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Diana, Princess of Wales

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"Diana Spencer" redirects here. For other uses, see Diana Spencer (disambiguation).
Diana
The Princess of Wales
Burial
Althorp, Northamptonshire
SpouseCharles, Prince of Wales (1981–1996[1])
IssuePrince William of Wales
Prince Harry of Wales
Names
Diana Frances Mountbatten-Windsor
HouseHouse of Windsor
FatherEdward, Earl Spencer
MotherFrances, Viscountess Althorp

Diana, Princess of Wales (Diana Frances Mountbatten-Windsor; née Spencer; 1 July 1961 – 31 August 1997) was the first wife of Charles, Prince of Wales, eldest son and heir apparent of Elizabeth II. Her two sons, Princes William and Harry, are second and third, respectively, in line to the thrones of the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and 12 other Commonwealth Realms.

Early life

Diana Frances Spencer was the youngest daughter of Edward Spencer, Viscount Althorp, and his first wife, Frances Spencer, Viscountess Althorp (formerly the Honourable Frances Burke Roche) at Park House on the Sandringham estate in Norfolk, England. She was baptised at St. Mary Magdalene Church in Sandringham, by Rt. Rev. Percy Herbert (rector of the church and former Bishop of Norwich and Blackburn); her godparents included John Floyd (the chairman of Christie's).

Diana's four siblings were:

During her parents' acrimonious divorce over Lady Althorp's adultery with wallpaper heir Peter Shand Kydd, Diana's mother took her and Diana's brother to live in an apartment in London's Knightsbridge, where Diana attended a local day school. That Christmas, the Spencer children went to celebrate with their father and he subsequently refused to allow them to return to the capital and their mother. Lady Althorp sued for custody of her children, but Lord Althorp's rank, aided by Lady Althorp's mother's testimony against her daughter during the trial, meant that custody of Diana and her brother was awarded to their father. On the death of her paternal grandfather, Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer in 1975, Diana's father became the 8th Earl Spencer, at which time she became Lady Diana Spencer and moved from her childhood home at Park House to her family's sixteenth-century ancestral home of Althorp.

A year later, Lord Spencer married Raine, Countess of Dartmouth, the only daughter of the highly eccentric romantic novelist Barbara Cartland, after being named as the "other party" in the Earl and Countess of Dartmouth's divorce. During this time Diana travelled up and down the country, living between her parents homes - with her father at the Spencer seat in Northamptonshire, and with her mother, who had moved north west of Glasgow in Scotland. Diana, like her siblings, did not gel with her new stepmother, sending her hate mail,[citation needed] allegedly throwing her down a flight of stairs[citation needed] and having a very public argument with her at her brothers wedding in 1989.[citation needed] According to some accounts, Diana threw her stepmother's possessions out of the windows of Althorp in black bin liners after her father's funeral in 1992.[citation needed] The women reached a truce, even a friendship, towards the end of the princess's life.[citation needed]

Ancestry

Diana was born into an aristocratic background with royal Stuart ancestry.

On her mother's side, Diana was Irish, Scottish, and American. Her great-grandmother was the famous New York heiress Frances Work.

On her father's side, Diana was a direct descendant of Charles II through four illegitimate sons:

She was also a descendant of James II and VII through an illegitimate daughter, Arabella FitzJames. Arabella's mother was Arabella Churchill, the sister of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough, and so she is a distant relative of Winston Churchill

Diana's other notable ancestors included Robert I (the Bruce) and Mary, Queen of Scots (an aspect of family history in which Diana expressed great interest); Mary Boleyn; Lady Catherine Grey; John Egerton, 2nd Earl of Bridgewater; and James Stanley, 7th Earl of Derby.

Additionally, Diana's great-great-great-grandmother Eliza Kevorkian was a native of Mumbai, India and of Indian descent, though family lore identifies Kevorkian as of Armenian ancestry. ("Kevork" and "Kevorkian" are Armenian surnames, which translate into English as "George" and "Son of George.")[2][3]

The Spencers had been close to the British Royal Family for centuries; rising in royal favour during the mid 1600s. Diana's maternal grandmother, Ruth, Lady Fermoy, was a long-time friend and a lady-in-waiting to Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother.

