Political marriages in India
In the mid-16th century and after the defeat of Rajput confederacy at the Battle of Khanwa, some Rajasthan states were forced to make peace treaty with Mughal emperors.[1][2] Because of superior military and battle tactics of Mughal and endowed with high calibre artillery weapon they was able to subdue most of the Indian kingdoms. Rajputs states of Rajasthan were the only kingdoms which resisted Mughal dominance which resulted in Battle of Khanwa [3]in 1527AD. Due to constant war with Mughals and regular famine in the 16th century in North West India, Rajput kingdoms of present day Rajasthan were not in a state to wage constant war with Mughals. Due to these reasons, two states namely Amber and Marwar made peace treaty with Mughals in the mid 16th century.[4] The Sisodia Rajput family of Mewar endowed with the best of terrain for guerrilla warfare in the form of Aravalli range waged constant war with Mughals.[5][6]
The alliance between Marwar and Mughals did not last long and resulted in many battles. Later on emperor Aurangzeb wanted to convert the Rathore Rajput infant ruler Ajit Singh to Islam. This led to a renewed 28 years Rajput-Mughal war [7][8][9]between 1679-1707AD. After the emperor Aurangzeb death Marwar was recaptured by Rajputs in 1708AD.[10]
Amber,Marwar and Mughal alliance
- In 1570, Maharawal Harraj Singh married his daughter Princess Nathi Bai to Akbar (Bhati-Jaisalmer).[11][12][13][14]
- In 1573, the marriage of Akbar to the daughter of Raja Jaichand of Nagarkot (Nagarkot)[15][16]
- On March 1577, the marriage of Akbar to the daughter of the Rawal Askaran took place(Gehlot-Dungarpur)[17][18]
- In 1581, Keshavdas married his daughter to Akbar (Rathore-Morta)[19]
- Akbar also married Rukmavati, daughter of Rao Maldeo. (Rathore-Marwar)[20]
- On 16 February 1585, Prince Salim (Jahangir) was married to Princess Man Bai, the daughter of Bhagwant Das (Kachwaha-Amber)[21][22]
- On 11 January 1586, the marriage of Prince Salim (Jahangir) to Princess Manavati Bai, the daughter of Mota Raja Udai Singh took place (Rathore-Marwar)[23]
- On 26 June 1586, Prince Salim was married to daughter of Raja Rai Singh. (Rathore-Bikaner)[24]
- In 1587, Prince Salim married, Malika Jahan, daughter of Maharawal Bhim Singh. (Bhati-Jaisalmer)[25]
- Prince Salim married Karamsi, daughter of Kesho Das. (Rathore-Bikaner)[26]
- On 12 October 1595, the marriage of Daniyal to Raimal's daughter took place. (Rathore-Marwar)[27]
- On 17 June 1608, Jahangir married the daughter of Jagat Singh. (Kachwaha-Amber)[28]
- On January 1610, Jahangir married the daughter of Ram Chandra Bundela (Bundela-Orchha)[29]
- On April 1624, the marriage of Prince Parvez to Princess Manbhavati Bai, the sister of Maharaja Gaj Singh (Rathore-Marwar)[30][31][32]
- February 21, 1632, Shah Jahan, the builder of the Taj Mahal, married his daughter Princess Jahanara Begum to Shahryar, the younger son of Rajput King Raja Chhatrasal of Bundelkhand.[33]
- Prince Khurram (Shah Jahan) married Lilavati Bai, daughter of Sakat Singh (Rathore-Marwar)[34]
- In 1654, the marriage of the daughter of Rao Amar Singh to Prince Suleiman Shikoh (Rathore-Marwar)[35][36]
- On December 1659, Aurangzeb married his daughter Zeb-un-Nissa to Prince Suleiman Shikoh, the eldest son of Rajput King Maharaja Jaswant Singh of Marwar[37]
- In 1671, marriage of Mohammad Muazzam (Bahadur Shah I) to Princess Amrita Bai, the daughter of Maharaja Roop Singh Rathore of Kishangarh took place (Rathore-Kishangarh)[38]
- On 5 July 1678, Azim-ush-Shan was married to Bai Jas Kaur, Kirat Singh's daughter, the son of Raja Jai Singh (Kachwaha-Amber)[39][40]
- 30 July 1681, Aurangzeb's son Kaam Baksh was married to Amarchand's daughter Kalyan Kumari of (Shekhawat-Manoharpur).[41]
- Jahandar Shah was married to a Rajput Princess, Anup Bai.[42]
References
- ^ Richards, John F. (1995). The Mughal Empire. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–24. ISBN 978-0-521-25119-8.
