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U of Goryeo

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Not to be confused with Prince Jeongyang.
U of Goryeo
고려 우
高麗 禑
Grand Prince of the Gangnyeong Mansion
(강녕부원대군, 江寧府院大君)
King of Goryeo
Reign1374–1388
Coronation1374
PredecessorGongmin of Goryeo
SuccessorChang of Goryeo
BornWang U (Monino)
(1365-07-25)25 July 1365
Gaegyeong-bu, Kingdom of Goryeo
Died31 December 1389(1389-12-31) (aged 24)
Gangneung-bu, Gyojugangneung-do, Kingdom of Goryeo
Consort
​
(m. 1379)​
IssueChang of Goryeo
Names
Sin U / Shin Woo (신우, 辛禑)[citation needed]
Regnal name
King Yeo of Heung (여흥왕, 驪興王)
King of Before Deposed (전폐왕, 前廢王)
HouseWang
FatherGongmin of Goryeo
MotherBanya (birth mother)[1]
Queen Sunjeong (legal)
ReligionBuddhism
U of Goryeo
Hangul
우왕
Hanja
Revised RomanizationU-wang
McCune–ReischauerU-wang
Childhood name
Hangul
모니노
Hanja
Revised RomanizationMonino
McCune–ReischauerMonino
Monarchs of Korea
Goryeo
  1. Taejo 918–943
  2. Hyejong 943–945
  3. Jeongjong (定宗) 945–949
  4. Gwangjong 949–975
  5. Gyeongjong 975–981
  6. Seongjong 981–997
  7. Mokjong 997–1009
  8. Hyeonjong 1009–1031
  9. Deokjong 1031–1034
  10. Jeongjong (靖宗) 1034–1046
  11. Munjong 1046–1083
  12. Sunjong 1083
  13. Seonjong 1083–1094
  14. Heonjong 1094–1095
  15. Sukjong 1095–1105
  16. Yejong 1105–1122
  17. Injong 1122–1146
  18. Uijong 1146–1170
  19. Myeongjong 1170–1197
  20. Sinjong 1197–1204
  21. Huijong 1204–1211
  22. Gangjong 1211–1213
  23. Gojong 1213–1259
  24. Wonjong 1259–1274
  25. Chungnyeol 1274–1308
  26. Chungseon 1308–1313
  27. Chungsuk 1313–1330; 1332–1339
  28. Chunghye 1330–1332; 1339–1344
  29. Chungmok 1344–1348
  30. Chungjeong 1348–1351
  31. Gongmin 1351–1374
  32. U 1374–1388
  33. Chang 1388–1389
  34. Gongyang 1389–1392

U of Goryeo (25 July 1365 – 31 December 1389) ruled Goryeo (Korea) as the 32nd king from 1374 until 1388. He was the only son of King Gongmin.

Cultural background

In the thirteenth century, Mongol forces had invaded China and established the Yuan dynasty in 1271. After a series of Mongol invasions, Goryeo eventually capitulated and entered into a peace treaty with the Yuan dynasty, in which Goryeo was subordinate tributary state to Mongol Empire. The Ming dynasty in China had grown extremely powerful during the 14th century, however, and it began to beat back the Yuan forces, so that by the 1350s Goryeo had managed to regain its northern territories and took back the Liaodong region.

Birth

According to the records, U was reportedly born to slave girl Banya, a maid of the monk Shin Don, and King Gongmin. Because Gongmin initially denied the child as his son and refused to name him, Shin Don took it upon himself and named the boy Monino (meaning "servant of Buddha"). As a result of the King's refusal to recognize the child, intense debate and speculation surrounding the lineage of the boy ensued and Monino was not permitted to enter or live inside the palace.

Soon after the death of Shin Don in 1371, King Gongmin summoned Monino to the palace to formally recognize and proclaim the boy as his son and sole heir to the throne. Gongmin officially pronounced Monino to the Royal Court as Crown Prince and renamed him "U", recording his mother to be a deceased palace maid of the Han clan.[1]

Accession to the throne

In 1374, a high official named Yi In-im led a small but powerful, anti-Ming faction that assassinated King Gongmin.[2]

The anti-Ming group enthroned the eleven-year-old boy, as King Gongmin's successor.[3][4] Suspicious about Gongmin's sudden and unexplained death, the Chinese doubted the legitimacy of the adolescent King U.