Diana was also a cousin of one of her favourite actresses, Audrey Hepburn[4]. Her other notable cousins include Oliver Platt and Humphrey Bogart.

Education

Diana was educated at Riddlesworth Hall[5] in Norfolk and at West Heath Girls' School (later reorganised as the New School at West Heath, a special school for boys and girls) in Sevenoaks, Kent, where she was regarded as an academically below-average student, having attempted and failed all of her O-levels twice.[6] In 1977, aged 16, she left West Heath and briefly attended Institut Alpin Videmanette, a finishing school in Rougemont, Switzerland. At about that time, she first met her future husband, who was dating her sister, Lady Sarah. Diana excelled in swimming and diving and reportedly longed to be a ballerina, but at 5 feet 10 inches was too tall.

Following the completion of her formal education, Diana begged her parents to allow her to move to London, a request which was granted before she was seventeen. An apartment was bought for her at Coleherne Court in the Earls Court area, and she lived there until 1981 with her three flatmates. In that time she studied for a cordon bleu cooking diploma, although she hated cooking,[citation needed] and worked at Madame Vacani's Dance Academy in Kensington, but resigned because she didn't like the pushy stage school parents.[citation needed] Lady Diana then filled time as a cleaner and a cocktail waitress, before finding a job at the Young England kindergarten, supplemented by nannying for an American baby boy, Patrick Robinson.

Marriage

File:Charles Diana wedding.jpg
The Prince and Princess of Wales return from their 1981 wedding at St Paul's Cathedral
The Prince and Princess of Wales with US President Ronald Reagan and his wife, First Lady Nancy Reagan
Diana dancing with John Travolta at a White House dinner on 9 November 1985
Diana and John Travolta
File:C31859-4.jpg
Diana talking with First Lady of the United States, Nancy Davis Reagan, as Charles and President Ronald Reagan look on

Prince Charles's love life had always been the subject of press speculation, and he was linked to numerous glamorous and aristocratic women. In his early thirties, he was under increasing pressure to marry. Legally, the only requirement was that he could not marry a Roman Catholic; a member of the Church of England was preferred. His great-uncle Lord Mountbatten of Burma, who was assassinated by an IRA bomb in 1979, had advised him to marry a virginal young woman who would look up to him.[citation needed] In order to gain the approval of his family and their advisors, any potential bride was expected to have a royal or aristocratic background, as well as be Protestant and, preferably, a virgin. Diana seemed to meet all of these qualifications. They married at St Paul's Cathedral on the 29 July 1981, watched by a global audience of almost one billion.[citation needed]

Separation and divorce

In the mid-1980s, the marriage of Diana and Charles fell apart, an event at first suppressed but then sensationalised by the world media, drawing in Camilla Parker Bowles, who was confronted by Diana at a society party and was also, allegedly, on the receiving end of late-night telephone death threats orchestrated by the princess. Both the Prince and Princess of Wales allegedly spoke to the press through friends, each blaming the other for the marriage's demise.[7] In her famous television interview with Martin Bashir on Panorama, Diana admitted to an extra-marital affair with James Hewitt. Other men rumoured to have been her lovers, both before and after her divorce, included her bodyguard, Barry Mannakee, property developer Christopher Whalley, banker Philip Waterhouse, King Juan Carlos of Spain, car dealer James Gilbey, Islamic art expert Oliver Hoare, heart surgeon Dr. Hasnat Khan, singer Bryan Adams, John F. Kennedy, Jr., rugby captain Will Carling, Harrods heir Dodi Fayed. The true nature of her relationships with these men seems to have varied from platonic friendship to romance.[citation needed]

