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Pervez Hoodbhoy

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Pervez Hoodbhoy
Hoodbhoy in October 2015
Born (1950-07-11) 11 July 1950 (age 74)
Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan
NationalityPakistani
Alma materKarachi Grammar School (1955–1968)
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
(B.S Mathematics)
(B.S Electrical Engineering)
(M.S Solid State Physics)
(Ph.D Nuclear Physics)
Known forParton distribution functions, Field Theory, Phenomenology, supersymmetry and Abstract algebra
AwardsUNESCO Kalinga Prize (2003)
Fulbright Award (1998)
Faiz Ahmed Faiz Award (1990)
Abdus Salam Award (1984)
Bakers Award for Electronics (1968)
Associate of ICTP
"Book of the Year Award" by National Book council of Pakistan in 1993
ROCASA (2007) for enhancing the public understanding of Science by Academy of Sciences of the developing World, Trieste, Italy
Joseph A. Burton Forum Award (2010) by American Physical Society
Listed number 85 in Foreign Policy Magazine's list of Top 100 Global Thinkers[1]
Scientific career
FieldsNuclear physics
Quantum Chromodynamics
InstitutionsQuaid-e-Azam University
National Center for Physics
FC College University
Virtual University of Pakistan

Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy (Urdu: پرویز امِیرعلی ہودبھائی; Urdu pronunciation: [pərʋeːz əmiːɾəliː ɦuːd̪bʱaːiː]; born 11 July 1950) is a Pakistani nuclear physicist, author, media commentator, and social activist. He is generally considered one of the most vocal, progressive and liberal members of the Pakistani intelligentsia. Hoodbhoy is known for his opposition to nuclear weapons and vocal defence of secularism, freedom of speech, scientific temper and education in Pakistan.[2][3] Some senior journalists, political and army figures have leveled accusations[4] of treason and unbelief against him but he has rebutted them.[5] Instead he regards himself as a global citizen.[6] His physics-math course lectures, as well as on popular science topics, are widely watched available online.[7] His physics-math course lectures, as well as on popular science topics, are widely watched available online.[v]

Hoodbhoy taught physics at Quaid-e-Azam University (formerly Islamabad University) from 1973 to 2020 but in between also taught sociology in addition to physics and math[8] in Lahore as well as LUMS.[9] He was visiting professor at several US universities and laboratories and is currently (2021-2025) adjunct professor physics at the University of New Brunswick.

Since 1989 Hoodbhoy has headed Mashal Books in Lahore, a publishing house that claims to be a leading "translation effort to produce books in Urdu that promote modern thought, human rights, and emancipation of women". He initiated and co‐directed (1988-1990) the World Laboratory Project on Cosmology and High Energy Physics in Pakistan. Hoodbhoy is a sponsor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists[10] a member of the Permanent Monitoring Panel on Planetary Emergencies of the World Federation of Scientists,[11] and a member of the Asia Pacific Leaders Network.[12] In 2021 he took the lead role in establishing The Black Hole, a community space in Islamabad for nurturing science, art, and culture. Hoodbhoy has written for Project Syndicate,[13]  DAWN,[14] The New York Times,[15] Washington Post,[16] Prospect magazine,[17] and The Express Tribune.[18] 

Awards for Hoodbhoy include the Abdus Salam Prize[19] for Mathematics (1984); the Kalinga Prize for the popularization of science (2003);[20] the TWAS-ROCASA prize;[21] the Jean Meyer Award for global citizenship;[22] the Joseph A. Burton Forum Award (2010) from the American Physical Society.[23] In 2011, he was included in the list of 100 most influential global thinkers by Foreign Policy.[24] From 2013 to 2017 he was a member of the UN Secretary General's advisory board on Disarmament.[25] In 2019 he received the honorary doctorate of law from the University of British Columbia.[26]

On 14 April 2001, the Pakistan government announced that Hoodbhoy had been selected for receiving the Sitara-i-Imtiaz from then-president, General Pervez Musharraf. However Hoodbhoy turned down the award on grounds that bureaucrats and non-scientists were not capable judging scientific work or deciding on scientific awards.[27]

