Rubber bullet
RUBBER BULLETS
these bullets were roused when the wars were common after for protecting solders in training
Composition and physical properties
Analysis of the composition of the "rubber" pellets used by Chilean police shows that 80% of the pellets is made up of hard substances, chiefly silica and barium sulfate, while rubber makes up 20%. The measured hardness of the "rubber" pellets is 96.5 shore A.[1] The hardness of the pellets explain why "exploded eyes" were so common in the 2019–2020 Chilean protests.[1]
Uses
Riot control
The British Ministry of Defence developed rubber rounds—the "Round, Anti-Riot, 1.5in Baton"—in 1970 for riot control purposes in Northern Ireland during The Troubles.[2][3] A low power propelling charge gave them a muzzle velocity of about 60 m/s (200 ft/s) and maximum range of about 100 m (110 yd)."The round is generally deployed in low trajectories or skip fired in the general direction (non-target specific) of the intended targets," causing pain but not injury, but is also intended to be direct fired at the discretion of the operator.[4][5][6] From 1970 to 1975, about 55,000 rubber bullets were fired by the British Army in Northern Ireland.[7] Often they were fired directly at people from close range, which resulted in several people being killed and injured by rubber bullets.[7] Humans rights campaigner and co-founder of United Campaign Against Plastic Bullets Emma Groves was blinded by a rubber bullet in 1971. In 1975, they were replaced by plastic bullets. In Northern Ireland over 35 years (1970–2005), about 125,000 rubber and plastic bullets were fired—an average of ten per day—causing 17 deaths.[8]
The baton round was made available to British police forces outside Northern Ireland from 2001. In 2013 however, Ministry of Defence papers declassified from 1977 revealed it was aware rubber bullets were more dangerous than was publicly disclosed. The documents contained legal advice for the MoD to seek a settlement over a child who had been blinded in 1972, rather than go to court which would expose problems with the bullets and make it harder to fight future related cases. The papers stated that further tests would reveal serious problems with the bullets, including that they were tested "in a shorter time than was ideal", that they "could be lethal" and that they "could and did cause serious injuries".[9]
Israeli rubber bullets are produced in two main types. The older type, the standard rubber bullet, is a steel sphere coated in a thin layer of rubber, weighing 14 grams, while the newly improved rubber bullet, introduced in 1989, is a rubber-coated metal cylinder 1.7 cm in diameter, weighing 15.4 grams.[10] Of the lethal injuries from this projectile, most are suffered to the head.[10]
Smaller rubber bullets are used in riot shotguns and are available in a variety of types. One company, for example, makes both rubber buckshot rounds, containing 15 8.3mm diameter rubber balls per cartridge, and rubber baton rounds, containing a single 4.75-gram projectile.[11]
Israeli security forces used less-lethal weapons including rubber bullets in an operation on 28 February 2011 to demolish illegal structures in the West Bank settlement of Havat Gilad.[12][13]
Self-defense
In some countries, less-lethal guns that fire rubber projectiles may be used by civilians for self-defense.
Kazakhstan – The civil population and private security guards are allowed to carry less-lethal gas pistols with the ability to fire rubber bullets.
Romania – Rubber bullet guns are one of the few firearms that can be owned in the country by private individuals.
Russia – Since 1999, the civil population, private security officers, and law control forces in Russia are permitted to use less-lethal weapons.[14][15] A variety of handguns (Osa, Makarych, Horhe, etc.) are carried with specially weakened construction and barrel with internal lugs, making use of full-power loads and/or firing hard projectiles impossible, while rubber bullets just compress when passing the lug and so may be fired. Most common calibers are 9 mm and 10 mm with muzzle velocity sometimes almost matching normal handguns and bullets as light as 0.7 g.
Ukraine – Security guards may use less-lethal gas pistols with the ability to fire ammunition with rubber bullets.[16][17]
Recreation
Rubber bullets, powered only by primer, are usually used for short-range indoor target practice or training, generally with handguns. They are intended only for target shooting, unlike paintballs or airsoft pellets, which are intended for use on suitably protected live targets. Rubber bullets, if used with a suitable backstop, can be recovered undamaged after firing, and reused many times.[18][19]
See also
References
- ^ a b "Investigación U. de Chile comprueba que perdigones usados por Carabineros contienen solo 20 por ciento de goma". Universidad de Chile (in Spanish). 18 November 2019. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
- ^ The Technology of political control, Carol Ackroyd, p.210
- ^ Hogg (1985) p87
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 June 2020. Retrieved 4 June 2020.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Hogg (1985) p67
- ^ a b A Chronology of the Conflict - August 1970. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN).
- ^ Williams, Anthony G. "Less-lethal ammunition".
an amended version of an article which first appeared in Jane's Police Products Review, October/November 2007, and includes information from British 37mm Baton Rounds, which appeared in Small Arms Review in August 2008
- ^ "Rubber bullets: Army kept real dangers in NI hidden". BBC. 11 June 2013. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
- ^ a b T. Lavy, S. Abu Asleh (2003). "Ocular rubber bullet injuries". Eye. 17 (7). Nature: 821–824. doi:10.1038/sj.eye.6700447. PMID 14528243.
- ^ "Fiocchi Munizioni 12 gauge riot control ammunition (Italy), RIOT CONTROL EQUIPMENT". Jane's Police and Homeland Security Equipment. Jane's Information Group. 2005.
- ^ Yair Altman (2011). "Settlers: 15 injured in Havat Gilad". Ynetnews. Retrieved 28 February 2011.
- ^ Chaim Levinson (1 March 2011). "Israeli security forces defend use of rubber bullets during West Bank outpost demolition. Security forces returned to the Havat Gilad outpost in the West Bank to demolish three structures; thirteen people were injured in ensuing clashes with police". Haaretz. Retrieved 4 March 2011.
- ^ "Перечень видов вооружения охранников... Сертифицированное в установленном порядке в качестве гражданского оружия... огнестрельное бесствольное оружие отечественного производства"
Постановление Правительства РФ № 179 от 4 апреля 2005 - ^ "3.1.3. Огнестрельное бесствольное оружие отечественного производства с патронами травматического, газового и светозвукового действия, соответствующими нормам Министерства здравоохранения и социального развития Российской Федерации"
Приказ Министерства внутренних дел РФ № 611 от 4 августа 2006 года "Об утверждении перечней специальных средств, видов, типов и моделей огнестрельного и газового оружия, патронов и боеприпасов к нему, норм обеспечения ими работников военизированных и сторожевых подразделений ФГУП "Охрана" МВД России" - ^ "Суб'єкт охоронної діяльності має право: для забезпечення охоронної діяльності придбавати, зберігати та використовувати в установленому законодавством порядку спеціальні засоби, перелік яких визначається Кабінетом Міністрів України"
Закон України № 4616-VI від 22 березня 2012 р. "Про охоронну діяльність" - ^ Постанова Кабiнета Мiнiстрiв України № 97 від 11 лютого 2013 р. "Про затвердження переліку спеціальних засобів, придбання, зберігання та використання яких здійснюється суб’єктами охоронної діяльності"
- ^ WILLIAM D. CASEY. "Meister Bullets, Inc. Purchases 'X-Ring' Primer powered rubber bullet company". Officer.com. Archived from the original on 29 April 2010.
- ^ "X-ring rubber pistol bullets".