The Prince and Princess of Wales were separated on 9 December 1992, by which time her relations with the rest of the Royal Family, excepting the Duchess of York, had also reached rock bottom. Their divorce was finalised on 28 August 1996. Diana received a lump sum settlement of around £17,000,000 along with a legal order preventing her from discussing the details.[citation needed] The Princess relinquished the style Her Royal Highness[8] and instead was styled as Diana, Princess of Wales.[9] However, since her death, Buckingham Palace has maintained that Diana was still, at the time, officially a member of the Royal Family, since she was the mother of the second- and third-in-line to the throne. This has since been confirmed by the Deputy Coroner of the Queen’s Household, Baroness Butler-Sloss, who after a pre-hearing on 8 January 2007 ruled that: "I am satisfied that at her death, Diana Princess of Wales continued to be considered as a member of the Royal Household."[10] (That opinion appeared to be overthrown, however, when three judges on appeal in February 2007 ruled that Baroness Butler-Sloss should not sit as a Coroner of the Royal Household but as an assistant of the Knightsbridge Coroner, and should conduct the inquest in public and with a jury.) After the divorce, Diana retained her apartment on an upper floor of Kensington Palace, which remained her home until her death. She also began a programme of redecoration, and gave her remaining, loyal staff members a pay rise.

After her divorce Diana , free of the royal restriction on political involvement, began to align herself in causes which had political overtones, especially those on the left, although always on a humanitarian rather than directly political level. She pursued her own interests in philanthropy, music, fashion and travel - although she still required royal consent to take her children on holiday or represent the UK abroad. Without a holiday or weekend home, Diana spent most of her time in London, often without her sons, who were with Prince Charles or at boarding school. She assuaged her loneliness with visits to the gym and cinema, private charity work, incognito midnight walks through Central London and by compulsively watching her favourite soap operas (EastEnders and Brookside) with a 'TV dinner' in the isolation of her apartment.[citation needed]

The alternative 'court' she cultivated was both unconventional and controversial. Included within it were numerous New Age healers and spiritualists, the feminist empowerment therapist Susie Orbach, well known personalities such as Gianni Versace, George Michael, Elton John, and Michael Barrymore with whom she would visit Soho nightclubs, bohemian members of the aristocracy such as Annabel Goldsmith, university students, several tabloid journalists and Stephen Twigg, nicknamed 'Rasputin' for his influence. It was apparently Twigg who helped Diana realise her potential as an INFP, and introduced her to Jungian theories in general, which she had previously derided as an interest of her ex husband.

Contemporary opinions

An iconic presence on the world stage, Diana was noted for her sense of style, charisma, humour [citation needed] and high-profile charity work, yet her philanthropic endeavours were overshadowed by her scandal-plagued marriage to Prince Charles.

From the time of her engagement to the Prince of Wales in 1981 until her death in a car accident in 1997, Diana was one of the most famous women in the world - the pre-eminent celebrity of her generation. During her lifetime, she was often described as the world's most photographed woman. To her admirers, the Princess of Wales was a role model — after her death, there were even calls for her to be nominated for sainthood[citation needed] — while her detractors consider her to have been suffering from a mental illness; it has been suggested that Diana was, according to one biographer, possibly suffering from Borderline Personality Disorder.[11] Diana herself admitted to struggling with depression, and the eating disorder bulimia, which recurred throughout her adult life.

Charity work

Starting in the mid- to late 1980s, the Princess of Wales became well known for her support of charity projects. This stemmed naturally from her role as Princess of Wales - she was expected to engage in hospital visitations where she comforted the sick and in so doing, assume the patronage of various charitable organizations - and from an interest in certain illnesses and health-related matters. Owing to Public Relations efforts in which she agreed to appear as a figurehead, Diana used her influential status to positively assist the campaign against landmines, a cause which won the Nobel Prize in 1997 in tribute, and with helping to decrease discrimination against victims of AIDS.

AIDS and Landmines

In April 1987, the Princess of Wales was one of the first high-profile celebrities to be photographed touching a person infected with HIV. Her contribution to changing the public opinion of AIDS sufferers was summarised in December 2001 by Bill Clinton at the 'Diana, Princess of Wales Lecture on AIDS':

In 1987, when so many still believed that AIDS could be contracted through casual contact, Princess Diana sat on the sickbed of a man with AIDS and held his hand. She showed the world that people with AIDS deserve no isolation, but compassion and kindness. It helped change world's opinion, and gave hope to people with AIDS.

— Bill Clinton

Diana also made clandestine visits to show kindness to the sick. According to nurses, she would turn up unannounced (for example, at the Mildmay Hospice in London) with specific instructions that her visit was to be concealed from the media.[citation needed]

The pictures of Diana touring an Angolan minefield, in a ballistic helmet and flak jacket were seen worldwide. It was during this campaign that conservatives accused the Princess of meddling in politics and declared her a 'loose cannon' [9]. In August that year, just days before her death, she visited Bosnia with the Landmine Survivors Network. Her interest in landmines was focused on the injuries they create, often to children, long after a conflict is over.