A few years after his enthronement in 1376, King U's birth mother Banya snuck into the residence of Queen Mother Myeongdeok to protest the fact that she was not acknowledged as the king's mother. Banya was sentenced to imprisonment and later thrown into the Imjin River where she drowned.[1]

Diplomatic tensions with China

King U's reign was characterised by the political fallout of the demise of the Yuan dynasty and rise of the Ming, with his court divided into pro- and anti-Ming groups. King U was put on the throne by the pro-Yuan official Yi In-Im, and the influence of the latter caused substantial conflict over whether to restore relations with the Yuan or strengthen existing relations with the Ming.[3]

Tensions over this crucial foreign policy protocol had not been resolved when the Ming Dynasty proclaimed its intention to establish a command post headquartered in the Ch'ollyŏng pass at the southern end of the Hamgyŏng Plain in 1388.

Pro-Yuan officials apparently succeeding in persuading the king to take action against the Ming, as he ordered General Yi Seonggye to conquer Yodong in Ming territory.[3] Goryeo's senior military commander, General Choe Yeong, consulted with General Yi Seong-gye, and determined that removal of the anti-Ming faction from power in Kaesŏng was essential to reducing the perceived threat from Ming China. Supported by Seong-gye, Choi removed Yi In-Im and his group accordingly in a coup d'état and took personal control of the government.

Fall and death

There was a growing feeling in Kaesŏng that Goryeo needed to take some kind of preemptive action against China, and advisors to King U eventually goaded him into attacking the powerful Ming armies. Against universal opposition, and in violation of the long-standing Goryeo practice of not invading its neighbors, King U went one step further and insisted on attacking China proper.

In 1388, General Yi Seong-gye was ordered to use his armies to push the Ming armies out of the Korean peninsula.[5] Upon reaching the Amrok River and realizing that the strength of the Ming forces surmounted the forces of Goryeo, he decided to return to the capital and take control of Goryeo's government instead of destroying his army by attacking the Ming.[6]

Returning to Kaesŏng and, after overpowering the royal court's defenders and removing (then killing) General Choe Young, Yi Seong-gye usurped the throne from Goryeo's Dynasty and took control of the government.[6][7] King U was deposed and replaced with his son, King Chang; together they were assassinated with poison one year later and replaced with Prince Gongyang on the grounds that he was of true royal descent.

King U is the only king in Korea's long history to never receive a posthumous title for his reign.

