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This article is about the submersible company. For the borough in New Jersey, see Ocean Gate, New Jersey.

OceanGate Inc.
Company typePrivate
IndustryTourism, expeditions, underwater diving
Founded2009; 15 years ago (2009)
Founders
Defunct6 July 2023; 16 months ago (6 July 2023)
HeadquartersEverett, Washington, U.S.
Websiteoceangate.com
Archived June 21, 2023, at the Wayback Machine

OceanGate Inc. is an American privately owned company based in Everett, Washington, that provided crewed submersibles for tourism, industry, research, and exploration. The company was founded in 2009 by Stockton Rush and Guillermo Söhnlein.

The company acquired a submersible vessel, Antipodes, and later built two of its own: Cyclops 1 and Titan. In 2021, OceanGate began taking paying tourists in Titan to visit the wreck of the Titanic. As of 2022, the price to be a passenger on an OceanGate expedition to the Titanic shipwreck was US$250,000 per person.[1]

On June 18, 2023, Titan imploded during a voyage to the Titanic wreck site, killing all five occupants on board, including Rush.[2] An international search and rescue operation was launched,[3] and on June 22 the wreckage was found on the seabed about 500 meters (1,600 ft) from the Titanic wreck site. On July 6, OceanGate suspended all operations.[4][5]

Background

Stockton Rush, CEO and co-founder.

Stockton Rush had an interest in aviation and space travel as a child, and obtained a commercial pilot's license when he was 18.[6] As an adult, his interests pivoted to undersea exploration. Rush built a fortune by investing his inheritance in tech companies and decided to purchase a submarine, but discovered that he was unable to, as there were fewer than 100 privately owned submarines worldwide.[6][7] He instead built one from plans in 2006, a Kittredge K-350, which he named Suds.[8][9]

Rush believed that undersea exploration was an underserved market, due to, in his view, an unwarranted reputation of submersibles as dangerous vehicles. He criticized the Passenger Vessel Safety Act of 1993 as "needlessly prioritiz[ing] passenger safety over commercial innovation".[6][10] In an address before The Explorers Club in 2017, he called submersibles "the safest vehicles on the planet".[11] Non-certified vehicles were more dangerous, as demonstrated by at least one fatality involving a homemade submersible in 1990.[12]

Rush commissioned a marketing study that concluded there was sufficient demand for underwater ocean tourism.[11][13][12]

History

2009–2013: Founding and acquisition of Antipodes

Catalina Island was the first location of OceanGate's tourist expeditions

OceanGate was founded by Guillermo Söhnlein and Stockton Rush in Seattle in 2009.[14][15][16][17] According to Söhnlein, the company was founded with the intention of creating a small fleet of 5-person commercial submersibles that could be leased by any organization or group of individuals. In 2023 he told Sky News, "The whole intent was to create these worked subs. And in that way, as our tagline was in the early days, 'Open the oceans for all of humanity.'"[18]

The company's first submersible was Antipodes, a used 5-person vessel with a steel hull. Between 2010 and 2013 the company carried out an estimated 130 dives with Antipodes. The company's business model involved renting its submersible out for hire to researchers and transporting tourists, who the company referred to as "citizen scientists" for underwater excursions. Söhnlein estimated in 2012 that passengers typically paid between $7,500 and $40,000 per person per excursion depending on the trip.[19]

OceanGate's first tourist excursion was conducted in 2010 when the company began transporting its first paying customers. The company transported tourist groups to Catalina Island off the coast of California. To improve the tourist experience, the company began bringing expert guides aboard the dives. According to Rush, "People would ask me about a fish, and I wouldn't know anything about it." The company first brought marine biologists on as expert guides and according to Rush "The difference was night and day. Their excitement permeated the sub."[6]

In 2010 OceanGate worked with the University of Washington for the first time. The university utilized Antipodes to conduct trials of novel sonar equipment and robotic arms.[20]

In 2011 Antipodes was used to survey and map the wreckage of the SS Governor, a ship that had sunk in Puget Sound in 1921.[21]

