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Summit of the Americas

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Cristina Fernández de Kirchner at the 5th Summit of the Americas (Port-of-Spain)

The Summit of the Americas (SOA) is an international summit meeting that brings together the leaders of countries in the Organization of American States (OAS). Cuba was expelled from the OAS under pressure from the United States after the Cuban Revolution of 1959. Cuba participated in the 2015 summit in Panama, and sent its foreign minister to the subsequent 2018 summit in Peru.[1][2] In the early 1990s, the formerly ad hoc summits were institutionalized into a regular "Summit of the Americas" based on the principles of democracy and free trade.[3] The meetings, organized by a number of multilateral bodies led by the OAS, provide an opportunity for discussions about a variety of issues and topics.

The last summit to take place was the 9th Summit of the Americas in Los Angeles, United States of America from June 8–10, 2022.

List of summits

Summit Dates Host Country Host City Host leader Joint Statement
1st December 9–11, 1994  United States[4] Miami Bill Clinton
2nd April 18–19, 1998  Chile[5] Santiago Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle
3rd April 20–22, 2001  Canada[6] Quebec City Jean Chrétien
Special January 12–13, 2004  Mexico[7] Monterrey Vicente Fox
4th November 4–5, 2005  Argentina[8] Mar del Plata Néstor Kirchner
5th April 17–19, 2009  Trinidad and Tobago[9][10] Port-of-Spain Patrick Manning
6th April 14–15, 2012  Colombia[11] Cartagena Juan Manuel Santos Calderón
7th April 10–11, 2015  Panama[12] Panama City Juan Carlos Varela
8th April 13–14, 2018  Peru[13] Lima Martín Vizcarra
9th June 6–10, 2022  United States[14] Los Angeles Joe Biden Los Angeles Declaration on Migration and Protection

The events that garnered the most general public and media attention were the Quebec City and Mar del Plata summits (3rd and 4th respectively), both of which provoked very large anti-globalization and anti-Free Trade Area of the Americas protests and attendant police response.

OAS member states

Main article: Member states of the Organization of American States

All 35 independent nations of the Americas are members of the OAS.

Nation Capital city HDI
(2019 estimate
for 2018)[15]		 Official or National
language(s) 		Heads of government
 Antigua and Barbuda St. John's 0.776 English Gaston Browne
 Argentina Buenos Aires 0.830 Spanish Javier Milei
 The Bahamas Nassau 0.805 English Philip Davis
 Barbados Bridgetown 0.813 English Mia Mottley
 Belize Belmopan 0.720 English Johnny Briceño
 Bolivia Sucre 0.703 Spanish Luis Arce
 Brazil Brasília 0.761 Portuguese Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva
 Canada Ottawa 0.922 English, French Justin Trudeau
 Chile Santiago 0.847 Spanish Gabriel Boric
 Colombia Bogota 0.761 Spanish Gustavo Petro
 Costa Rica San José 0.794 Spanish Rodrigo Chaves Robles
 Cuba Havana 0.778 Spanish Miguel Díaz-Canel
 Dominica Roseau 0.724 English Roosevelt Skerrit
 Dominican Republic Santo Domingo 0.745 Spanish Luis Abinader
 Ecuador Quito 0.758 Spanish Guillermo Lasso
 El Salvador San Salvador 0.667 Spanish Nayib Bukele
 Grenada St. George's 0.763 English Dickon Mitchell
 Guatemala Guatemala City 0.651 Spanish Alejandro Giammattei
 Guyana Georgetown 0.670 English Irfaan Ali
 Haiti Port-au-Prince 0.503 French, Haitian Creole Ariel Henry
 Honduras Tegucigalpa 0.623 Spanish Xiomara Castro
 Jamaica Kingston 0.726 English Andrew Holness
 Mexico Mexico City 0.767 Spanish Andrés Manuel López Obrador
 Nicaragua Managua 0.651 Spanish Daniel Ortega
 Panama Panama City 0.795 Spanish Laurentino Cortizo
 Paraguay Asuncion 0.724 Spanish, Guarani Mario Abdo Benítez
 Peru Lima 0.759 Spanish Dina Boluarte
 Saint Kitts and Nevis Basseterre 0.777 English Terrance Drew
 Saint Lucia Castries 0.745 English Philip J. Pierre
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Kingstown 0.728 English Ralph Gonsalves
 Suriname Paramaribo 0.724 Dutch Chan Santokhi
 Trinidad and Tobago Port of Spain 0.799 English Keith Rowley
 United States Washington D.C. 0.920 English Joe Biden
 Uruguay Montevideo 0.808 Spanish Luis Lacalle Pou
 Venezuela Caracas 0.726 Spanish Nicolás Maduro

Non-members

The following jurisdictions are not members of the OAS as they are dependencies of other nations. They are grouped under the nation that has sovereignty over them.

Sovereign state Jurisdiction Dependency type
 Denmark  Greenland Autonomous country
 France  French Guiana Overseas region
 Guadeloupe Overseas region
 Martinique Overseas region
 Saint Barthélemy Overseas collectivity
 Saint Martin Overseas collectivity
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon Overseas collectivity
 Netherlands  Aruba Constituent country
 Bonaire Public body
 Curaçao Constituent country
 Saba Public body
 Sint Eustatius Public body
 Sint Maarten Constituent country
 United Kingdom  Anguilla Overseas territory
 Bermuda Overseas territory
 British Virgin Islands Overseas territory
 Cayman Islands Overseas territory
 Falkland Islands Overseas territory
 Montserrat Overseas territory
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Overseas territory
 Turks and Caicos Islands Overseas territory
 United States  Puerto Rico Unincorporated organized commonwealth
 U.S. Virgin Islands Unincorporated organized territory

See also

References

  1. ^ Prieto, Alfredo (April 15, 2009). "verybody But Cuba". Havana Times.
  2. ^ "Cuba's Raul Castro skips Summit of the Americas". 13 April 2018.
  3. ^ Twaddle, Andrew C. (2002). Health Care Reform Around the World. Greenwood Publishing. p. 382. ISBN 9780865692886.
  4. ^ I summit (1st)
  5. ^ II summit (2nd)
  6. ^ III summit (3rd)
  7. ^ Special summit
  8. ^ IV summit (4th)
  9. ^ V summit (5th)
  10. ^ http://www.fifthsummitoftheamericas.org/ [bare URL]
  11. ^ VI summit (6th)
  12. ^ VII summit (7th)
  13. ^ PERÚ, Empresa Peruana de Servicios Editoriales S. A. EDITORA. "Peru President attends Summit of the Americas opening ceremony". andina.pe. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  14. ^ House, The White (January 19, 2022). "President Biden Announces Host City for Ninth Summit of the Americas". The White House. Retrieved June 7, 2023.
  15. ^ Human Development Report 2019 (PDF). New York: United Nations Development Programme. 2019. pp. 300–303. ISBN 978-92-1-126439-5. Retrieved 23 February 2020.

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