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Tasman Bridge

Coordinates: 42°51′54″S 147°20′33″E / 42.86500°S 147.34250°E / -42.86500; 147.34250
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Tasman Bridge
Tasman Bridge, Tasmania.jpg
Coordinates42°51′54″S 147°20′33″E / 42.86500°S 147.34250°E / -42.86500; 147.34250
Carries Tasman Highway
CrossesRiver Derwent
LocaleHobart, Tasmania, Australia
Maintained byDepartment of State Growth
Characteristics
DesignPrestressed concrete girder bridge
Total length1,395 metres (4,577 ft)
Width17.5 metres (57 ft)
Height60.5 metres (198 ft)
Longest span95 metres (312 ft)
Clearance below46 metres (151 ft)
No. of lanes5
History
Constructed byReed & Mallik
Fabrication byBraithwaite & Co.
Construction startMay 1960; 64 years ago (1960-05)
Construction end23 December 1964; 60 years ago (1964-12-23)
Opened18 August 1964; 60 years ago (1964-08-18) (2 lanes)
23 December 1964; 60 years ago (1964-12-23) (4 lanes)
18 March 1965; 59 years ago (1965-03-18) (official)
8 October 1977; 47 years ago (1977-10-08) (reopened)
Statistics
Daily traffic73,029 (May 2019)[1]
Location
Map

The Tasman Bridge is a prestressed concrete girder bridge connecting the Tasman Highway over the River Derwent in Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. When it opened on 29 March 1965, the Tasman was the longest prestressed concrete bridge in Australia,[2] with a total length measuring 1,396 metres (4,580 ft), including approaches.[3] The bridge provides a vital link between Hobart's city centre on the western shore and the City of Clarence on the eastern shore. Averaging 73,029 vehicle crossings per day, the bridge is the highest volume road section in Tasmania.[1] It features five lanes of traffic including a central lane equipped for tidal flow operations and separated shared-use walkways on both sides, with ramp upgrades for improved access and cyclists completed in 2010.[4]

The Tasman Bridge gained national attention following the Tasman Bridge disaster. On 5 January 1975, the SS Lake Illawarra, a 140-metre (460 ft) bulk ore carrier, collided with the pile capping of pier 18 and then pier 19. This led to the collapse of three unsupported sections of the bridge deck, sinking the vessel and resulting in the loss of twelve lives. The disaster split the city in half, forcing commuters living on the eastern shore to make a 50-kilometre (31 mi) round trip to the CBD via the next bridge to the north. During repairs, passenger ferries became a popular mode of public transit and a temporary bailey bridge was constructed 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) to the north of the Hobart CBD, bridging Dowsings Point and Cleburne Point on the eastern shore.[5] After two years, the Tasman Bridge reopened on October 8, 1977.[6][7] The Bowen Bridge was subsequently constructed to mitigate any future failure of the Tasman Bridge.

In June 2022, the Tasmanian transport ministry revealed a $130 million investment in the Tasman Bridge, the largest since its 1977 reconstruction. Designed by GHD Group with a target completion date set for 2025, the upgrades encompass wider dedicated paths for cyclists and pedestrians, increased barriers between vehicles and pedestrians, improved lighting and digital signage.[8][9]

History

During the 1950s, Hobart's eastern shore underwent substantial expansion due to the opening of the Hobart International Airport at Cambridge in 1956.[2] By 1957, the airport was the country's fifth busiest,[10][11] and the surge in air travel, automobile usage and surrounding developments led to a notable rise in traffic, overwhelming the capacity of the existing Hobart Bridge. With its single carriageway struggling to manage escalating traffic volumes and frequent disruptions due to the lifting of the bridge's lift span for passing ships, a necessity emerged for a novel bridge solution. These challenges highlighted the pressing need for a new, more accommodating bridge designed specifically for the increased traffic flow without constant interruptions for maritime navigation.

