Puniu River
| Puniu River | |
|---|---|
 Puniu River from North Island Main Trunk | |
 | |
| Location | |
| Country | New Zealand |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Source | |
| • elevation | 686 m (2,251 ft) |
| Mouth | |
• location | Waipā River |
• elevation | 30 m (98 ft) |
| Length | 57 km (35 mi) |
| Basin size | 527 km2 (203 sq mi) |
| Discharge | |
| • average | 15 m3 (530 cu ft)/sec[1] |
The Puniu River is a river of the Waikato region of New Zealand's North Island. As a tributary of the Waipā River (itself a tributary of the Waikato River), and at a length of 57 kilometres (35 mi), it is one of the longest secondary tributaries in New Zealand.
The Puniu flows initially north from sources within the Pureora Forest Park, veering northwest to pass south of the towns of Kihikihi and Te Awamutu before meeting the Waipā River 3 km (2 mi) south of Pirongia.
Geology
[edit]About half the river's course from its sources on the edge of the Rangitoto Range is through deep valleys and gorges formed of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous Manaia Hill Group greywacke (a form of sandstone, with little or no bedding, fine to medium grained, interbedded with siltstone and conglomerate, and with many quartz veins), which is buried in many places by Quaternary ignimbrites. The main ignimbrite is the Ongatiti Formation, up to 150 m thick of compound, weakly to strongly welded, vitrophyric, including pumice-, andesite and rhyolite lavas. In several places the river runs past slopes covered in blocks of ignimbrite, where the underlying greywacke has eroded.[2]
For the remainder of its course, the river meanders over alluvium and colluvium to the Waipa. Initially these are mainly the Late Quaternary Piako Subgroup, which includes Late Pleistocene alluvium, and minor fan deposits of unconsolidated to very soft, thinly to thickly bedded, yellow-grey to orange-brown, pumiceous mud, silt, sandy mud and gravel, with local muddy peat. Finally, the river flows mostly over the Holocene floodplain, where the alluvium and colluvium consist of variously coloured, unconsolidated sand, silt, mud, clay, local gravel and thin intercalated (a form of interbedding, where distinct deposits in close proximity migrate back and forth) peat beds.[2]
Vegetation
[edit]The river rises in the Pureora Forest Park, before flowing past some unprotected remnants of rimu-tawa forest.[3] In its lower reaches the river mostly flows through farmland, where the Puniu River Care Project is working on restoration of the river.[4]
Speed of flow
[edit]In its final 22 km (14 mi) from Tokanui flows usually take 9 to 17 hours, depending on river levels.[5]
Pollution
[edit]
The Puniu is 6th dirtiest out of 13 sampling points in the Waipa catchment, with unsatisfactory nitrogen, phosphorus and turbidity levels.[6] Puniu is the only river in Waikato with worsening ammonia levels.[7]
Bridges
[edit]The river originally had a seasonal ford near Kihikihi.[8] The first bridge there was built about 1885,[9] when the 300 ft (91 m) long railway bridge was also built.[10] A 228 ft (69 m) ferro-concrete bridge replaced the old wooden bridge, 22 ch (443 m) downstream.[11] It was largely built in 1936,[12] completed in 1937 and still serves SH3.[13]
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus in the Waikato and Waipā Rivers 2003-12
- ^ a b Edbrooke, S.W. (2005). Geology of the Waikato area 1:250 000 geological map 4. (downloadable from website): Institute of Geological & Nuclear Sciences.
- ^ Harding, Mike (March 1997). "Waikato Protection Strategy - Forest Heritage Fund" (PDF). DoC.
- ^ "Restoring the Puniu River so children can swim freely". The Tindall Foundation (includes video). 14 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ Brown, Edmund (2005). "Hydraulic Travel Times of Major Waikato Rivers" (PDF). Environment Waikato. p. 16.
- ^ "Puniu River at Bartons Corner Rd". Waikato Regional Council. Retrieved 28 January 2017.
- ^ "Trends in river water quality in the Waikato region, 1993-2012, Waikato Regional Council Technical Report 2013/20" (PDF).
- ^ "PROPOSED BRIDGE OVER THE PUNIU AT KIKIKIHI. (Waikato Times, 1884-10-07)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ "THE PUNIU CART BRIDGE. (Waikato Times, 1885-07-21)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ "THE TRUNK LINE. (Auckland Star, 1885-04-02)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ "PUNIU RIVER BRIDGE (New Zealand Herald, 1935-07-24)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz National Library of New Zealand. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ Zealand, National Library of New. "Photo - A bridge of the cantilever type being constructed across the Puniu River, near Te Awamutu. It will be a link on a new deviation which will eliminate a dangerous section of the main Auckland-Wellington highway. (New Zealand Herald, 1936-07-04)". paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 11 February 2017.
- ^ "Highway Information sheet 003-0016" (PDF).
"Place name detail: Puniu River". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 12 July 2009.
External links
[edit]- Current river level.
- Water quality monitoring at Bartons Corner Rd
- Rainfall at Pokuru Road Bridge, Te Awamutu and Ngaroma
- Water level at Pokuru Road Bridge, Te Awamutu
- photo of old bridge about 1921
- 1936 photos of bridge and road deviation under construction
38°01′S 175°13′E / 38.017°S 175.217°E1:50,000 map - source, mouth
Google Maps 'Street Views' from the six bridges over the river - Pokuru Rd, SH3 Otorohanga Rd, Bayley Rd, Wharepapa S Rd, Bayley Rd, Ngaroma Rd.