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Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1414–1415) orders of battle

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Ava and Hanthawaddy forces fought primarily in the Irrawaddy delta theater in the south in this phase of the war.

This is a list of orders of battle for the 1414–1415 campaigns of the Ava–Hanthawaddy War (1408–1418).

Background

Sources

The orders of battles in this article are sourced from the main royal chronicles—the Maha Yazawin, the Yazawin Thit and the Hmannan Yazawin, which primarily narrate the war from the Ava side.[note 1] For this phase of the war, the Razadarit Ayedawbon and Pak Lat Chronicles, which narrate from the Hanthawaddy perspective, provide almost no details except for the battle of Dala in March 1415.[note 2]

Adjustment of strength figures

The military strength figures in this article have been reduced by an order of magnitude from those reported in the chronicles, following G.E. Harvey's and Victor Lieberman's analyses of Burmese chronicles' military strength figures in general.[note 3]

Western theater (October–December 1414)

Battle of Khebaung (October 1414)

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, October 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Main Strike Force Crown Prince Minye Kyawswa 21,000 troops, 200 (or 600) cavalry, 40 (or 80) elephants, 1000+ war boats, 500 cargo boats
1st Army Including: 8 regiments (8000 troops, 200 (or 600) cavalry, 40 (or 80) elephants) [note 5]
Navy 6 flotillas (13,000 troops, 12+ war ships, 500 war boats, 500+ armored war boats, 500 cargo boats) [note 6]

Hanthawaddy Pegu

Pegu Order of Battle, October 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Khebaung Corps Smin Ye-Thin-Yan † [4][2][3]

Battle of Panko (October/November 1414)

The name of Panko is mentioned only in the Razadarit and Yazawin Thit.[5][6] The Maha Yazawin only cursorily mentions that Smin Bayan was captured in battle but does not say in which battle.[4] The Hmannan describes the battle as part of Minye Kyawswa's souther drive but does not mention the name of the location.[7]

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, October/November 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
1st Army Minye Kyawswa [6][7]
Navy Nawrahta of Salin

Hanthawaddy Pegu

Pegu Order of Battle, October/November 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Hanthawaddy Navy Smin Bayan Surrendered [2][7][8]
Panko Regiment Prince Binnya Dhammaraza

First battles of Bassein and Myaungmya (October/November 1414)

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, October/November 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
1st Army Minye Kyawswa [4][9][10]
Navy

Hanthawaddy Pegu

Pegu Order of Battle, October/November 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Bassein Corps Dein Mani-Yut [note 7]
Myaungmya Corps Smin Saw Htut

Central theater (October 1414)

Prince Thihathu attempted to invade down the eastern side of the Irrawaddy and Hlaing rivers through Hsabaga,[6][7] which was the eastern border demarcation point per the 1403 Treaty of Prome.[11][12][13]

Battle of Hsabaga (October 1414)

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, October 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
2nd Army Thihathu [note 8]
Hpaunghnin Regiment Lord of Hpaunghnin
Mindon Regiment Lord of Mindon †
Nattaung Regiment Lord of Nattaung Surrendered
Ahlwe Regiment Lord of Ahlwe
Ava Regiment Thihathu

Hanthawaddy Pegu

Pegu Order of Battle, October 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Army and Navy Prince Binnya Bassein [6][7]
Upakaung Minhla Kyawkhaung
Lauk Na-Re

Eastern theater (October 1414)

Hanthawaddy invasion towards Toungoo (October 1414)

Hanthawaddy Pegu

Pegu Order of Battle, October 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Hanthawaddy Army and Navy Smin Maw-Khwin of Sayat Surrendered
Smin Saw Paik † 		[4][6][14][8]

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, October 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Toungoo Regiment Thinkhaya I of Toungoo [4][6][14]

Western theater (c. December 1414)

Second battles of Bassein and Myaungmya (c. December 1414)

The operation began after Minye Kyawswa returned from Ava, which took 22 days in total.[note 9]

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, c. December 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Western Division, 1st Army Nawrahta of Salin 3 regiments [9][15]
? Regiment Thiri Pyanchi
1st Shan Regiment ?
Salin Regiment Nawrahta of Salin

Hanthawaddy Pegu

Pegu Order of Battle, c. December 1414
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Bassein Corps Smin Maw-Khwin II [note 10]
Myaungmya Corps Smin Saw Htut

Southern central theater (c. December 1415–March 1415)

Sieges of Dala, Dagon and Syriam (c. December 1414–March 1415)

According to the main chronicles, the siege of Dala began after Minye Kyawswa returned from Ava, which took 22 days in total.[note 9] By then, Razadarit had already moved to Martaban (Mottama) since the first half of November from Pegu.[9] The siege of Dala lasted until 2 March 1415.[16]

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, c. December 1414–March 1415
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Main Division, 1st Army Minye Kyawswa [4][9][10]
Including...
Nanda Thuriya of Sale (ne Sittuyinga-Thu)
Nanda Kyawthu of Kinda (ne Letwe Yawda)
After December, joined by...
Western Division, 1st Army Nawrahta of Salin [9][15]

Hanthawaddy Pegu

All the main chronicles as well as the Razadarit Ayedawbon chronicle say Minye Kyawswa laid siege to Dala, defended by Prince Binnya Dala. However, the Pak Lat chronicle says Minye Kyawswa laid siege to the capital Pegu, which was defended by Prince Binnya Kyan,[17] the title later worn by Binnya Dala.