Design

In 1956, Tasmania's Department of Public Works commissioned Maunsell & Partners Pty Ltd to design the new River Derwent crossing. The engineers recommended a bridge supported by multiple piers due to the width of the water expanse, similar to that of the Sydney Harbour Bridge but requiring a comparable height to accommodate medium-sized cargo vessels. Consequently, a decision was made to construct a girder bridge featuring nineteen spans, including a navigation span at its apex, with thirteen spans to the west and six spans to the east, each measuring 42.7 meters (140 ft) wide. To achieve the height of the 60.5-metre (198 ft) apex, a large sequence of interval spans was critical in the design to accommodate the weight of concrete required for each heightened pier, with its deepest pile measuring 81 metres (265 ft) below mean sea level.[12]

Criticism of then-Premier Eric Reece arose in 1958 when concerns were raised by engineers about the susceptibility of the concrete design to potential ship collisions. Investigative reports revealed Reece's dismissal of objections during parliamentary proceedings in favor of the $14 million project over a slightly more expensive suspension bridge option.[13][14]

Tasman Bridge from Mount Nelson

Construction

Tenders were issued in April 1959, and contracts were subsequently awarded to Reed, Braithwaite, Stuart, and Lipscombe in November of the same year.[15] Construction on the easter shore viaduct commenced in May 1960. A labour force of over 400 workers were employed during peak construction.[16]

Tasman Bridge under construction with Hobart Bridge still in place (1964)

Several prerequisites were crucial during construction. The old Hobart Bridge had to remain operational until the Tasman Bridge's completion, and shipping lanes along the River Derwent needed to stay open. The favorable conditions of the riverbed, consisting of bedrock, dolerite, and basalt beneath the silt, provided stability for the bridge's foundations.

The construction posed significant challenges for Hobart as it marked the city's largest and most expensive undertaking to date. Procuring construction equipment, such as jacks and wires, required sourcing from the UK, while reinforced steel had to be imported from the Australian mainland, contributing to the bridge's elevated cost, totaling £7 million, equivalent to $14 million in 2015.

The first two lanes bridge opened on 18 August 1964.[17][18] The other two lanes opened on 23 December 1964. It was officially opened on 18 March 1965 by Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester. Upon completion, the Tasman Bridge was the longest prestressed concrete bridge in Australia, utilising 46,000 tonnes (45,000 LT) of concrete and 5,300 tonnes (5,200 LT) of reinforcement steel.[3]

Disaster

Main article: Tasman Bridge disaster

On 5 January 1975, the Tasman Bridge was struck by the bulk ore carrier Lake Illawarra, bound for EZ Industries' Risdon Zinc Works with a cargo of 9,072 tonnes (10,000 short tons) of zinc concentrate.[19] It caused two pylons and three sections of concrete decking, totalling 127 metres (417 ft), to fall from the bridge and sink the ship. Seven of the ship's crew were killed, and five motorists died when four cars drove over the collapsed sections before the traffic was stopped. A major press shot showed a Holden Monaro HQ and Holden EK perched balancing on the ledge.[20]

The depth of the river at this point is 35 metres (115 ft). The wreck of Lake Illawarra still lies on the bottom, with concrete slab on top of it, without presenting a navigation hazard to smaller vessels.

The breakage of an important arterial link isolated the residents in Hobart's eastern suburbs – the relatively short drive across the Tasman Bridge to the city suddenly became a 50-kilometre (31 mi) journey via the estuary's next bridge at Bridgewater. The only other vehicular crossing within Hobart after the bridge collapsed was the Risdon Punt, a cable ferry which crossed the river from East Risdon and Risdon, some five kilometres (3.1 mi) upstream from the bridge. It was totally inadequate, carrying only eight cars on each crossing, and although ferries provided a service across the river; it was not until December 1975 that a two lane, 788-metre-long (2,585 ft) bailey bridge was opened to traffic, two kilometres (1.2 mi) to the north from Dowsing Point to Cleburne Point thereby restoring some connectivity.[21] The bailey bridge remained in use until replaced by the Bowen Bridge in 1984.[22]

The separation of Hobart saw an immediate surge in the small and limited ferry service then operating across the river.[19] In a primary position to provide a service were the two ferries of Bob Clifford.[citation needed] He had introduced the locally-built ferries Matthew Brady and James McCabe to the river crossing, from the Hobart city centre to the eastern shore, shortly before the collision. These were soon joined by the MV Cartela, a wooden vessel of 1912 vintage, and Kosciusko, Lady Ferguson and Lady Wakehurst that were loaned by the New South Wales Public Transport Commission.[23][24]