Early and personal life

Hoodbhoy was born and raised in Karachi, Sindh, in a family belonging to the Ismaili Shia community. He has one older brother, and four sisters including famous reporter Nafisa Hoodbhoy. He has been married twice, first to Hajra Ahmed, niece of activist Eqbal Ahmad. Hoodbhoy and Hajra Ahmed have two daughters together, including Alia Amirali. They were divorced in the early 2010s. Hoodbhoy later married Sadia Manzoor, who is also, like him, a physics professor. They were married late in life and do not have children together.

Education

Hoodbhoy attended the Karachi Grammar School in Karachi for his initial schooling.[28] After graduating, at the age of 19, Hoodbhoy went to the United States to attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) on a scholarship.[29] While attending MIT, Hoodbhoy worked for a local Pakistani restaurant based in Massachusetts to support his studies and showed a great interest in electronics and mathematics.[30]

At MIT, Hoodbhoy graduated with a double BSc in Electrical Engineering and Mathematics in 1971, followed by an MSc in physics with a concentration in solid-state physics in 1973.[31] After graduation, Hoodbhoy joined the Quaid-e-Azam University (QAU) as a researcher and renewed his scholarship to resume his studies in the United States.[32]

Hoodbhoy continued his research in doctoral studies in physics at MIT, and was awarded a PhD in nuclear physics in 1978.[32] In the United States, his collaboration took place with the scientists who participated in the Manhattan Project in the 1940s, which set of experiences subsequently influenced in his philosophy.[32] Hoodbhoy remained a post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Washington for a short time.[31] In 1973, Hoodbhoy joined the Institute of Physics of the University of Engineering and Technology in Lahore.[31]

Career

Academia

Hoodbhoy focused his research career extensively on quantum field theory, particle phenomenology, and supersymmetry in the area of particle physics.[31] After receiving his PhD from MIT, Hoodbhoy met Riazuddin and Abdus Salam– the prominent Pakistani physicists who were visiting MIT to give lectures on particle physics. Subsequently, he joined a group of Pakistani physicists at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics in Trieste, Italy.[33] At ICTP, Hoodbhoy collaborated with Pakistan's leading theoretical physicists who worked under Abdus Salam in the 1970s.[33]

After ICTP work, Hoodbhoy returned to Pakistan to join Quaid-e-Azam University (QAU) where he began teaching and lecturing on physics. Eventually, he became chairman of the Institute of Theoretical Physics (now the Department of Physics). After spending more than 30 years at QAU, Hoodbhoy moved to Lahore where he joined the Lahore University of Management Sciences as a visiting professor, while remaining a visiting scientist at the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center.[31] Controversy over his contract at LUMS sparked an academic debate when it was reported in the news media that Hoodbhoy's email to the Vice-Chancellor of LUMS was made public.[34][35] Eventually, Hoodbhoy moved to Forman Christian College University permanently and joined the senior staff to instruct courses on physics.[36]

Prior to his return to Pakistan in 1976, Hoodbhoy was aware of the country's secretive development program on nuclear deterrence .[37] Hoodbhoy maintains his close ties with Pakistan's vibrant nuclear society, and had collaborated with many of country's leading theoretical physicists throughout his career, mainly with Ishfaq Ahmad.[37] On several occasions, Hoodbhoy staunchly countered Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan's "father-of" claims, and roundly criticized his academic research on nuclear physics.[38] In the 1980s, he famously debated with Bashiruddin Mahmood on the topics of sunspots, life-after-death, and philosophy.[39]

In 1999, Hoodbhoy with Ishfaq Ahmad and Riazuddin, played a major and influential role in the establishment of the National Center for Physics (NCP), becoming one of the earliest academics and scientists to join the NCP at its inception.