She is believed to have influenced the signing, though only after her death, of the Ottawa Treaty, which created an international ban on the use of anti-personnel landmines.[12] Introducing the Second Reading of the Landmines Bill 1998 to the British House of Commons, the Foreign Secretary, Robin Cook, paid tribute to Diana's work on landmines:

All Honourable Members will be aware from their postbags of the immense contribution made by Diana, Princess of Wales to bringing home to many of our constituents the human costs of landmines. The best way in which to record our appreciation of her work, and the work of NGOs that have campaigned against landmines, is to pass the Bill, and to pave the way towards a global ban on landmines.[13]

— Robin Cook

As of January 2005, however, Diana's activities in support of the landmines campaign had begun to appear ineffective. The United Nations appealed to the nations which produced and stockpiled the largest numbers of landmines (China, India, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, and the United States) to sign the Ottawa Treaty forbidding their production and use, for which Diana had campaigned. Carol Bellamy, Executive Director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), said that landmines remained "a deadly attraction for children, whose innate curiosity and need for play often lure them directly into harm's way".[14]

Death

The Pont de l'Alma tunnel, where Diana died
File:Diana.flamme.500pix.jpg
The Flame of Liberty, which sits above the entrance to the Paris tunnel in which Diana died. The public fly-posted the base with commemorative material for several years. This material has since been removed by the French authorities.
Main article: Death of Diana, Princess of Wales

On 31 August 1997 Diana was killed in a high speed car accident in the Pont de l'Alma road tunnel in Paris along with Dodi Al-Fayed and their driver Henri Paul.[15] Blood analysis shows that Henri Paul was legally intoxicated while driving. Tests confirmed that original postmortem blood samples were from driver Henri Paul, and that he had three times the French legal limit of alcohol in his blood. Conspiracy theorists had claimed that Paul's blood samples were swapped with blood from someone else—who was drunk—and contended that the driver had not been drinking on the night Diana died.[16] Their Mercedes-Benz S280 sedan crashed on the thirteenth pillar of the tunnel. The two-lane tunnel was built without metal barriers between the pillars, so a slight change in vehicle direction could easily result in a head-on collision with the tunnel pillar.

Fayed's bodyguard Trevor Rees-Jones was closest to the point of impact and yet the only survivor of the crash. No-one in the car was wearing a seatbelt. Henri Paul and Dodi Fayed were killed instantly, and Diana—unbelted in the back seat—slid forward during the impact and, having been violently thrown around the interior, "submarined" under the seat in front of her, suffering massive damage to her heart and subsequent internal bleeding.[citation needed] She was transported by ambulance to the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, but on the way to casualty went into cardiac arrest twice.[citation needed] Despite lengthy resuscitation attempts, including internal cardiac massage, she died at 4 a.m. local time.[17] Her funeral on 6 September 1997 was broadcast and watched by an estimated two and a half billion people worldwide.[18]

The death of Diana has been the subject of widespread conspiracy theories, supported by Mohamed Al-Fayed, whose son died in the accident. Her former father in law, Prince Philip, seems to be at the heart of most of them but her ex husband has also been named, and was questioned by the Metropolitan Police in 2005. Some other theories have included claims that MI6 or the CIA were involved. Mossad involvement has also been suspected, and this theory has been supported on US television by the intelligence specialist barrister Michael Shrimpton. One particularly outlandish claim, appearing on the internet, has stated that the princess was battered to death in the back of the ambulance, by assassins disguised as paramedics. These were all rejected by French investigators and British officials, who stated that the driver, Henri Paul, was drunk and on drugs. Blood tests later verified that Henri Paul was drunk at the time of the accident, although CCTV footage of Paul leaving the Ritz hotel with the princess and Dodi Fayed does not appear to depict a man in a drunken or incapable state/ [19] Nonetheless, in 2004 the authorities ordered an independent inquiry by Lord Stevens, a former chief of the Metropolitan Police, and he suggested that the case was "far more complex than any of us thought" and reported "new forensic evidence" and witnesses.[20] The French authorities have also decided to reopen the case.[21] Lord Stevens' report, Operation Paget, was published on December 14, 2006.