Pegu Order of Battle, c. December 1414–March 1415
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Dala Corps Prince Binnya Dala [4][9][10]
Including...
Smin Awa Naing
Smin Sithu
Smin Sam Lek II
Smin Paik-Nye
Maha Thamun
Dagon Regiment [18]
Syriam Regiment

Battle of Dala (13 March 1415)

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, 13 March 1415
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Main Division, 1st Army Minye Kyawswa † 4 regiments (2500+ troops, 250+ cavalry, 16+ elephants) [note 11]
Vanguard Regiment Minye Kyawswa † 300 troops, 100 (or 300) cavalry, ? elephants [note 12]
Arakan Regiment Lord of Arakan 700 troops, 50 cavalry, 5 elephants [note 13]
Kale Regiment Min Nyo of Kale 1000 (or 500) troops, 70 (or 50) cavalry, 5 elephants [note 14]
Salin Regiment Nawrahta of Salin 1000 troops, 50 cavalry, 5 elephants [note 15]

Hanthawaddy Pegu

Pegu Order of Battle, 13 March 1415
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Royal Hanthawaddy Army Razadarit 7 regiments (6000+ troops) [note 16]
1st Vanguard Regiment Binnya Dhammaraza 1000+ (or 2000) troops [note 17]
2nd Vanguard Regiment Binnya Ran 1000+ troops [note 18]
Right Flank Regiment Dein Mani-Yut 1000+ troops [note 19]
Left Flank Regiment Maha Thamun 1000+ (or 800) troops [note 20]
Royal Regiment Razadarit 1100 (or 2000) troops [note 21]
Rearguard Regiment Smin Awa Naing 200 (or 500) troops [note 22]
Dala Regiment Binnya Dala 1000+ troops [note 23]

Eastern theater (January–March 1415)

Siege of Fort Sayat (January–March 1415)

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, January–March 1415
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
2nd Army Prince Thihathu 1000 troops, 50 cavalry, 5 elephants [note 24]
1st Regiment Thihathu
2nd Regiment Thado of Mohnyin
3rd Regiment Tuyin Kyaw

Hanthawaddy Pegu

Pegu Order of Battle, January–March 1415
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Sayat Regiment Smin Byattaba ~500 troops, 30 cavalry, 5 elephants [note 25]

Western and central theaters (c. April–May 1415)

Minkhaung's invasion

Ava

Ava Order of Battle, c. April 1415
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Royal Main Army and Navy King Minkhaung I ? [32][33][34]
Main Strike Force Co-commanders:
[note 26]
1st Army 5 regiments
Navy ?

Hanthawaddy Pegu

Pegu Order of Battle, c. December 1414–March 1415
Unit Commander Strength[note 4] Reference(s)
Royal Hanthawaddy Armed Forces King Razadarit [32][33][34]
Bassein Corps Smin Awa Naing
Myaungmya Corps Smin Sam Lek II
Dala Regiment Binnya Dala
Dagon Regiment Binnya Set
Pegu Corps Razadarit