Hoodbhoy has roundly criticized the development of nuclear weapons, especially in South Asia, mainly by India and Pakistan.[40] In 2011, Hoodbhoy held India responsible for Pakistan's symmetric nuclear weapons programme as part of Pakistan's self-credible deterrence.[40] According to Hoodbhoy, India's nuclear tests forced Pakistan to jump into the nuclear arena in 1974, and again in 1998, after war-threatening statements were made by the Indian government to Pakistan; Pakistan equalised this situation the same month.[40] While believing that Pakistan's nuclear deterrence has protected the country from any foreign aggression and preventing from numerous war threatening situations with India, Hoodbhoy has raised concerns about the security of nuclear arsenals and the possibility of radicals gaining control.[40]

Activism

Hoodbhoy is a prominent sponsor of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, representing Pakistan's delegation.[41]

Apart from his specialist field of research, Hoodbhoy extensively writes and speaks on topics ranging from science in Islam to education and arms disarmament issues around the world.[42] He is the author of Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality, which has been translated into five languages.[43] In this book, Hoodbhoy outlines the history of Pakistan, the implications of theocracy and martial law in Pakistan, and textbook revival in the education system of Pakistan. His articles and publications are repeatedly published in both technical and non-technical journals, as well as in local international media

Though I know that it is not welcome in my country and people who deviate from the notion that it is an Islamic state, are looked upon disapprovingly, I strongly feel that's what we need to head towards.

Pervez Hoodbhoy criticises Pakistani attitudes on blasphemy.

Hoodbhoy widely writes about the role and modernisation of the Pakistani military, particularly defence budget spending by the Pakistani government on the military. Hoodbhoy has criticized what he sees as the merger of science with religion, especially in Pakistan; by contrast he pointed out Iran, whose religious leaders have kept science and religion separate.[44] In 2003 he was a signatory of the Humanist Manifesto.[45] Hoodbhoy criticized the partition of India, calling it an "unspeakable tragedy" that "separated people who at one time could live together in peace".[46]

Hoodbhoy has criticized the Pakistan Higher Education Commission (HEC) for pursuing "a drive to achieve numbers rather than quality".[47] He believes that because of "policies that reward authors of research articles and PhD supervisors with cash and promotions", universities in Pakistan have "turned into factories producing junk papers and PhDs."[48] He has been a harsh critic of the performance of HEC since 2003 when it was led by Dr. Atta-ur-Rahman, and the issue has led to heated debates in Pakistan's news media.[49]

In 2009 Hoodbhoy came into conflict with Atta-ur-Rahman, an organic chemist, over the Higher Education Commission (HEC). In the United States, the journal Nature published an article on the successes and failures of the HEC.[50] Hoodbhoy wrote to complain about, among other things, the article's failure to mention (what Hoodbhoy called) "the billions wasted on mindless prestige mega-projects".[49] In the debate on the HEC, other Pakistani academics and scientists such as Adil Najam, Abdul Qadeer Khan, and Atta-ur-Rehman defended the HEC while disagreeing with most of Hoodbhoy's criticisms.[49]

The administrative competency of the HEC was called into question by Hoodbhoy who described its achievements as "dismal".[51] Hoodbhoy supported his arguments against HEC's productivity, that in the case of UESTP-France convention in Karachi, out of an expected faculty strength of between 450 and 600, no French faculty or administrative staff actually arrived.[51] At the television debate, Hoodbhoy questioned the statistics used to support the positive appraisal of HEC's activities in a series of communications between Hoodbhoy and HEC chairman Atta-Ur-Rehman.[52][53] It was claimed by the latter that in mathematics, Pakistani authors received 20% more citations than the worldwide average. Hoodbhoy questioned this on several grounds including the number of self-citations these publications received and said that this was a crucial aspect that the HEC left out of its interpretation. Criticism was leveled by Hoodbhoy at the practice of hiring those foreign academics in local universities who were said to have difficulty in communicating and teaching, although they contributed to boosting the number of research publications originating from Pakistani universities.