Within seconds of the crash, the paparazzi had surrounded the Mercedes, and proceeded to take pictures of the dying princess. Not one called for medical assistance.[citation needed] On 13 July 2006 Italian magazine Chi published photographs showing Diana in her "last moments" despite an unofficial blackout on such photographs being published.[citation needed] The photographs were taken minutes after the accident and show the Princess slumped in the back seat while a paramedic attempts to fit an oxygen mask over her face. The photographs were also published in other Italian and Spanish magazines and newspapers.[citation needed]

The editor of Chi defended his decision by saying he published the photographs for the "simple reason that they haven't been seen before" and that he felt the images do not disrespect the memory of the Princess.[citation needed] The British media publicly refused to publish the images, with the exception of the tabloid newspaper, The Sun, which printed the picture but with the face blacked out.[citation needed]

Final resting place

Diana's final resting place is in the grounds of Althorp Park, her family home.[22] The original plan was for her to be buried in the Spencer family vault at the local church in nearby Great Brington, but Diana's brother, Charles, the 9th Earl Spencer, said that he was concerned about public safety and security and the onslaught of visitors that might overwhelm Great Brington. He decided that he wanted his sister to be buried where her grave could be easily cared for and visited in privacy by her sons and other relations. He has since defended himself against accusations of profiteering.[citation needed]

Lord Spencer selected a burial site on an island in an ornamental lake known as The Oval within Althorp Park's Pleasure Garden. A path with thirty-six oak trees, marking each year of her life, leads to the Oval. Four black swans swim in the lake, symbolizing sentinels guarding the island. In the water there are several water lilies. White roses and lilies were Diana's favourite flowers.[23]

On the southern verge of the Round Oval sits the Summerhouse, previously in the gardens of Admiralty House, London, and now serving as a memorial to Diana.[24] An ancient arboretum stands nearby, which contains trees planted by Prince William and Prince Harry, other members of her family and the Princess herself.

Ancestry

Diana's ancestors in three generations
Diana, Princess of Wales Father:
John Spencer, 8th Earl Spencer 		Paternal Grandfather:
Albert Spencer, 7th Earl Spencer 		Paternal Great-grandfather:
Charles Spencer, 6th Earl Spencer
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Margaret Baring
Paternal Grandmother:
Cynthia Spencer, Countess Spencer 		Paternal Great-grandfather:
James Hamilton, 3rd Duke of Abercorn
Paternal Great-grandmother:
Lady Rosalind Cecilia Caroline Bingham
Mother:
Frances Shand Kydd 		Maternal Grandfather:
Maurice Burke Roche, 4th Baron Fermoy 		Maternal Great-grandfather:
James Burke Roche, 3rd Baron Fermoy
Maternal Great-grandmother:
Frances Work
Maternal Grandmother:
Ruth Burke Roche, Baroness Fermoy 		Maternal Great-grandfather:
Col. William Smith Gill
Maternal Great-grandmother:
Ruth Littlejohn

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles

  • 1961-1975: The Honourable Diana Frances Spencer
  • 1975-1981: Lady Diana Frances Spencer
  • 1981-1996: Her Royal Highness The Princess of Wales
  • 1996-1997: Diana, Princess of Wales

Styles

Posthumously, as in life, she is most popularly referred to as "Princess Diana", a title she never held[25]. She is still sometimes referred to in the media as "Lady Diana Spencer", or simply as "Lady Di".[26]

Diana's full style, whilst married, was Her Royal Highness, The Princess Charles, Princess of Wales and Countess of Chester, Duchess of Cornwall, Duchess of Rothesay, Countess of Carrick, Baroness of Renfrew, Lady of the Isles, Princess of Scotland.

Arms

As the wife of the Prince of Wales, Diana used arms that included the Royal Coat of Arms of the United Kingdom with a plain, three-point label and the inescutcheon of the Coat of Arms of the Principality of Wales (the arms of the Prince of Wales), impaled with a shield bearing 1st and 4th quarters plain white, and the 2nd and 3rd quarters bearing a golden fret on a red background defaced with three escallopes (the arms of the Earl Spencer, her father). The supporters were the crowned golden lion from the Royal Arms, and a winged griffin from the Spencer arms. The shield was topped by the Prince of Wales crown. Her motto was Dieu Defend le Droit (English: God defends the right), also used in the Spencer arms.