In 2012 and 2013 OceanGate operated for a year in Miami, Florida. Collaborating with Miami-Dade Artificial Reefs Program, researchers aboard Antipodes investigated the spread of lionfish.[22][19]

2013–2016: Construction of Cyclops and Söhnlein's departure

In 2013 the company pivoted to designing its own submersibles with unique designs that were more cost effective. Söhnlein left the company that same year, saying that OceanGate had transitioned from its initial phase to Rush's specialty of engineering. Söhnlein retained a minority stake.[23]

OceanGate worked on the design of its first custom-built submersible Cyclops, later called Cyclops 1, in collaboration with the University of Washington and Boeing.[24][25] The hull was planned to be a carbon fiber hull, but OceanGate instead acquired a 12-year-old vessel Lula from a company in Azores. It extracted the cylindrical steel hull of the Lula and used it to create Cyclops 1.[20][26] Cyclops was unveiled in 2015.[27] The same year, the company moved its headquarters to the Port of Everett's Waterfront Center office space in Everett, Washington.[28][29]

2016–2023: Expansion of fleet and dives to the Titanic

OceanGate ordered the first titanium components for Cyclops 2 in December 2016,[30] and let a contract to Spencer Composites in January 2017 to design and build the cylindrical carbon fiber hull.[31] In March 2018, Cyclops 2 was renamed to Titan;[32] Rush described it as "an amazing engineering feat" during its launch in 2018.[33] Testing of Titan to its maximum intended depth of 4,000 m (13,000 ft) occurred in 2018 and 2019.

In 2019, OceanGate said they were planning to develop the successor Cyclops 3 and Cyclops 4 submersibles with a targeted maximum depth of 6,000 m (20,000 ft),[34] and in early 2020 announced that the development and manufacturing of the hulls would be performed at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.[35] The submersibles would be funded through a new round of investments by "100% insiders" totaling $18.1 million, as announced in January 2020.[36] NASA's participation was under a Space Act Agreement intended to further "deep-space exploration goals" and "improve materials and manufacturing for American industry" according to John Vickers.[37] In spring 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, OceanGate applied for, and received, a PPP loan for approx. $450,000, based on 22 jobs.[38]

In 2021 and 2022, OceanGate conducted dives to the Titanic aboard its submersible Titan.

2023: Implosion of Titan and death of Rush

Main article: Titan submersible implosion
Screenshot of OceanGate Expeditions' website as of July 2023, indicating its suspension of all operations. A virtually similar version that excluded the word "expeditions" was installed on their primary website.

Titan imploded during an expedition to the Titanic in June 2023, killing all five occupants including CEO Stockton Rush. After a four-day search and rescue operation by an international team led by the United States Coast Guard, U.S. Navy, and Canadian Coast Guard,[39] a debris field was discovered containing parts of Titan, about 500 metres (1,600 ft) from the bow of the Titanic.[40]

Upon news of the fate of Titan, the company closed its Everett office indefinitely.[41] Shortly after the implosion, its subsidiary OceanGate Expeditions also suspended operations.[42] From July 2023, OceanGate's websites defaulted to a message advising: "OceanGate has suspended all exploration and commercial operations."[43]

Submersibles

OceanGate owned three submersibles. The Cyclops 1 and Titan submersibles were launched and recovered from a dry dock-like "Launch and Recovery Platform" that could be towed behind a commercial vessel.[44] Once the platform and submersible reach the target location, the platform's flotation tanks are flooded and it sinks below the surface turbulence to a depth of 9 m (30 ft).[45] The submersible then lifts off for its underwater mission. Upon the submersible's return to the platform, the flotation tanks are pumped out and the platform can be taken back into tow or brought aboard the host vessel. That allows OceanGate to use vessels without human-rated cranes.[46] The platform is approximately 11 m (35 ft) long and 4.6 m (15 ft) wide and can lift up to 9,100 kg (20,000 lb);[47] it is based on a concept developed by the Hawaii Undersea Research Laboratory.[11]