Research

Hoodbhoy has made important contributions in physics, particularly in particle physics. Many of Hoodbhoy's recorded lectures on physics are available online.[54] At National Center for Physics, Hoodbhoy conducted research on different aspects of particle physics, and pioneered studies in modern physics and its extension to mathematical and nuclear physics. In 2006, Hoodbhoy published a brief mathematical description of Generalized Parton Distributions. In 2007, Hoodbhoy re-published the work of Jens Lyng Peterson the Maldacena conjecture (a conjectured equivalence between a string theory and gravity defined on one space, and a quantum field theory without gravity defined by one or less dimension) where he contributed mathematically to the theory.[55] In the same year, he re-published the work of Edward Witten on Anti-de Sitter space and its extension to the field of Holography. While the paper was published experimentally in 1998 by Witten, Hoodbhoy provided the brief mathematical proofs and description to understand, logically, the subject of Sitter space— a scalar curvature in general theory of relativity.[56]

On 14 April 2001, it was announced that Dr. Hoodbhoy would be receiving Sitara-i-Imtiaz from the former President, General (retired) Pervez Musharraf which he refused to accept. He said that it would give him no satisfaction. He further added that the award does not imply that you have done good work in your field.[57]

Filmography

He produced a 13-part documentary series in Urdu for Pakistan Television on critical issues in education, and two series aimed at popularising science. In 2004, he made a documentary film 'Crossing the Lines: Kashmir, Pakistan, India' along with Dr. Zia Mian.[58] These documentaries carry heavy emphasis on the issues of education, public health and scientific revolution in Pakistan.

In his documentaries, Dr. Hoodbhoy has heavily criticised Pakistan and India's nuclear weapons program. He also pointed out the seriousness of the Talibanization in Pakistan and its immediate effects on South Asia. His documentaries also point out that American and NATO forces in Afghanistan didn't help the Afghan people's life and there was no reform in Afghanistan's social and public sector and, instead, the insurgency and corruption grew, which also destabilised Pakistan's western front.[43]

  • Crossing the Lines: Kashmir, Pakistan, India (2004)
  • The Bell Tolls for Planet Earth (2003)
  • Pakistan and India Under the Nuclear Shadow (2001)

Publications

Books

  • Pakistan: Origins, Identity and Future Routledge India, 2023. ISBN 978-1032458953
  • Education and the State: Fifty Years Of Pakistan Oxford University Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0-19-577825-0
  • Islam and Science: Religious Orthodoxy and the Battle for Rationality Zed Books, London, 1992. ISBN 978-1-85649-025-2, (Translations in Arabic, Indonesian, Malaysian, Turkish, Japanese, and Urdu)
  • (Co-Edited with A. Ali), Proceedings of the School on Fundamental Physics and Cosmology World Scientific, Singapore, 1991.
  • (With A. H. Nayyar), "Rewriting the History of Pakistan", in Islam, Politics and the State: The Pakistan Experience, Ed. Mohammad Asghar Khan, Zed Books, London, 1986. ISBN 978-0-86232-471-1

Scientific papers and articles

Appearances in TV shows

  • Raaste Ilm ke (Pathways to Knowledge) on PTV, 1988
  • Asrar-e-Jahan (Mysteries of the Universe) on PTV, 1995
  • Bazm-e-Kainat (Gathering of all Creation) on PTV, 2003
  • Alif on Geo TV. Debate with Jawed Ghamidi, 2006
  • Aik Din Geo Kay Saath on Geo TV, February 2010
  • Capital Talk on Geo TV, 29 August 2012
  • Salam-The first Nobel laureate (NETFLIX) 2018