- ^ Bhadani, B. L. (1992). "The Profile of Akbar in Contemporary Literature". Social Scientist. 20 (9/10): 48–53. doi:10.2307/3517716. JSTOR 3517716.
- ^ Sharma, Gopi Nath (1954). Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.). S.L. Agarwala.
- ^ Chaurasia, Radhey Shyam (2002). History of Medieval India: From 1000 A.D. to 1707 A.D. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 272–273. ISBN 978-81-269-0123-4.
- ^ Sharma, Gopinath. Mewar & the Mughal Emperors (1526-1707 A.D.
- ^ Sharma, Gopi Nath (1970). Rajasthan Studies. Lakshmi Narain Agarwal.
- ^ Bhatia, Purva. [Marwar's war against the Mughal Empire (1680-1707) "Rajput victory in Indian history"].
{{cite web}}: Check|url=value (help) - ^ "Maharana Raj Singh: Forgotten Hindu King of Mewar who alone shook the foundation of Mughals: Mughal-Rajput Wars - Dharmayudh". dharmayudh.com. Retrieved 2023-12-22.
- ^ Tod, Col James (1829). Annals and Antiquities of Rajasthan.
- ^ Kaur, Harpreet. The Rajput warrior. India: Lifi publications Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9789382536451.
- ^ Singh, Rajvi Amar (1992). Mediaeval History of Rajasthan: Western Rajasthan. Rajvi Amar Singh, 1992. p. 1166. Archived from the original on 2022-08-31. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
- ^ Hooja, Rima (2006). A History of Rajasthan. Rupa & Company, 2006. pp. 548–552. ISBN 9788129108906. Archived from the original on 2022-08-31. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
- ^ Journal of Indian History, Volume 46. Department of Modern Indian History, 1968. 1968. p. 32. Archived from the original on 2022-08-31. Retrieved 2022-04-15.
- ^ Fazl, Abu'l. Akbarnama. Vol. II. p. 283.
- ^ Congress, Indian History (1974). Proceedings (Page_135). Indian History Congress. p. 135.
agreement with Raja Jai Chand of Nagarkot , it was put as a condition that the Raja would give his daughter in marriage to Akbar 34 . In March 1577 , at the time of joining the Mughal service , Rawat ...
- ^ Saletore, Rajaram Narayan (1985). Indian Entertainment (Page_244). Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 244. ISBN 978-81-215-0026-5.
- ^ Fazl, Abu'l. Akbarnama. Vol. II. p. 287.
- ^ Fazl, Abu'l. Akbarnama. Vol. II. p. 295.
- ^ The Idea of Rajasthan: Institutions. India: Manohar Publishers & Distributors. 1994. p. 237. ISBN 9788185425849. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18.
- ^ Chandra, Satish (1993). Mughal Religious Policies, the Rajputs & the Deccan. New Delhi, India: Vikas Publishing House. pp. 17–18. ISBN 978-0-7069-6385-4.
- ^ Azad, Mohammad Akram Lari (1990). Religion and Politics in India During the Seventeenth Century. Criterion Publications. p. 46.
There had been marriages between Rajput princess and Muslim rulers before this , but these were forced and unwilling ... ambitions of Emperor. On 13th February 1585 in marriage of Salim with Man Bai daughter of Bhagwant Das of Amber ...
- ^ Nicoll, Fergus (2009). Shah Jahan. Penguin Books India. p. 26. ISBN 978-0-670-08303-9.