Antipodes

Main article: Antipodes (submersible)
OceanGate submersible Antipodes

Antipodes is a steel-hulled submersible capable of reaching depths of 300 meters (1,000 ft), acquired by OceanGate in 2010.[48] OceanGate transported its first paying customers in the vessel in 2010 off the coast of Catalina Island in California. The submersible was later contracted to expeditions to explore corals, lionfish populations in Florida, and a former oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico.[6] By 2013 OceanGate had made over 130 dives with the vessel.[6][20][49]

Cyclops 1

Trent Tresch pilots the Cyclops 1 using a modified Logitech F710 Game Controller.

In March 2015, OceanGate unveiled the Cyclops 1, a 5-person steel-hulled submersible capable of diving up to 500 meters (1,640 ft) under water. It measures approximately 6.7 m (22 feet) long and 2.7 m (9 feet) wide, and weighs about 9,100 kg (20,000 pounds).[27] Its name was inspired by its strengthened acrylic window. The submersible is steered by a modified wireless game controller, and the vessel has a battery life of up to eight hours.[50][51] The vessel has been used for various commercial and academic expeditions.[27]

OceanGate created Cyclops 1 in collaboration with the University of Washington's Applied Physics Laboratory; Boeing worked with OceanGate and the University of Washington for initial design analysis.[25][24] In the initial design, the hull was to be made of carbon fiber, but this idea was scrapped in favor of a steel hull. OceanGate acquired the steel hull for Cyclops 1 in 2013, after it had been used for 12 years, and fitted it with a new interior, underwater sensors, and gamepad pilot control system.[6]

In June 2016 Cyclops 1 was used to survey the wreck of SS Andrea Doria 73 m (240 feet) below the surface. The survey data were intended to build a computer model of the wreck and its surroundings to improve navigation.[30] In 2019 the craft was used to transport researchers to the bottom of Puget Sound to conduct marine biology surveys.[27][52]

Titan

Main articles: Titan (submersible) and Titan submersible implosion

Titan (known as Cyclops 2 until 2018) was the second submersible designed and built by OceanGate, the first privately-owned submersible with an intended maximum depth of 4,000 m (13,000 ft).[53] It also was the first completed crewed submersible that used a hull constructed of titanium and carbon fiber composite materials, as most other human-carrying submersibles are designed with an all-metal pressure vessel.[31]

On June 18, 2023, OceanGate lost contact with Titan during its dive to the Titanic. Loss of contact had occurred multiple times during previous test and tour dives, so OceanGate did not alert authorities until the submersible was overdue for its return. A massive international search and rescue operation ensued and ended on June 22, 2023 when debris from Titan was discovered about 500 meters (1,600 ft) in front of the bow of Titanic, revealing that the submersible had catastrophically imploded.

Associated entities

At the time of Titan's implosion OceanGate had three associated entities: its main headquarters in Everett, Washington; a subsidiary located in the Bahamas named Argus Expeditions Ltd (which trades as OceanGate Expeditions);[54] and an independent nonprofit organization known as the OceanGate Foundation which provides financial support to scientists who participate in missions. Documents filed with the State of Washington list Stockton Rush as the treasurer of the nonprofit and his wife Wendy Rush as the director and president.[55][56]