See also

Notes

  1. ^ [1], Curriculum vitae of Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy
  2. ^ Notezai, Muhammad Akbar. "Interview: Pervez Hoodbhoy". thediplomat.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  3. ^ "Calling Dr Pervez Hoodbhoy 'jahil' can only happen in Pakistan". The Express Tribune. 30 October 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  4. ^ Story of Pervez Hoodbhoy - Episode 1 - Lt Gen (R) Amjad Shoaib, retrieved 6 December 2023
  5. ^ No, Gen. Shoaib, I'm Not A Traitor – Part One, retrieved 6 December 2023
  6. ^ pubs.aip.org https://pubs.aip.org/physicstoday/online/11807/In-Islamic-Pakistan-physicist-and-global-citizen. Retrieved 6 December 2023. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  7. ^ "Physics/Math Tutorials by Pervez Hoodbhoy – The Black Hole". Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Physics". web.archive.org. 13 February 2015. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  9. ^ "LUMS SSE | VPDT". www.shoaworks.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  10. ^ "BoS - Pervez Hoodbhoy". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  11. ^ "International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies, 46th session [electronic resource] : the role of science in the third millennium..., "E. Majorana" Centre for Scientific Culture, Erice, Italy, 19-24 August 2013 in SearchWorks catalog". searchworks.stanford.edu. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Member (Pervez HOODBHOY) | Asia-Pacific Leadership Network". www.apln.network. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  13. ^ "Pervez Hoodbhoy". Project Syndicate. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  14. ^ "News stories for Pervez Hoodbhoy - DAWN.COM". www.dawn.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  15. ^ Hoodbhoy, Pervez (21 April 2015). "Opinion | Pakistan, the Saudis' Indispensable Nuclear Partner". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  16. ^ Hoodbhoy, Pervez Amir Ali (30 December 2001). "How Islam Lost Its Way: Yesterday's Achievements Were Golden". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  17. ^ "Pervez Hoodbhoy - Prospect Magazine". www.prospectmagazine.co.uk. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  18. ^ "Pervez Hoodbhoy, Author at The Express Tribune". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  19. ^ "Abdus Salam Award". www.scientificlib.com. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  20. ^ "Pervez Hoodbhoy", Wikipedia, 30 October 2023, retrieved 6 December 2023
  21. ^ Sciences (TWAS), The World Academy of (17 December 2023). "TWAS Regional Awards". TWAS. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  22. ^ "Mayer Award Recipients | Tufts Global Leadership". www.tuftsgloballeadership.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  23. ^ "Prize Recipient". www.aps.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  24. ^ Staff, F. P. (18 December 2023). "The FP Top 100 Global Thinkers". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  25. ^ "Secretary-General Appoints Replacements for Outgoing Members of Advisory Board on Disarmament Matters | UN Press". press.un.org. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  26. ^ "Pervez Hoodbhoy's Citation | Graduation at UBC". graduation.ubc.ca. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  27. ^ "'Deterrence will not always work'". Frontline. 7 June 2002. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  28. ^ "Pervez". Archived from the original on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  29. ^ "A Day with Geo: Interview with Pervez Hoodbhoy". Islamabad. 28 April 2011. 30:00 minutes in. Geo News. {{cite episode}}: Missing or empty |series= (help)
  30. ^ http://www.newslinemagazine.com/2012/08/interview-dr-pervez-hoodbhoy/ [dead link‍]
  31. ^ a b c d e "Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy". Global Zero. Global Zero. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  32. ^ a b c Parvez Hood Bhoy (2010). ADGKS Parvez Hood Bhoy 187605 C1.mp4 (Television Production). Geo TV.
  33. ^ a b Hoodbhoy, Pervez. "Fascinating encounters: Prof Abdus Salam". Hoodbhoy. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  34. ^ Shaukat, Aroosa (25 October 2012). "LUMS vs Hoodbhoy: I'm losing job for 'ideological reasons', says professor". Express Tribune, 2012. Express Tribune. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  35. ^ Haider, Ejaz (30 October 2012). "The Pervez Hoodbhoy-LUMS dispute". Express Tribune. Express Tribune. Retrieved 16 February 2015.
