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Energy in Poland

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The Polish energy sector is the fifth largest in Europe.[1] In 2023, the country consumed 167.52 TWh of electricity, a 3.44% year–on–year decrease from 2022. Out of this, 76.61 TWh came from hard coal, 34.57 TWh from lignite, 22 TWh from wind energy, and 13.65 TWh from gas, with the remainder coming from other sources, such as solar, biomass, and hydropower.[2]

Poland's 2040 energy plan

PEP2040 is a government plan for the Polish fuel and energy sector, which envisions expanding renewables capacity, building offshore wind farms, and commissioning a nuclear power plant.[3] The draft was presented in September 2020, aiming to tackle climate change, energy security, and a just transition.[4] Poland aims to build 6–9 GW of nuclear power by 2040,[5] with the first reactor operational by 2032 or 2033.[6]

Energy statistics

2020 energy statistics[7]
Production capacities for electricity
(billion kWh)
Type Amount
Fossil fuel 330.43
Wind power 44.72
Biomass 24.84
Hydro 8.28
Solar 5.80
Total 414.07
     
Electricity
(billion kWh)
Category Amount
Consumption 149.20
Production 145.93
Import 20.62
Export 7.36
     
Natural Gas
(billion m3)
Consumption 21.46
Produce 5.67
Import 16.63
Export 0.70
     
Crude Oil
(barrels per day)
Consumption 254,660,000
Production 10,370,000
Import 197,870,000
Export 2,190,000

CO2 emissions:
279.22 million tons

Poland electricity generation by source

Fossil fuels

Coal

Main article: Coal mining in Poland

In 2009 Poland produced 78 megatonnes (Mt) of hard coal and 57 Mt of brown coal. As of 2020, extraction is becoming increasingly difficult and expensive, and has become uncompetitive so reliant on government subsidies.[8][9] In September 2020, the government and mining unions agreed a plan to phase out coal by 2049,[10] with coal used in power generation falling to negligible levels in 2032.[11]

The Bełchatów Power Station in the Łódź region supplies almost 20% of Poland's energy. It is the largest brown coal power plant in the EU, and also the single biggest source of CO2 emissions in the region.[12]

Gas

During the April 2022 Russia–European Union gas dispute, Russia cut off natural gas deliveries to Poland after demanding to be paid in Russian rubles during currency disruptions caused by the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[13]

In September 2022 a gas pipeline connecting Poland with Denmark, allowing gas from Norway to pass through to Poland was commissioned.[14]

In 2020, natural gas constituted a notable component of Poland's energy mix, representing 6% of energy production and 17% of the total energy supply. Its contribution was marked by 11% in electricity generation and 10% in district heating, accounting for 15% of the Total Final Consumption (TFC). The industrial sector emerged as the primary consumer, absorbing 49% of the total natural gas consumption. Residential buildings followed with a 23% share, co-generation processes accounted for 19%, service sector buildings utilized 7%, and the transport sector comprised the smallest share at 2%.[15][16]

Renewable energy

Renewable energy as part of the energy mix
2013[17] 2014[17] 2015[18] 2016[18] 2017[18] 2018[18] 2019[19] 2020[19] 2021[19] 2022[20]
Renewable energy share of heating and cooling sector 14.07% 13.95% 14.54% 14.68% 14.48% 14.56% 22,00% 22.14% 21.00% 22.71%
Renewable energy share of electricity sector 10.73% 12.40% 13.43% 13.36% 13.09% 13.03% 14.36% 16.24% 17.17% 21.01%
Renewable energy share of transport sector 6.03% 5.67% 5.62% 3.92% 4.20% 5.63% 6.20% 6.58% 5.66% 5.53%
Renewable energy share of total energy consumption 11.34% 11.45% 11.74% 11.27% 10.90% 11.16% 15.38% 16.13% 15.61% 16.81%

Sources

Biomass and waste

As of 2015 Biomass and waste was the largest source of renewable energy in Poland providing an estimated 8.9% of total primary energy supply (TPES) in that year and an estimated 6.1% of electricity generation.[21] In 2019 there were 1,142 MW installed capacity power.[22]

Solid biomass is the most important source by volume, providing fuel for heat and power plants or consumed directly for industrial or household heat requirements. Biogasses are also used in heat and power plants as well whilst waste is mainly used as a fuel in industry.[21] In 2014 0.7 Mtoe of biofuels were used in transport, 81% as biodiesel and 19% as biogasoline, making up 5% of the total energy consumption in the transport sector in 2014.[21]