See also

References

  1. ^ Waterman, Andrew (November 17, 2021). "'Citizen scientists' pay $250K to work Titanic expedition at depths of 12,500 feet in the North Atlantic Ocean". SaltWire. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  2. ^ Shpigel, Ben; Victor, Daniel (June 22, 2023). "Missing Titanic Submersible: All Five on Board Believed Dead After 'Catastrophic Implosion'". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  3. ^ "What to know about the 5 passengers on the missing Titanic sub". CBS News. June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  4. ^ "OceanGate: Firm that owned the submersible Titan suspends commercial operations". Sky News. July 6, 2023. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  5. ^ Graziosi, Graig (July 6, 2023). "OceanGate Expeditions ceases operations after Titanic sub implosion killed five". Independent.co.uk. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Perrottet, Tony (June 2019). "A Deep Dive Into the Plans to Take Tourists to the 'Titanic'". Smithsonian. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  7. ^ Latona, David (June 23, 2023). "Titanic sub firm's late CEO was committed to safety, says co-founder". Reuters. Retrieved June 25, 2023.
  8. ^ "Manned Submersibles". OceanGate. Archived from the original on August 30, 2011.
  9. ^ "Meet the Pilots Series: Stockton Rush". June 18, 2020. Archived from the original on June 19, 2023.
  10. ^ "Submarine Safety". OceanGate. Archived from the original on October 8, 2011.
  11. ^ a b c Fecht, Sarah (April 17, 2017). "Deep sea tourism could become a thing soon". Popular Science. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  12. ^ a b Lisagor, Kimberly (April 6, 2004). "Do-it-yourself ahoogah". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  13. ^ Latona, David (June 23, 2023). "Titanic sub firm's late CEO was committed to safety, says co-founder". Reuters. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  14. ^ "Cyclops Submersible Brings Deep-Water Exploration to the 21st Century". NBC News. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  15. ^ Ghosh, Shona. "OceanGate cofounder: Titanic sub passengers can survive past the time their oxygen is meant to run out". Insider. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  16. ^ Latona, David (June 23, 2023). "Titanic sub firm's late CEO was committed to safety, says co-founder". Reuters.
  17. ^ "OceanGate co-founder: 'There's a lack of regulation on Titanic trips'". Youtube. Times Radio. June 23, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  18. ^ "Submersible Deaths: OceanGate directors 'will be considering company's survival'- Co-founder". Youtube. Sky News. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  19. ^ a b Lackner, Catherine (July 5, 2012). "Sub caters to adventurers with zest to learn". Miami Today.
  20. ^ a b c Reznick, Alisa (October 31, 2013). "Company plans carbon-fiber sub to dive deeply, cheaply". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  21. ^ "Puget Sound shipwreck could help prevent oil spill | KING5.com Seattle". King5.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved August 19, 2012.
  22. ^ Fins, Antonio (June 21, 2023). "Missing submarine: Company behind Titanic tour spent a year in South Florida". The St. Augustine Record.
  23. ^ Hubler, Shawn (June 23, 2023). "OceanGate Founder Pushed to Expand Deep Sea Travel Despite Chorus of Concerns". New York Times. Archived from the original on June 24, 2023.
  24. ^ a b "Joint Venture to Produce Manned Submersible". apl.uw.edu. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  25. ^ a b Hickey, Hannah (October 8, 2013). "UW, local company building innovative deep-sea manned submarine". UW News. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  26. ^ "OceanGate Inc. Transforms Lula 500-meter Submersible to Cyclops 500 Prototype". OceanGate. February 13, 2014.
  27. ^ a b c d Boyle, Alan (June 20, 2023). "Here's what it's like to steer an OceanGate submersible ... no, not the missing sub". GeekWire.
  28. ^ Catchpole, Dan (February 18, 2015). "Submarine firm will move to Everett waterfront". The Everett Herald.
  29. ^ Brown, Andrea; Podsada, Janice (June 22, 2023). "OceanGate's neighbors, used to privacy, thrust into the spotlight". The Everett Herald. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  30. ^ a b Boyle, Alan (December 9, 2016). "OceanGate starts building submersible craft that can take crews 13,000 feet deep". GeekWire. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  31. ^ a b Sloan, Jeff (May 10, 2017). "Composite submersibles: Under pressure in deep, deep waters". Composites World. Archived from the original on August 4, 2021.
