User:Phwikiproj/Cryptococcosis
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Epidemiology
Cryptococcosis is usually associated with immunosuppressed patients, such as AIDs, corticosteroid use, diabetes, and organ transplant patients.[1] Cryptococcus is found in two species, Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.[2] C. gattii was previously thought to only be found in tropical climates and in immunocompetent persons, but recent findings of C. gattii in regions such as Canada and Western regions of North America have challenged this initial presumption of the geographic patterns.[3]
In 2014, amongst people who had low CD4+ cell count, the annual incidence rate was estimated to be 278,000 cases. Of those, 223,100 resulted in cryptococcosis meningitis.[4] About 73% of cryptococcosis meningitis cases occurred in Sub-Saharan Africa. More than 180,000 fatalities are attributed to cryptococcosis meningitis, 135,000 of which occur in sub-Saharan Africa. Case fatality of cryptococcal meningitis varies widely depending on what country the infection occurs. In low-income countries the case fatality from cryptococcal meningitis is 70%. This differs from middle income countries where the case fatality rate is 40%. Lastly, in wealthy countries the case fatality is 20%.[4] Cryptococcosis is the second most common cause of death for patients with AIDs (about 15%), behind tuberculosis.[5][6] In sub-Saharan Africa approximately 1/3 of HIV patients will develop cryptococcosis.[7]
Cryptococcosis in the United States
In the United States there are between 2-7 cases of cryptococcosis per 1,000 per year. Since 1990 the incidence of AIDs associated cryptococcosis fell by 90% due to the proliferation of antiretroviral therapy.[8][1] The estimated prevalence of cryptococcosis cases amongst HIV patients in the U.S. is 2.8%.[7] In immunocompetent patients cryptococcus typically presents itself as Cryptococcus gattii.[1] Despite its rarity cryptococcus has been more commonly seen, with upwards of 20% of cases in immunocompetent people.[9] Over 50% of cryptococcosis infections in North America are caused by C. gattii. Though C. gattii was originally thought to be restricted to subtropical and tropical regions it has become more prevalent worldwide.[10] C. gattii has been found in over 90 people in the United States, most of these cases originating in Washington or Oregon.[3]
In sub-Saharan Africa
Globally, the majority of cryptococcal meningitis cases are reported in Sub-Saharan Africa.[11] In a significant portion of Sub-Saharan Africa, cryptococcosis has become the prevailing cause of meningitis in adults.[11] Cryptococcal meningitis is a primary contributor to mortality among individuals with HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.[11] Approximately 160,000 cases of cryptococcal meningitis are reported in West Africa, resulting in 130,000 deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa.[6] The source of cryptococcus species in West Africa is primarily linked to pigeon droppings.[6] Patients likely acquired the infection through exposure to the cryptococcal species complex originating from environmental sources.[6] Analysis of cryptococcal isolates from environmental sources shows minimal genetic diversity. Clinical isolates exhibit significant genetic variations, similar to those found in environmental isolates.[6] A 2020 study identifies that combined short-term mortality (death within two weeks) exceeds 50% for cryptococcal meningitis, with no recorded instances of long-term mortality (death within 10 weeks) in the Western part of Africa.[12]
References
- ^ a b c Mada, Pradeep Kumar; Jamil, Radia T.; Alam, Mohammed U. (2023), "Cryptococcus", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 28613714, retrieved 2023-11-15
- ^ academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/femsyr/article/10/6/769/539826. Retrieved 2023-11-16.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ a b Harris, Julie; Lockhart, Shawn; Chiller, Tom (2012-02). "Cryptococcus gattii : where do we go from here?". Medical Mycology. 50 (2): 113–129. doi:10.3109/13693786.2011.607854. ISSN 1369-3786.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Rajasingham, Radha; Smith, Rachel M; Park, Benjamin J; Jarvis, Joseph N; Govender, Nelesh P; Chiller, Tom M; Denning, David W; Loyse, Angela; Boulware, David R (2017-08). "Global burden of disease of HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis: an updated analysis". The Lancet Infectious Diseases. 17 (8): 873–881. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30243-8.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Akaihe, Chidinma Lynda; Nweze, Emeka Innocent (2021-01). "Epidemiology of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis in Western Africa". Mycoses. 64 (1): 4–17. doi:10.1111/myc.13188. ISSN 0933-7407.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d e Akaihe, Chidinma Lynda; Nweze, Emeka Innocent (2021-01). "Epidemiology of Cryptococcus and cryptococcosis in Western Africa". Mycoses. 64 (1): 4–17. doi:10.1111/myc.13188. ISSN 0933-7407.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b Alemayehu, Tsegaye; Ayalew, Sosina; Buzayehu, Temesgen; Daka, Deresse (2020-04-20). "Magnitude of Cryptococcosis among HIV patients in sub-Saharan Africa countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis". African Health Sciences. 20 (1): 114–121. doi:10.4314/ahs.v20i1.16. ISSN 1729-0503.
- ^ "C. neoformans Infection Statistics | Fungal Diseases | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-11-02. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
- ^ academic.oup.com https://academic.oup.com/crawlprevention/governor?content=%2fofid%2farticle%2f10%2f8%2fofad420%2f7241483. Retrieved 2023-11-17.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|title=(help) - ^ Howard-Jones, Annaleise R.; Sparks, Rebecca; Pham, David; Halliday, Catriona; Beardsley, Justin; Chen, Sharon C.-A. (2022-11). "Pulmonary Cryptococcosis". Journal of Fungi. 8 (11): 1156. doi:10.3390/jof8111156. ISSN 2309-608X.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ a b c "C. neoformans Infection Statistics | Fungal Diseases | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2022-11-02. Retrieved 2023-11-26.
- ^ Tenforde, Mark W; Gertz, Alida M; Lawrence, David S; Wills, Nicola K; Guthrie, Brandon L; Farquhar, Carey; Jarvis, Joseph N (2020-01). "Mortality from HIV‐associated meningitis in sub‐Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta‐analysis". Journal of the International AIDS Society. 23 (1). doi:10.1002/jia2.25416. ISSN 1758-2652.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)