Demographics

According to the Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2010 the city had a population of 21,900. The national makeup of the city was 94% Jewish, 5.5% other non-Arabs, and Arabs less than 1%. There were 10,600 males and 10,500 females. The population growth rate in 2010 was 0.5%.

Economy

In 2008, the average wage for a salaried worker in Sderot was ₪5,261.[54]

Hollandia International, founded in 1981, a company that manufactures and exports high-end mattresses, moved its sole manufacturing center to Sderot in the 1990s. After 11 years there, it decided in 2008 to relocate due to rocket attacks that hit the city and the factory.[55]

The Osem plant in Sderot, opened in 1981, is the region's major employer, with 480 workers. 170 products are manufactured there, including Bamba, Bisli, Mana Hama instant noodle and rice dishes, instant soup powders, shkedei marak, ketchup and sauces.[56]

The Menorah Candle factory located in Sderot exports Hanukkah candles all over the world.[57]

Nestlé maintains a research and development facility in Sderot,[58] established in 2002. Its production facilities for breakfast cereals are also located in Sderot.[59]

Amdocs has a plant in the Sderot and an industrial zone is under development.[60]

In 2012, the government approved nearly $59 million worth of economic benefits for Sderot to strengthen the economy, boost employment and subsidize psycho-social programs for the city's residents.[61]

Culture

An unusually high ratio of singers, instrumentalists, composers and poets have come from Sderot.[62]

Harp sculpture, Sderot town square

Several popular bands have been formed by musicians who practiced in Sderot's bomb shelters as teenagers.[63][64][65] As an immigrant town with high unemployment experiencing a dramatic musical success, as bands blend international sounds with the music of their Moroccan immigrant parents, it has been compared to Liverpool in the 1960s.[66][67] Among the notable bands are Teapacks[68] Knesiyat Hasekhel and Sfatayim.[69] Well-known musicians from Sderot include Shlomo Bar, Kobi Oz, Haïm Ulliel and Smadar Levi. The winner of the Israeli version of "American Idol" 2011 was Hagit Yaso, a local Sderot singer of Ethiopian origin.

Israeli poet Shimon Adaf was born in Sderot,[62] as well as the actor and entertainer Maor Cohen. Adaf dedicated a poem to the city in his 1997 book Icarus' Monologue.

In 2007, Jewish-American documentary filmmaker Laura Bialis immigrated to Israel, and decided to settle in Sderot "to find out what it means to live in a never-ending war, and to document the lives and music of musicians under fire".[70] Her film Sderot: Rock in the Red Zone focuses on young musicians living under the daily threat of Qassams.[71][72][73]

Politically, the town leans heavily to the right.[74]

Transportation

Sderot railway station

Sderot is accessible by Highway 34 and Route 232.

The Ashkelon–Beersheba railway, a new railway line which connected Sderot with Tel Aviv and Beersheba, was inaugurated in December 2013. The Sderot railway station located on the outskirts of the city at the southern entrance, was opened on December 24, 2013. It is the first in Israel to be armored against rocket fire.[75]

Education

Sapir Academic College

According to CBS, there are 14 schools and 3,578 students in the city. They are spread out as eleven elementary schools and 2,099 elementary school students, and six high schools and 1,479 high school students.[clarification needed] 56.5% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001. Sapir Academic College[76] and the Hesder Yeshiva of Sderot are located in Sderot. All schools in the city and 120 bus stops have been fortified against missile attacks.[77]

Twin towns – sister cities

Sderot is twinned with:

People

See also

References

  1. ^ a b "Regional Statistics". Israel Central Bureau of Statistics. Retrieved March 21, 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Ambassador visits Sderot, impressed by 'spirit of town'". Ukinisrael.fco.gov.uk. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  3. ^ Avi Issacharoff; Mijal Grinberg. "2 Israelis Lightly Wounded as 33 Rockets Slam in Western Negev". Haaretz. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  4. ^ a b Robert Fisk, The suffering of Sderot: how its true inhabitants were wiped from Israel's maps and memories The Independent 26 November 2012.
  5. ^ Morris, Benny (2004). The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem Revisited. Cambridge University Press. p. 258. ISBN 978-0-521-00967-6.
  6. ^ All that remains : the Palestinian villages occupied and depopulated by Israel in 1948. Khalidi, Walid. Washington, D.C.: Institute for Palestine Studies. 1992. ISBN 0-88728-224-5. OCLC 25632612.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  7. ^ Julie Peteet, 'Engaging Evil and Excess in Israel/Palestine,' in William C.Olson, Thomas J. Csordas (eds.,) Engaging Evil: A Moral Anthropology,' Berghahn Books 2019 ISBN 978-1-789-20213-7 pp199-223 pp.213-214.
  8. ^ Israel Directory, Miksam Limited, 2003 p.212.
  9. ^ Sasson (2010), p. 137
  10. ^ a b Anton La Guardia, Holy Land, Unholy War: Israelis and Palestinians, Penguin 2007 p.311
  11. ^ a b "Gimme shelter". Heebmagazine.com. March 24, 2009. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  12. ^ "Sderot - Jewish Virtual Library". jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
  13. ^ HaReuveni (1999), p. 908
  14. ^ Rapoport, Meron (May 25, 2007). "The Pioneers of Sderot". Haaretz. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  15. ^ Hadad, Shmulik (May 30, 2007). "Palestinian Collaborator: Terrorists Only Understand Force". Ynetnews. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  16. ^ "This Week in History: The first Kassam hits Sderot - Features - Jerusalem Post". April 15, 2011.
  17. ^ "As the Rockets Continue to Fall, Anxiety and Depression Grip Sderot". December 5, 2006.
  18. ^ Silverman, Anav (September 20, 2007). "A City Under Siege: An Inside View of Sderot, Israel". Sderot Media Center. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  19. ^ Kershner, Isabel (May 31, 2007). "Israeli Border Town Lives in the Shadow of Falling Rockets". International Herald Tribune. Archived from the original on March 8, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  20. ^ Sackett, Shmuel (December 7, 2007). "23 Years and 6,311 Rockets". web.israelinsider.com. Archived from the original on July 6, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  21. ^ "3,000 Sderot Residents Have Left Town". The Jerusalem Post. November 16, 2007. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  22. ^ "Israeli Mayor Quits Over Rockets". BBC Online. December 12, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  23. ^ "Boeing 777 Named for Sderot". infolive.tv. July 31, 2007. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  24. ^ "Production List Search". Planespotters.net. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  25. ^ 4,200 balloons released in NY to protest Qassam fire, By Neta Sela, Ynet News, January 24, 2008.
  26. ^ "Israeli mission in N.Y. displays 4,200 balloons, one for each Qassam". Haaretz. January 25, 2008. Archived from the original on February 26, 2009.
  27. ^ Itamar Sharon (January 24, 2008). "Balloon for each Kassam on UN doorstep". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  28. ^ Meet David Saranga, the man whose campaigns are rebranding Israel, David Russell, The Jewish Chronicle, Published May 23, 2008.
  29. ^ Balloons for Sderot, AP Images, Published January 2008. (subscription required)
  30. ^ Freedman, Seth (January 18, 2008). "Sderot: beseiged [sic] and abandoned". The Guardian. Retrieved August 18, 2019 – via www.theguardian.com.
  31. ^ Hadad, Shmulik (March 19, 2008). "Sderot: Those Who Can Afford It Have Already Left". Ynetnews. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  32. ^ Sharfman, Jake (December 17, 2009). "Tiny organization fights to make Sderot's voice heard". Haaretz. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  33. ^ Ginter, Davida (November 26, 2007). "כך הפקירה המדינה את נפגעי החרדה". Natal.org.il. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  34. ^ "IRIN Middle East - ISRAEL-OPT: Relentless rocket attacks take psychological toll on children in Sderot - Israel - OPT - Children - Conflict - Health & Nutrition". IRINnews. January 27, 2008.
  35. ^ "Qassam Rockets — Background and Statistics". Zionism-Israel.com. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  36. ^ "In Israel, embattled Sderot comes back to life after rocket barrages of Gaza war". Christian Science Monitor. December 31, 2009.
  37. ^ "In rocket-battered Sderot, waiting for the next war". The Times of Israel.
  38. ^ Friedman, Ron (June 8, 2011). "Sderot rocket victims sue Gaza flotilla organizers". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  39. ^ a b Cite error: The named reference McKernan was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  40. ^ 'On a panoramic ridge facing west on the edge of town, home to a nursery school, Sderot’s residents used to gather during the four previous wars between Israel and Hamas since the group seized control of the strip in 2007. They had cheered and whistled as the bombs rained down on Gaza’s trapped civilians, sipping beers and settling in as though watching a fireworks display as the conflicts unfolded less than a mile away in Beit Hanoun, a town in the strip’s north-east corner during the 2014 Israel–Gaza conflict.'Bethan McKernan, 'Four weeks on, horror lingers in Israel’s silent kibbutzim,' The Guardian 4 November 2023