Following the Tasman Bridge Disaster, former-Premier Eric Reece maintained his defence of the chosen bridge design. Reece argued that the selected design was the sole financially viable option for the state at that time, despite the construction costs doubling throughout the project's execution.[13]

Reconstruction

The repaired bridge span, 2011

Reconstruction of the Tasman Bridge by John Holland commenced in October 1975. An important factor of the reconstruction is the improved safety measures. Some examples:

  • Large vessels passing beneath the bridge must now do so slightly to the west of the original main navigation span.
  • Personnel controlling ships (or harbor pilots) must be trained and then cleared for using the special laser lighthouse that indicates by colours whether the ship must be steered left or right to regain the centre line.
  • All road traffic is now halted whilst large vessels transit beneath the bridge.

On top of the new safety measures implemented, the bridge was further upgraded to hold a fifth traffic lane.[19][25][26] Engineers adopted a Japanese method to incorporate the fifth lane, earning the endearing nickname "Nippon clip-on."[27] This upgrade included the construction of a lane management system which would enable the new middle lane to function as a reversible lane. The system consists of a traffic light system and a sign above each lane, pictured right. The signs, in conjunction with the traffic light system, employ a pulley system to periodically pull the signs over their appropriate lanes.

The middle lane points towards the city side (or western shore) during a.m. peak hours and points back towards the eastern shore during p.m. peak hours. The lane generally points towards the eastern shore during non-peak hours.

The Tasman Bridge repair took two years and cost approximately $44 million.[25] The bridge reopened on 8 October 1977.[19][25][28]

On 20 June 2007, a crane toppled whilst carrying out works on the bridge, and precariously hung for a number of hours off the side of the barriers.[29]

LED upgrade

Tasman Bridge lit up in solidarity for Ukraine on the anniversary of the Russian invasion of Ukraine

In 2019 the Hobart City Council commissioned Decrolux to convert the Tasman bridge's fluorescent lighting with modern LED lighting. Spanning almost 3 kilometres (1.9 mi) and utilising 1,930 LEDs, the project was completed in 2021. The lights are remotely programmable and have been used to celebrate Dark Mofo and the Hobart Hurricanes, as well as to show support for causes including Women's Health Week and Men's Health Week.[30]

Panorama of the Tasman Bridge at night.
  • View of the bridge from the eastern shore
    View of the bridge from the eastern shore
  • Looking towards the Tasman Bridge from Montagu Bay
    Looking towards the Tasman Bridge from Montagu Bay
  • Dinghy and the bridge.
    Dinghy and the bridge.
  • The view of the Bridge from Mount Wellington
    The view of the Bridge from Mount Wellington
  • A view of the bridge from the river
    A view of the bridge from the river
  • Tasman Bridge from the Western shore
    Tasman Bridge from the Western shore
  • Entering the bridge from the eastern shore
    Entering the bridge from the eastern shore
  • Entering the bridge from the west side
    Entering the bridge from the west side

See also

Sources

  • Christensen, E.M.; Jones, M.C. (1997). Before They Built The Bridge: An Anecdotal History (National Library of Australia). Hobart, Tasmania, Australia. ISBN 0646319450.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  • Official Opening - The Tasman Bridge, Hobart (opening ceremony pamphlet) (Libraries Australia). Tasmania, Australia: Department of Public Works. 29 March 1965. 65392892.
  • Cashion, Douglas (authorised by) (1965). Tasman Bridge Construction (16mm Eastmancolor Composite Release Print (colour, sound)) (documentary film). Hobart, Tasmania: Department of Public Works Tasmania. Reference: AB869/1/2610 – via Libraries Tasmania.
  • Lewis, Tom (1999), By Derwent divided : the story of Lake Illawarra, the Tasman Bridge and the 1975 disaster, Tall Stories, ISBN 0957735111
  • Hensher, David A. (David Alan) (1977), Re-opening of the Tasman bridge: the effect on mode and route of travel for east-west travel, School of Economic and Financial Studies, Macquarie University, ISBN 978-0-85837-257-3
  • Ludeke, Michael (2006), Ten events shaping Tasmania's history, Ludeke Publishing, ISBN 9780957928428
  • Aplin, Neil; Transport Tasmania. Economic Planning and Research Division (1983), Feasibility of discharging bulk fuel tankers south of the Tasman Bridge, Economic Planning and Research Division, Transport Tasmania
  • The Story of Two Bridges, Platypus Publications, 1965