Family

  1. Royal Consort Geun of the Goseong Yi clan (근비 이씨)
    1. Wang Chang, King Chang of Goryeo (왕창) (6 September 1380 - 31 December 1389)
  2. Royal Consort Yeong of the Dongju Choe clan (영비 최씨) – No issue.
  3. Royal Consort Ui of the Jangyeon No clan (의비 노씨)[8] – No issue.
  4. Royal Consort Suk of the Choe clan (숙비 최씨) – No issue.
  5. Royal Consort An of the Gang clan (안비 강씨)[9] – No issue.
  6. Royal Consort Jeong of the Pyeongsan Sin clan (정비 신씨)[10] – No issue.
  7. Royal Consort Deok of the Jo clan (덕비 조씨) – No issue.
  8. Royal Consort Seon of the Gaeseong Wang clan (선비 왕씨)[11] – No issue.
  9. Royal Consort Hyeon of the Juksan An clan (현비 안씨)[12] – No issue.
  10. Princess Hwasun (화순옹주)[13] – No issue.
  11. Princess Myeongsun (명순옹주) [14] – No issue.
  12. Princess Yeongseon (영선옹주; d. 1420)[15] – No issue.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c "Biographies, vol. 46". Goryeosa. Vol. 133. 1451. Retrieved 24 February 2021.
  2. ^ "King Gongmin, one of the most underrated kings of Goryeo". KBS World. September 1, 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  3. ^ a b c Cho Min 조민 (2007). "고려말(高麗末)-조선초(朝鮮初) 국내정치지배세력(國內政治支配勢力)의 대중인식(對中認識)" [Diplomatic Relations with China in the Period of Late Goryeo and Early Chosun Dynasty]. The Journal of Northeast Asia Research (in Korean). 22 (2): 55–76.
  4. ^ "King Gongmin, one of the most underrated kings of Goryeo". KBS World. September 1, 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  5. ^ "Choe Yeong, the Victorious General of Goryeo Dynasty". KBS World. February 4, 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  6. ^ a b Hwang, Kwang Moon (2017). A History of Korea. Palgrave Essential Histories (2 ed.). London: Palgrave. p. 52.
  7. ^ "Choe Yeong, the Victorious General of Goryeo Dynasty". KBS World. February 4, 2011. Retrieved 5 February 2024.
  8. ^ Born on the 15th day, 10th month (in lunar calendar;[1]) with the name No Seok-bi (노석비, 盧釋婢) as the oldest daughter and child of No Yeong-su (노영수) and Princess Bokan (복안택주). Seokbi was a palace maid who served Royal Consort Geun until formally became Consort Ui (의비, 毅妃) in 1382 and her parents were given a royal title.[2] Following this, a private warehouse–Uisungo (의순고, 義順庫)[3] and residence–Deokchang Mansion (덕창부, 德昌府) were specially made for her,[4] which her father changed it into Miljik Temple (밀직사) later. In 1387, her brother–No Gu-san (노구산), Ban Ik-sun (반익순), Consort Jeong's father–Sin A (신아), Consort Suk's father–Choe Cheon-geom (최천검) were given a position in the court for dedicating women for the king. Since No Gu-san was 20 years old at this time, it was believed that Seokbi was only a teenagers. She, along with the king and his other consorts, were all exiled to Saga a year later. Through her brother, she was the paternal aunt of King Taejong's Royal Noble Consort So.
  9. ^ Daughter of Gang In-yu (강인유) who was a Goryeo envoy in Ming dynasty during King Gongmin's reign. In 1385, she entered the palace and stayed in Dowager Consort An's residence after actually supposed to marry other man. Then, King U gave her father a horse and held a feast in the palace for her mother. She formally received her title Consort An (안비, 安妃) on the 12th months in the same year, alongside Lady Jo Bonggayi and Chil Jeomseon. Three years later, alongside the king and his other consorts, they were all exiled to Saga while her father had to be exiled to Pungju (nowadays is Songhwa County, South Hwanghae Province). Fortunately, he was released two months later on King Chang's birthday.
  10. ^ Daughter of Sin A (신아) who was the Sin Ik-ji (신익지)'s son and Sin Jip (신집)'s grandson, also Sin Jung-myeong (신중명)'s great-grandson. In 1385, she firstly met King U and entered the palace. Yet, her family was exiled after revealed to illegally took away others' lands two years later. She formally received her honorary title Consort Jeong (정비, 正妃) in 1388 alongside Lady Choe and Lady Wang. At the end of 1388, the king and his consorts were all exiled to Saga, but her father was released on King Chang's birthday and just expelled from Gaegyeong in 1391.
  11. ^ Daughter of Wang Heung (왕흥, 王興) who remarried with Yu Eun-ji (유은지) from the Munhwa Yu clan after the king's dethronement. After the establishment of the Joseon dynasty, in 1403, the fact that a former consort getting remarried become a problem and then, Yu and Lady Wang divorced while she was exiled to Baeju.
  12. ^ Daughter of An Suk-ro (안숙로) who was the sister of King Gongmin's consort, Lady An. Although most of the king's concubines were deposed, Consort Hyeon was not deposed with the help of her aunt and able to survive until the establishment of the new Joseon dynasty.
  13. ^ Personal name was So Mae-hyang (소매향, 小梅香) and initially a Gisaeng from the same place with Princess Myeongsun (Yeon Ssang-bi). In 1388, she formally became the king's consort along with Lady An and Lady Yeon. Then, the king confiscated the property of a secret worker named Gim Yeong-jin (김영진) and made it belonged to her. Unfortunately, her palace life must ended in the same year after the king dethroned and she got exiled alongside other consorts while supplies from the main palace were stopped.
  14. ^ Personal name was Yeon Ssang-bi (연쌍비, 燕雙飛) and initially a Gisaeng from the same place with Princess Hwasun (So Mae-hyang). After Queen Mother Myeongdeok's death, the king fell into a dissolute life and led several gisaengs, then back to the palace with Yeon and he gave her two horses as a reward. In 1388, she formally became the king's consort along with Lady An and Lady So. Unfortunately, her palace life must ended in the same year after the king dethroned and she got exiled to Ganghwa-do with Lady Choe as the king's attendant.
  15. ^ Personal name Chil Jeom-seon (칠점선, 七點仙) from Nampyeong area and initially a Gisaeng before married Nam Jil (남질), her 1st husband. However, since the king wanted her, Nam Jil couldn't do anything and just gave her. In 1385, she formally became the king's consort along with Lady Gang. Unfortunately, her palace life must ended in the same year after the king dethroned and other consorts while supplies from the main palace were stopped. According to the records left, Chil died in 1420 (2nd years reign of King Sejong).
  16. ^ '대풍수' 우왕 이민호, 첫등장부터 조민기와 대립 '긴장감 조성' (in Korean). Xportsnews. Archived from the original on 15 October 2013. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
U of Goryeo
Born: 25 July 1365 Died: 31 December 1389
Regnal titles
Preceded by King of Goryeo
1374–1388 		Succeeded by
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