  41. ^ "These Israelis Eat Popcorn At 'Sderot Cinema' As They Watch Bombs Fall On Gaza". The Huffington Post UK. July 13, 2014.
  42. ^ "Popcorn at front-row seats of war". NewsComAu. July 13, 2014.
  43. ^ "Al Aravya: 'Sderot cinema:' Israelis watch latest from Gaza". alarabiya.net. July 12, 2014.
  44. ^ "When bombs receive applause". Kristeligt Dagblad. July 11, 2014.
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  46. ^ Israelis Watch Bombs Drop on Gaza From Front-Row Seats. New York Times, 14 July 2014
  47. ^ Hill of Shame where Gaza bombing is spectator sport. Martin Fletcher and Yonit Farago, The Times, 13 January 2009
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  49. ^ ">"Armed group from Gaza seizes police station in Israel's Sderot". Trend News Agency. October 7, 2023. Retrieved October 7, 2023.
  50. ^ Zitun, Yoav; Curiel, Ilana; Ben Kimon, Elisha; Turgeman, Meir; Moskovitz, Israel; Green Shaulov, Roni (October 7, 2023). "Commanders, soldiers, police officers: The names of the heroes who died defending Israel". Ynetnews. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  51. ^ Cardia, Alexander; Khavin, Dmitriy; Blumenfeld, David (October 10, 2023). "Video: 'Everyone Died': How Gunmen Killed Dozens In Sderot". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  52. ^ Keinon, Herb (October 15, 2023). "Paradigms will need to shift for Sderot to be reborn - analysis". The Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 19, 2023.
  53. ^ Yanir Yagna (March 24, 2010). "Rocket-battered Sderot faces bankruptcy". Haaretz. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  54. ^ Aizescu, Sivan (April 2, 2008). "Survey: Consumers in the sticks are paying through the nose". English.themarker.com. Archived from the original on December 19, 2011. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  55. ^ "Hollandia factory to leave Sderot". Ynetnews. January 20, 2008. Retrieved October 8, 2023.
  56. ^ Tsoref, Ayala (August 27, 2009). "Nestle honcho drops in to see Bamba baby". Haaretz. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  57. ^ Azoulay, Yuval (December 11, 2009). "Hanukkah miracles all around". Haaretz. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  58. ^ "R&D Sderot, Israel". Nestle.com. Retrieved April 4, 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  59. ^ "Nestle producing new breakfast cereal in Sderot - Israel Business, Ynetnews". Ynetnews. June 20, 1995. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  60. ^ Arik Mirovsky (July 30, 2012). "Sderot comes back to life". Haaretz. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  61. ^ Marcy Oster (January 1, 2012). "Sderot and environs get $59 million in gov't benefits for '12". Jta.org. Archived from the original on November 14, 2012. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  62. ^ a b Geer Fay Cashman (June 24, 2006). "Grapevine: Away from the rockets' red glare". The Jerusalem Post. Archived from the original on August 13, 2011. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  63. ^ Cobi Ben-Simhon (August 8, 2007). "Sounds from another country". Haaretz. Retrieved February 5, 2014.
  64. ^ "Sderot, A Love Story, The Jewish Week, Gary Rosenblatt, 06/18/2008". Archived from the original on May 7, 2009. Retrieved August 18, 2019.
  65. ^ "Borderland Pop: Arab Jewish Musicians and the Politics of Performance", Galit Saada-Ophir, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Cultural Anthropology Volume 21 Issue 2, Pages 205–233, 7 Jan 2008
  66. ^ Teapacks interview, Caroline Westbrook, something Jewish, 09/05/2007
  67. ^ "The Official Sderot Movie Website :: Movie : Music : Musicians". Sderotmovie.com. December 13, 2008. Archived from the original on March 12, 2010. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  68. ^ "teapacks". teapacks. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  69. ^ "Sefatayim". Israel-music.com. Retrieved April 4, 2010.
  70. ^ "Rockets may fall, but Sderot continues to rock". January 15, 2009. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved January 31, 2009.
  71. ^ Zaitchik, Alexander (March 16, 2008). "Documentary Pulls Back Iron Curtain". The Forward. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  72. ^ Fuma, Simona (April 23, 2008). "Rebel With a Cause". World Jewish Digest. Retrieved October 20, 2008. [dead link‍]
  73. ^ Lash Balint, Judy (March 2, 2008). "Only Thirty-Six Hours in Sderot". San Diego Jewish World. Archived from the original on August 30, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2008.
  74. ^ "Likud in Jerusalem, Zionist Union in Tel Aviv". The Times of Israel.
  75. ^ "In first, Sderot train chugs into rocket-protected station". The Times of Israel.
  76. ^ Sapir Academic College Archived January 13, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
  77. ^ Margot Dudkevitch (November 15, 2011). "Living under the rocket's roar". The Jerusalem Report. Jpost.com. Retrieved June 7, 2012.
  78. ^ Sderotplatz in Zehlendorf June 10, 2009. Retrieved August 23, 2012.

Bibliography

  • HaReuveni, Immanuel (1999). Lexicon of the Land of Israel (in Hebrew). Yedioth Ahronoth Publishing. ISBN 965-448-413-7.
  • Avi Sasson, ed. (2010). Sderot (in Hebrew). Ariel Publishing and Makom Company.
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