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Chhath

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Chhath Puja
People gathered at a pond in Janakpur, Nepal to worship the god Sun and his consort Chhathi Maiya (2008)
People gathered at a pond in Janakpur, Nepal to worship Surya, the sun god and his sister Chhathi Maiya
Also called
  • Chhaith
  • Chhath Parva
  • Chhath Puja
  • Dala Chhath
  • Dala Puja
  • Surya Shashthi
Observed byBhojpuriyas, Maithils and Magahiyas
TypeCultural, Historical, Religious
SignificanceTo venerate Surya, the sun god and his consort Chhathi Maiya
DateKartik Shukla Shashthi
2023 date
  • 25 March to 28 March (Chaiti)[1]
  • 17 Nov to 20 Nov (Katiki)
FrequencyAnnual

Chhath is an ancient Hindu festival historically native to the Indian subcontinent,[2] more specifically, the Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Jharkhand, West Bengal[3][4] and the Nepalese provinces of Koshi, Madhesh and Lumbini.[5][6][7][8] Prayers during Chhath puja are dedicated to the solar deity, Surya, to show gratitude and thankfulness for bestowing the bounties of life on earth and to request that certain wishes be granted.[9]

Chhath is a Hindu festival dedicated to the worship of the Sun God, also known as Surya Dev. The festival usually takes place six days after Diwali. Since it falls on the sixth day of the Shukla Paksha of Hindu lunar month of Kartika it is also called Surya Shashti Vart.[10]

Chhathi Maiya, the sixth form of Devi Prakriti and Lord Surya's sister is worshipped as the Goddess of the festival. It is celebrated six days after Deepavali, on the sixth day of the lunar month of Kartika (October–November) in the Hindu calendar Vikram Samvat.[11][12][13] The rituals are observed over four days.[14] They include holy bathing, fasting and abstaining from drinking water (vrata), standing in water, and offering prasad (prayer offerings) and arghya to the setting and rising sun.[15] Some devotees also perform a prostration march as they head for the river banks.[16]

Chhath Puja at Chaudhary Pokhair in Basuki Bihari town of Bihar

Environmentalists have claimed that the festival of Chhath is one of the most eco-friendly religious festivals in the World.[17][18] All devotees prepare similar prasada (religious food) and offerings.[19][20] Although the festival is observed most widely in the Terai region of Nepal and the Indian states of Bihar, West Bengal, and Jharkhand, it is also prevalent in areas where the diaspora and migrants from those areas have a presence. It is celebrated in all northern regions and major north Indian urban centers like Delhi.[21][22][23] Hundreds of thousands of people celebrate it in Mumbai.[24]

Significance

Chhath puja is dedicated to the sun god Surya. The sun is visible to every being and is the basis of life of all creatures on earth.[25] Along with the Sun God, Chhathi Maiya is also worshipped on this day. According to Vedic astrology, Chhathi Maiya (or Chhathi Mata) protects the children from diseases and problems and gives them long lives and good health.[26]

As per legends, Chhath Puja stems from the early Vedic period, where sages would fast for days and perform the puja with mantras from Rigveda. It is believed that Chhath Puja was also performed by Karna, the son of Lord Surya and the king of Anga Desh, which is the modern-day Bhagalpur in Bihar. According to another legend, Pandavas and Draupadi also performed the Puja to overcome obstacles in their lives and reclaim their lost kingdom.[26] For the people from Purvanchal, Chhath Puja is considered as Mahaparva.[27][28]

Description

Rani Pokhari, a 17th-century pond in Kathmandu decorated with lights at night for Chhath celebration
Chhath celebration at Rani Pokhari, a 17th-century pond in Kathmandu (2015)
Chhath Puja celebration at Azimganj

Chhath Puja is a folk festival that lasts four days. It starts with Kartik Shukla Chaturthi and ends with Kartik Shukla Saptami. Chhath is celebrated twice in a year.[29]

Nahaay Khaay (Day 1)

This is the first day of Chhath Puja. The Parvaitin (transl. devotees, from Sanskrit parv, meaning "occasion" or "festival") must take a holy bath, after which the entire house, its surroundings and pathways to the Ghat are thoroughly cleaned. The Parvaitin usually cooks Sattvik Lauka Bhaat (Bottle Gourd and Bengal Gram Lentil preparation with Arva Rice Bhaat). This preparation is served to the deity in the afternoon as Bhog. This initiates the Parv and is the last meal of the Parvaitin during Chhath Puja. The food is then eaten to protect the mind from thoughts of vengeance.[32]

Rasiaav-Roti/Kharna/Lohanda (Day 2)

Kharna, also known as Rasiaav-Roti or Lohanda, is the second day of Chhath Puja.[33] On this day, the devotees do not drink even a single drop of water as offer to worship. In the evening, they eat gur ke kheer (Kheer made up of jaggery), called Rasiaav, together with Roti.[34]

Sandhya arghya(Day 3)

Where there is no river or pond, an indoor setup such as a tank or fountain are used. In certain places there are restrictions on using beaches for puja.[35]

This day is spent preparing the prasad (offerings) at home, often consisting of a bamboo basket decorated with fruits, Thekua and rice laddus. On the eve of this day, the entire household accompany the devotee to a riverbank, pond, or other large body of water to make the Arghya offerings to the setting sun. The occasion can in many ways resemble a carnival. Besides the devotees and their friends and family, numerous participants and onlookers are all willing to help and receive the blessings of the worshipper.