Salim's first wife was Rajakumari Man Bai, the daughter of Raja Bhagwan Das Kachwaha of Amber, a prominent Rajput prince who had done sterling service for Akbar. They had been married in February 1585 and the dowry alone, ...
- ^ Collier, Dirk (2016-03-01). The Great Mughals and their India. Hay House, Inc. ISBN 978-93-84544-98-0.
If Babur and his son Humayun were still full-blooded Central Asian Turks, Akbar through his mother (Hamida Banu Begum) was half Persian and Akbar's son Jahangir (through his mother, the princess of Amber) was therefore 25 per cent Turk, 25 per cent Persian and 50 per cent Rajput. Shah Jahan (the Mughal par excellence), Jahangir's son, was 75 per cent Rajput: both his mother (Rajkumari Shri Manavati Bai Lall Sahiba alias Taj Bibi Bilqis Makani) and his paternal grandmother were Rajput princesses.
- ^ Fazl, Abul. The Akbarnama. Vol. III. Translated by Beveridge, Henry. Calcutta: ASIATIC SOCIETY OF BENGAL. p. 748.
- ^ Somānī, Rāmavallabha (1990). History of Jaisalmer. Panchsheel Prakashan. p. 59. ISBN 978-81-7056-070-8.
Jehangir (Salim) mentions in his Memoirs Maharawal Bhim is a man of rank of influence- His daughter had been married to me , when I was a prince and I had given a title of ' Malika ye Jehan ' to her . She was very handsome.
- ^ Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan Vol II. p. 361.
- ^ Fazl, Abu'l. Akbarnama. Vol. III. p. 283.
- ^ The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Translated by Thackston, Wheeler Mclntosh. Washington, D. C. & New York: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution & Oxford University Press. 1999. p. 95.
- ^ The Jahangirnama: memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Translated by Thackston, Wheeler Mclntosh. Washington, D. C. & New York: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution & Oxford University Press. 1999. p. 104.
- ^ Jahangir, Emperor; Thackston, Wheeler McIntosh (1999). The Jahangirnama : memoirs of Jahangir, Emperor of India. Washington, D. C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Arthur M. Sackler Gallery, Smithsonian Institution; New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 181, 418. ISBN 978-0-19-512718-8.
- ^ Saran, Richard Davis; Ziegler, Norman Paul (2001). The Meṛtīyo Rāṭhoṛs of Meṛto, Rājasthān: Translations and notes with appendices, glossary, introductory material and indexes. University of Michigan, Centers for South and Southeast Asian Studies. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-891-48085-3.
- ^ The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan; Volume II. p. 51.
- ^ Tillotson, G.H.R. (1984). The History of Mewar (1st ed.). New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 227–229.
- ^ The Mertiyo Rathors of Merta, Rajasthan. Vol. II. p. 45.
- ^ Khan, Inayat. The Shah Jahan Nama of 'Inayat Khan. p. 497.
- ^ Sarkar, Kobita. Shah Jahan and His Paradise on Earth. p. 164.
- ^ Lal, Ruby (2005). The Mughal Harem: Women and the Culture of Empire. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 197–201.
- ^ Irvine, William (1991) [First published 1921]. Later Mughals. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 141. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
- ^ Muḥammad, Sāqī Mustaʻidd Khān (2019). Maasir-i-Alamgiri: A History of Emperor Aurangzib-Alamgir (reign 1658-1707 AD). Translated by Sir Jadunath, Sarkar. India: B.R. Publishing. p. 209. ISBN 9789387587946.
- ^ Irvine, William (1991) [First published 1921]. Later Mughals. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors. p. 209. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2022-07-15.
- ^ Jagatanārāyaṇa (1999). Ajmer and the Mughal Emperors (Page_121). Neha Vikas Prakashan. p. 121.
On Saturday , the 30th July , 1681 A.D. , Muhammad Kam Bakhsh was married to Kalyan Kumari , daughter of Amar Chand and sister of Jagat Singh , Zamindar of Manoharpur . This marriage was also held in the Jama Mosque .
- ^ Lal, Muni. Mini Mughals. p. 67.