  32. ^ Neely, Samantha (June 21, 2023). "Florida couple filed lawsuit against OceanGate CEO for canceled Titanic trip. What we know". The News-Press. Archived from the original on June 21, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  33. ^ Titanic sub: What could have caused the implosion of the vessel? on YouTube, reported by Eric Sorensen for Global News on June 23, 2023
  34. ^ "OceanGate to Build Two New Submersibles for Deep Ocean Exploration, Research and Commercial Operations to Titanic Depths and Beyond" (Press release). OceanGate. October 29, 2019. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  35. ^ "NASA and OceanGate Enter into an Agreement to Collaborate in the Development, Manufacturing and Testing of New Carbon Fiber Pressure Vessels" (Press release). OceanGate. February 26, 2020. Archived from the original on June 20, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  36. ^ Boyle, Alan (January 9, 2020). "OceanGate raises $18M to build a bigger submersible fleet and set up Titanic trips". GeekWire. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  37. ^ Boyle, Alan (February 26, 2020). "OceanGate and NASA are teaming up to build better carbon-fiber pressure vessels". GeekWire. Retrieved June 22, 2023.
  38. ^ Willis, Moiz Syed,Derek (July 7, 2020). "OCEANGATE, INC. - Tracking PPP". ProPublica. Retrieved July 1, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ^ "Unified Command established for missing submersible from Polar Prince". United States Coast Guard. June 20, 2023. Archived from the original on June 21, 2023. Retrieved June 21, 2023.
  40. ^ Liebermann, Oren; Britzky, Haley (June 20, 2023). "US military moving military and commercial assets to help submersible search efforts". CNN. Archived from the original on June 21, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  41. ^ Rosenblatt, Lauren (June 22, 2023). "OceanGate office in Everett closed indefinitely following CEO death". The Seattle Times. Retrieved June 23, 2023.
  42. ^ Ansari, Talal (July 6, 2023). "OceanGate Suspends Operations After Titan Submersible Implosion That Killed 5". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved July 6, 2023.
  43. ^ Tan, Kwan Wei Kevin. "OceanGate tried to scrub the internet clean of traces that it ever existed, taking down its Facebook, Instagram, Twitter, and LinkedIn pages". Insider. Archived from the original on July 14, 2023. Retrieved July 16, 2023.
  44. ^ US Patent 9381980B1, Richard Stockton Rush, III, "Systems and methods for launching and retrieving objects in aquatic environments; platforms for aquatic launch and retrieval", published July 5, 2016, assigned to OceanGate Inc. 
  45. ^ "Titan 5-Person Submersible | 4,000 meters" (PDF). OceanGate. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 26, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  46. ^ "Cyclops 1 5-Person Submersible | 500 meters" (PDF). OceanGate. Archived from the original (PDF) on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  47. ^ "Launch and Recovery Platform". OceanGate. Archived from the original on June 22, 2023. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  48. ^ Boyle, Alan (September 23, 2017). "Inside the submarine factory: OceanGate builds a craft to visit the Titanic shipwreck, again and again". GeekWire.
  49. ^ Betts, Anna (June 19, 2023). "OceanGate Expeditions Was Created to Explore Deep Waters". The New York Times. Retrieved June 20, 2023.
  50. ^ "An ambassador to Neptune's kingdom". The Economist. March 19, 2015. Archived from the original on March 20, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.
  51. ^ "Xconomy: OceanGate Unveils Cyclops Sub to Help Businesses, Researchers Go Deep". Xconomy. March 9, 2015. Archived from the original on August 16, 2022. Retrieved April 13, 2022.
  52. ^ "Stockton Rush inside Cyclops I, on July 19, 2017".
  53. ^ Dean, Josh (September 7, 2017). "It's Brutal to Get to the Ocean's Depths. This Minisub Will Take You There". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved June 26, 2023.
  54. ^ "Our Story". OceanGate Expeditions. Archived from the original on July 2, 2023. Retrieved July 3, 2023.
  55. ^ Geiger, Abigail (June 26, 2023). "Inside OceanGate's Doomed Titanic Dive: Flouted Regulations and Murky Finances". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 26, 2023.
  56. ^ Cox, Joseph; Marchman, Tim; Gault, Matthew; Pearson, Jordan (June 22, 2023). "'It Is A Huge, Vast, Opportunity': How OceanGate Went from Disruptive Startup to Catastrophic Deep Sea Failure". Vice Media.

Further reading

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