After her divorce, Diana used the arms of the Spencer family, crowned by a royal coronet.

Legacy

Diana's interest in supporting and helping young people led to the establishment of the Diana Memorial Award, awarded to youths who have demonstrated the unselfish devotion and commitment to causes advocated by the Princess. In 2002, Diana was ranked 3rd in the 100 Greatest Britons poll, outranking Queen Elizabeth II and other British monarchs.

Princes William and Harry are currently organising a concert to be held in memory of their mother on 1 July 2007 - it would have been her 46th birthday. The concert will be staged at the soon-to-be rebuilt Wembley Stadium. Confirmed acts include Duran Duran, Joss Stone, Elton John, Andrew Lloyd Webber, English National Ballet, Pharrell Williams and Bryan Ferry. Tickets went on sale on 13 December 2006 and sold out within minutes. A memorial service is planned for 31 August 2007.

Consort to the Heir Apparent of the United Kingdom
Preceded by Princess Consort
1981 - 1996 		Succeeded by
Princess of Wales
Preceded by Princess of Wales
1981 - 1997 		Succeeded by

Footnotes

  1. ^ Charles and Diana Timeline (BBC)
  2. ^ Lady Colin Campbell, "The Real Diana", NY: St. Martin's Press.
  3. ^ Princess Diana was Armenian too
  4. ^ Crenson, Matt. [http://www.livescience.com/history/ap_royal_roots.html
  5. ^ Riddlesworth Hall/[1]//Riddlesworth Hall
  6. ^ [2]
  7. ^ The suggestion that Charles authorised his story of the split to be communicated is disputed by his friends, who claim that he told his friends not to speak, a prohibition some of them breached under anonymity, and publicly also - in 1995 the then defence secretary, Nicholas Soames, questioned Diana's mental stability during a live television programme, leading to parliamentary questions about her sanity and his bad manners.
  8. ^ Although some continued, erroneously, to style Diana HRH even after she had lost the style following her divorce.
  9. ^ When Diana divorced the Prince of Wales in 1996 she did not lose her title, Princess of Wales, she merely lose the prefix HRH thus assuming the title Diana, Princess of Wales.
  10. ^ "In the matter of the Inquest into the death of Diana, Princess of Wales, 8 January 2007, per Butler-Sloss at para 34
  11. ^ Bedell Smith, Sally (1999). Diana in Search of Herself: Portrait of a Troubled Princess. Times Books. ISBN 0812930533.
  12. ^ Reiss, Charles (1998-07-10). "MPs to pass Diana mines Bill". London Evening Standard/This is London. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  13. ^ [3]
  14. ^ "Landmines pose gravest risk for children". UNICEF. 2004-12-02. Retrieved 2006-11-25.
  15. ^ "Timeline: How Diana died". BBC News. Retrieved 2007-01-08.
  16. ^ CNN News: Report: Diana's driver was drunk; 10 December 2006
  17. ^ "Princess Diana Killed In Tragic Accident". EmergencyNet News. August 31, 1997. Retrieved 2007-01-25.
  18. ^ "BBC ON THIS DAY". BBC News. September 6, 1997. Retrieved 2007-02-06. {{cite news}}: Text "1997: Diana's funeral watched by millions" ignored (help); Text "6" ignored (help)
  19. ^ Lal, Rashmee Roshan (2006-12-09). "Diana's ghost finally laid to rest". The Times of India. Retrieved 2006-12-09.
  20. ^ [4]
  21. ^ [5]
  22. ^ [6]
  23. ^ [7]
  24. ^ [8]
  25. ^ The style "Princess Diana", though often used by the public and the media during her lifetime, was always incorrect. With rare exceptions (such as Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester) only women born to the title (such as Princess Anne) may use it before their given names. After her divorce in 1996, Diana was officially styled Diana, Princess of Wales, having lost the prefix HRH
  26. ^ Concert article

See also

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