Wind power

Main article: Wind power in Poland

As of December 31, 2023, Poland had a total of 9,428.3 MW in wind power grid-connected capacity.[23][24] Poland's 2040 energy plan (PEP2040) forecasts that that the country will install up to 20 GW of land-based grid-connected wind power.[25]

Wind turbines in Wałdowo

Offshore wind

In September 2020, the government announced a 130 billion zloty (£26.5 billion) plan to invest in offshore wind.[10]

Poland's "Offshore Wind Act" came into force in 2020.[26] The main purpose of the Act is to set the framework for a dedicated subsidy scheme for offshore wind projects. However, it also addresses other relevant issues pertaining to the development and operation of offshore projects.[27]

According to Polish Wind Energy Association (PWEA), offshore wind farms in the Baltic Sea with an overall capacity of 5.9 GW are set to "receive support under a two-sided contract for difference between the investor and the regulator. Awarding support under this formula will be time-limited until the end of June 2021." In a second phase, contracts are planned to be awarded by auctions. The first is to take place in 2025. The PWEA said that support will be available for projects with a total capacity of 2.5 GW in each of the auctions.[28] By 2050, Poland wants a massive 28 GW in offshore sector, which would make Poland the largest operator of offshore wind in the Baltic Sea.[29]

On 1 July 2020 representatives of the Polish government and Polish wind energy industry signed a “Letter of Intent on cooperation for development of offshore wind power in Poland”. The letter acknowledges the role of offshore wind in meeting the European Union's Green Deal objectives while increasing the security of energy supply and reducing Poland's CO2 emissions.[30]

In its National Energy and Climate Plan (NECP) Poland identified offshore wind as one of key technologies to meet its goals for renewable energy for 2030. Offshore wind has also been described as strategic in the draft of Poland's Energy Policy until 2040, with around 19 GW forecast to be constructed.[25] It will help with diversifying Poland's national power generation structure that today heavily depends on coal.[31]

Hydroelectric power

Name Location Coordinates Capacity (MWe) Type Ref
Żarnowiec Pomorskie 680 pumped storage [32]
Żar Śląskie 500 pumped storage [33]
Solina Solina 200 pumped storage [34]
Włocławek Kujawsko-Pomorskie 160 river dam [35]
Żydowo Zachodniopomorskie 150 pumped storage [36]
Niedzica Małopolskie 92.75 pumped storage [37][38]
Dychów Lubuskie 90 pumped storage [39]
Rożnów Małopolskie 50 run of the river [40][41]
Grajówka Lubuskie 2.79 run of the river [42][43]
Future planned plants
Młoty (slated to be completed by 2030) Dolnośląskie 1050 pumped storage [44]

A 2023 study suggested that Poland is currently only using around 15% of its total hydroelectric power capacity.[45] Poland currently has 786 hydroelectric power plants, the vast majority of which (705) are relatively small, generating no more than 1 MW. Many of the smaller power plants are privately owned by small firms and family businesses, with the bigger ones owned by major electricity producers or the state.[45]

Solar power

Main article: Solar power in Poland

In 2019, the Polish government launched a scheme called "Mój Prąd",[46] which is dedicated to supporting the development of prosumer energy, and specifically supporting the segment of photovoltaic (PV) micro-installations. The budget of the program is currently PLN 1.1 billion.[47]

As a result, in recent years there has been a significant increase in power in this segment of the energy sector. The total solar photovoltaics (PV) grid-connected capacity in Poland was 17,057.1 MW as of 31 December 2023.[48][49]

PV in Poland (MWpeak)[50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][48]
2005 2010 2015 2016 2017 2018 2020 2021 2022 2023
0.3 2 110.9 193.9 287 486.5 3,960 7,670 12,189 17,057
PV in Poland (MWpeak)
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2020
2021
2022
2023

Nuclear power

Poland is planning to have its first nuclear reactor built by 2032-33.[6]

Pumped hydro and battery storage

As of 2020, Poland had 1.7GW of pumped hydro capacity and 9MW of battery storage capacity. Those systems are mainly used for system balancing. As part of its 2040 energy plan, Poland aims to build an additional 1 GW of energy storage (which does not include any additional pumped hydro capacities).[65]

See also

References

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