At the time of arghya, Gangajal water is offered to Sun God and the Chhathi Maiya is worshipped with the prasad. After the worship of Sun God, Chhath songs are sung in the night and the Vrat katha is read.[36]

After returning home the devotees perform the ritual of kosi bharai together with the other family members. They take 5 to 7 sugarcanes and tie them together to form a mandap and beneath the shade of that mandap, 12 to 24 Diya lamps are burnt and thekua and other seasonal fruits are offered. The same ritual is repeated the next morning between 3 am and 4 am, and afterward the devotees offer arghya or other offerings to the rising sun.

Pratah arghya(Day 4)

On the last day of Chhath Puja, at dawn, worshippers travel to the riverbank to offer an arghya to the rising sun. After making this holy offering, parents pray to Chhatti Maiya for their child's protection as well as the happiness and peace of their whole family. After worship, followers participate in the Paran or Parana rite, breaking their fast with a small amount of prasad and water. This rite emphasises the connection between family well-being and divine favours, serving as a symbol of thanksgiving and spiritual closure.

Rituals and traditions

  • Chhath Celebration at Gangi River in Arrah
    Chhath Celebration at Gangi River in Arrah
  • Chhath Puja Worship Material
    Chhath Puja Worship Material
  • A woman praying during Chhath
    A woman praying during Chhath
  • Women waiting with Prasada for offerings
    Women waiting with Prasada for offerings
  • View of decorated Ghadiarwa pond on the occasion of Chhath festival, Birgunj, Nepal
    View of decorated Ghadiarwa pond on the occasion of Chhath festival, Birgunj, Nepal

The main worshippers, called parvaitin (from Sanskrit parv, meaning "occasion" or "festival"), are usually women. However, many men also observe this festival as Chhath is not a gender-specific festival.[37] The parvaitin pray for the well-being of their family, and for the prosperity of their children.

In some communities, once a family member starts performing Chhath Puja, they are duty-bound to perform it every year and to pass it on to the following generations. The festival is skipped only if there is a death in the family that year. If the person stops performing the ritual on any particular year, it stops permanently and one cannot resume it. In other communities, this is not mandatory.

The prasad offerings include Thekua, Khajuria, Tikri, Kasar (and fruits (mainly sugar canes, sweet lime, coconut, banana and many seasonal fruits) offered in small bamboo baskets.[38] The food is strictly vegetarian and is cooked without salt, onions or garlic. Emphasis is put on maintaining the purity of the food.[39]

History and associated legends

Deo Surya Mandir in Deo, Aurangabad, Bihar, India

The Chhathi Maiya is worshipped on the Chhath festival, which is also mentioned in the Brahma Vaivarta Purana. It is said that the Chhath Puja was started in the holy city of Varanasi by Gahadavala dynasty.[40]

In Munger region, the festival is known for its association with Sita Manpatthar (Sita Charan; lit. Sita's footsteps). Sitacharan temple, situated on a boulder in the middle of the Ganges in Munger, is the main center of public faith regarding Chhath festival. It is believed that goddess Sita performed Chhath festival in Munger. It was only after this event that Chhath festival started. That is why Chhath Mahaparva is celebrated with great pomp in Munger and Begusarai.[41]

According to some other legend, King Priyavrat, son of First Manu Swayambhu, was very sad because he had no children. Maharishi Kashyap asked him to do a yajna. According to Maharishis orders, he performed a yajna for a son. After this, Queen Malini gave birth to a son, but unfortunately the baby was born dead. The king and his family were very sad because of this. Then Mata Shashthi revealed herself in the sky. When the king prayed to her, she spoke, saying: "I am Chhathi Maiya the Sixth form of Devi Parvati. I protect all the children of the world and give the blessings of children to all childless parents." After this, the Goddess blessed the lifeless child with her hands, so that he came to life. The king was very thankful for the grace of the Goddess and he worshipped the goddess Shashthi Devi. It is believed that after this puja, this festival became a worldwide celebration.

Chhath has been mentioned in both the major Indian epics. In Ramayana, when Rama and Sita returned Ayodhya, people celebrated Deepawali, and on its sixth day Ramrajya (lit. Kingdom of Rama) was established. On this day Rama and Sita kept fast and Surya Shashthi/Chhath Puja was performed by Sita. Hence, she was blessed with Lava and Kush as their sons.

While in the Mahabharata, Chhath Puja was performed by Kunti after they escaped from Lakshagriha.[citation needed] It is also believed that Karna, the son of Surya and Kunti, was conceived after Kunti performed Chhath puja. Draupadi is also said to perform the Puja for Pandavas to win the Kurukshetra War.[42]

References

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Further reading

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