References

  1. ^ a b Department of State Growth (2019). Department of State Growth Key Arterials Traffic Data Catalogue (PDF). Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  2. ^ a b Cashion 1965.
  3. ^ a b Department of Public Works 1965, p. 4.
  4. ^ "Cycling South Tasmania – Tasman Hwy and Bridge". 2010. Archived from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
  5. ^ Mitchell, D.S.; Hurd, R.A.; Block, J.B. (1978). "The temporary bailey bridge over the Derwent river at Hobart, Tasmania". Australian Road Research Board. Australian Road Research. 8 (3): 3–14. ISSN 0005-0164.
  6. ^ "Tasman Bridge Disaster". Clarence City Council. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  7. ^ Gwynn, Liz (19 May 2022). "SS Lake Illawarra mapped in 3D as government prepares to upgrade Tasman Bridge". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  8. ^ "Designs released for $130m upgrade of Hobart's Tasman Bridge". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 27 June 2022. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  9. ^ Sutherland, Isla (30 June 2022). "Plans released for Hobart bridge refurbishment". Architecture Australia. Retrieved 19 December 2023.
  10. ^ Dearing, W. (1 September 2020). "Hobart International Airport – A Brief History" (PDF). Tasmanian Aviation Historical Society. p. 1. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  11. ^ "Our history". Hobart Airport. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  12. ^ "Opening of the Tasman Bridge". Monument Australia. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  13. ^ a b Stephens, Tom (1880), "Labor's Bridge of Sighs", The Bulletin, John Ryan Comic Collection (Specific issues)., Sydney, N.S.W: John Haynes and J.F. Archibald, p. 12, ISSN 0007-4039, nla.obj-1440175956, retrieved 21 November 2023 – via Trove
  14. ^ Maunsell & Partners; Brady, P. J. E; Joint Committee on Second Hobart Bridge; Tasmania. Department of Main Roads (1978), Second Hobart Bridge : report on Tasman bridge, risk of ship collision and methods of protection, September 1978, Dept. of Main Roads, Tasmania, ISBN 0724609164, retrieved 21 November 2023
  15. ^ "New £4m. Bridge For Derwent". The Canberra Times. Vol. 34, no. 9, 459. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 28 November 1959. p. 3. Retrieved 28 November 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
  16. ^ Department of Public Works 1965, p. 25.
  17. ^ Giant Bridge Opened Truck & Bus Transportation September 1964 page 109
  18. ^ Tasman Bridge Australian Transport October 1964 page 27
  19. ^ a b c d "Tasmanian Year Book, 2000". Australian Bureau of Statistics. 2002. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  20. ^ "Bridge gone". Tasmanian Government. 2000. Archived from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  21. ^ Hobart's Temporary Bridge Australian Transport April 1976 pages 34/35
  22. ^ Hobart Electric Traction May 1984 page 93
  23. ^ New terminals for ferries on three weeks Canberra Times 11 January 1975 page 1
  24. ^ A Friend in Need Transport News March 1975 page 3
  25. ^ a b c "Tasman Bridge disaster". Clarence City Council. 2004. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  26. ^ "Tasman Bridge Disaster - City of Clarence : City of Clarence". Clarence City Council. Archived from the original on 16 August 2022. Retrieved 16 August 2022.
  27. ^ Sargent, John R (2014). Visions of the Derwent's Eastern Shore : a pictorial compilation. John Sargent. Retrieved 3 January 2024.
  28. ^ The Roads Australian Transport October 1978 page 6
  29. ^ "Crane drama on Tasman Bridge". The Mercury. 21 June 2007. Archived from the original on 26 June 2007. Retrieved 22 February 2008.
  30. ^ "Tasman Bridge Lighting Upgrade". decrolux.com.au. Retrieved 8 March 2023.

Media related to Tasman Bridge at Wikimedia Commons

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