  36. ^ FCC University. "Faculty of Physics at FCC University". fccollege.edu.pk. Forman College University Press. Archived from the original on 13 February 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  37. ^ a b Hoodbhoy, Pervez (30 November 2013). "The Man Who Designed Pakistan's Bomb". Special biographical article in the honor of Dr. Riazuddin. Islamabad, Pakistan: Newsweek, 2013. Newsweek. p. 5. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  38. ^ Khan, Feroz Hassan (2012). Eating grass : the making of the Pakistani bomb. Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0804776004.
  39. ^ Bergen, Peter L. (2011). "§Quixotic Quest". The longest war : the enduring conflict between America and al-Qaeda (1st Free Press trade paperback edition) New York: Free Press. ISBN 0743278941.
  40. ^ a b c d Hoodbhoy, Pervez Amerali (23 January 2011). "Pakistan's nuclear bayonet". The Herald. Archived from the original on 18 February 2011. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  41. ^ CGPACS (2006) 15th Annual Margolis Lecture with Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy. The Center for Global Peace and Conflict Studies. University of California, Irvine. 12 May. Retrieved on 22 May 2008
  42. ^ Hoodbhoy (1998) Talk by Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy on nuclear tests in the Indian subcontinent. The Alliance, Pakistan Students Society at MIT, and the MIT Program in Science, Technology, and Society. 12 May. Retrieved on 22 May 2008
  43. ^ a b (FPS), Fulbright Scholar Program (2007). "U.S. and Non U.S. Scholar: Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy". Global Zero. Fulbright Program. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  44. ^ Quarterly, Middle East (Winter 2010). "Pervez Amirali Hoodbhoy: "Islam and Science Have Parted Ways"". Middle East Quarterly: 69–74. Retrieved 2 March 2012. [Question:]No Muslim leader has publicly called for separating science from religion."[3] Do you detect any real movement by Muslim secularists and scientists to reverse this trend? Hoodbhoy: Nothing of this kind is visible in Pakistan, but I see this happening in Iran, the most intellectually advanced country of the Muslim world, a country that boasts an educational system that actually works. Ayatollah Khomeini was quite content to keep science and Islam separate—unlike Pakistan's leaders who have made numerous absurd attempts to marry the two.
  45. ^ "Notable Signers". Humanism and Its Aspirations. American Humanist Association. Archived from the original on 5 October 2012. Retrieved 6 October 2012.
  46. ^ "Pak was born in a state of confusion: Hoodbhoy". The Times of India. 10 January 2016. Retrieved 28 June 2020.
  47. ^ Shehzad, Rizwan (23 December 2012). "Hoodbhoy feels restructuring better than saving old HEC". Tribune.com.pk. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  48. ^ Hoodbhoy, Pervez (29 November 2014). "Misjudging universities". Dawn. Retrieved 1 July 2015.
  49. ^ a b c Najam, Adil (9 September 2009). "Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy Responds to Nature Article on Pakistan's Higher Education Reform". Pakistaniaat. Pakistaniaat. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 13 February 2015.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  50. ^ Najam, Adil (4 September 2009). "Pakistan in Higher Education". Pakistaniat, 2009. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  51. ^ a b Hassan, Shazia (12 December 2012). "HEC lost track by focusing on quantity rather than quality'". Dawn newspapers, 2012. Dawn newspapers, 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
  52. ^ "HEC's performance by Atta ur Rehman". YouTube. Retrieved 14 February 2015.[dead YouTube link]
  53. ^ Hoodbhoy. "The HEC Controvery [sic]- Separating Fact and fiction". Vimeo.
  54. ^ "General Physics Lectures In English".
  55. ^ Peterson, Jens Lyng; Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy (28–31 December 2009). Introduction to Maldacena conjecture (PDF). Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory: Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy of National Center for Physics; Second National Winter Meeting on Particles and Fields and Jens Lyng Peterson. p. 41. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  56. ^ Witten, Dr. Prof. Edward; Dr. Prof. Pervez Hoodbhoy (28–31 December 2009). Anti de Sitter Space and Holography (PDF). Islamabad, Islamabad Capital Territory: Dr. Pervez Hoodbhoy of National Center for Physics; Second National Winter Meeting on Particles and Fields and Edward Witten (1998). p. 41. Retrieved 1 January 2011.
  57. ^ Hoodbhoy, Pervez (23 April 2001). "Refusing The Sitara-I-Imtiaz". Archived from the original on 21 November 2010.
  58. ^ CGPACS (2006) Crossing the Lines: Kashmir, Pakistan, India

Further reading

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