Notes

  1. ^ See (Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 31–34), (Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 239–247), and (Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 8–21).
  2. ^ See (Pan Hla 2005: 291–317) for this phase of the war. See (Pan Hla 2005: 310) for the order of battle for Dala.
  3. ^ See (Harvey 1925: 333–335)'s "Numerical Note". (Lieberman 2014: 98) writing on the First Toungoo period concurs: "Military mobilizations were probably more of a boast than a realistic estimate. Modern industrial states have difficulty placing 10% of their people under arms."
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Unless otherwise stated, the military mobilization figures in this article are reduced by an order of magnitude from those reported in the royal chronicles, per G.E. Harvey's analysis in his History of Burma (1925) in the section Numerical Note (pp. 333–335).
  5. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin, and Yazawin Thit: 8 regiments (80,000 troops, 6000 cavalry, 400 elephants)[1][2]
    • Hmannan Yazawin: 8 regiments (80,000 troops, 2000 cavalry, 800 elephants)[3]
  6. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin, : 6 flotillas (130,000 troops, 12 war ships, 500 war boats, 800 armored war boats, 500 cargo boats)[4]
    • Yazawin Thit: 130,000 troops, 12 war ships, 500 war boats, 500 armored war boats, 500 cargo boats[2]
    • Hmannan Yazawin: 130,000 troops, 18 war ships, 500 war boats, 800 armored war boats, 500 cargo boats[3]
  7. ^ Bassein and Myaungmya defenses included their own naval flotillas.[4][9][10]
  8. ^ Chronicles mention only the commanders but do not mention the strength of the second army.[6][7]
  9. ^ a b Minye Kyawswa sailed up to Ava to present Smin Bayan and other key prisoners of war (11 days), spent 7 days at the capital, and returned to the south (4 nights, 5 days).[4][9][10]
  10. ^ After Dein Mani-Yut was recalled to Pegu in November, his command at Bassein was taken over by a commander titled Smin Maw-Khwin.[9][15] This Smin Maw-Khwin apparently had succeeded the previous Smin Maw-Khwin who was captured near Toungoo in October.[4][6][14]
  11. ^ According to the Yazawin Thit and Hmannan, Nanda Thuriya of Sale and Thettawshay of Myedu also fell in action.[19][20] The Pak Lat says an Ava regimental commander named Min Maha Letya fell in action.[21]
  12. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 3000 troops, 3,000 cavalry, ? elephants[22]
    • Yazawin Thit: 3000 troops, 100 cavalry, ? elephants[23]
    • Hmannan: 3000 troops, 3000 cavalry, ? elephants[24]
  13. ^ Chronicles Maha Yazawin, Yazawin Thit and Hmannan all report 7000 troops, 500 cavalry, 50 elephants.[22][23][24]
  14. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 10,000 troops, 700 cavalry, 50 elephants[22]
    • Yazawin Thit: 10,000 troops, 500 cavalry, 50 elephants[23]
    • Hmannan: 5000 troops, 700 cavalry, 50 elephants[24]
  15. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 10,000 troops, 500 cavalry, 50 elephants[22]
    • Yazawin Thit: 10,000 troops, 500 cavalry, 50 elephants[23]
    • Hmannan: 10,000 troops, 5000 [not 500] cavalry, 50 elephants[24]
  16. ^
    • Per the chronicles Maha Yazawin, Yazawin Thit, and Hmannan, the Hanthawaddy army fielded six regiments out of the seven regiments, with Binnya Dala's regiment posted outside Dala.[25][26][27]
    • The Razadarit Ayedawbon gives seven regiments led by Binnya Dhammaraza, Binnya Ran, Binnya Dala, Dein Mani-Yut, Maha Thamun, Smin Awa Naing and Razadarit.[28]
    • The Pak Lat gives six regiments led by Binnya Kyan, Binnya Ran, Dein Mani-Yut, Maha Thamun, Smin Awa Naing and Razadarit.[28]
  17. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 2000 troops, ? cavalry, ? elephants[25]
    • Yazawin Thit: 20,000 troops, ? cavalry, ? elephants[23]
    • Hmannan: 11,000 troops, ? cavalry, ? elephants[29]
  18. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 1000+ troops, ? cavalry, ? elephants[25]
    • Yazawin Thit: 10,000+ troops, ? cavalry, ? elephants[23]
    • Hmannan: 1000+ troops, ? cavalry, ? elephants[29]
  19. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 1000+ troops, ? cavalry, ? elephants[25]
    • Yazawin Thit: 10,000+ troops, ? cavalry, ? elephants[23]
    • Hmannan: 100+ troops, ? cavalry, ? elephants[29]
  20. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 1000+ troops[25]
    • Yazawin Thit: 10,000+ troops[23]
    • Hmannan: 800 troops[29]
  21. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 2000 troops[25]
    • Yazawin Thit: 20,000 troops[23]
    • Hmannan: 11,000 troops[29]
  22. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 2000 troops[25]
    • Yazawin Thit: 5000+ troops[23]
    • Hmannan: 2000 troops[29]
  23. ^ Chronicles report:
    • Maha Yazawin: 1000 troops[25]
    • Yazawin Thit: 10,000+ troops[23]
    • Hmannan: 10,000 troops[29]
  24. ^ The Maha Yazawin, Yazawin Thit and Hmannan report 3 regiments (10,000 troops, 500 cavalry, 50 elephants).[30][16][31]
  25. ^ Chronicles give different figures:
    • Maha Yazawin: 20,000 troops, 30 cavalry, 5 elephants[30]
    • Yazawin Thit: 5,000 troops, 30 cavalry, 5 elephants[16]
    • Hmannan: 2,000 troops, 30 cavalry, 5 elephants[31]
  26. ^ The Maha Yazawin and Yazawin Thit chronicles say the remaining land and naval forces were led by the lords of Salin and Kale.[32][33] The

References

  1. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 34
  2. ^ a b c d Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 247–248
  3. ^ a b c Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 22
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 35
  5. ^ Fernquest Spring 2006: 19
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 249
  7. ^ a b c d e f Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 24
  8. ^ a b Fernquest Spring 2006: 26
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 250–251
  10. ^ a b c d e Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 25–26
  11. ^ Maha Yazawin Vol. 1 2006: 326
  12. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 223
  13. ^ Hmannan Vol. 1 2003: 466
  14. ^ a b c Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 23
  15. ^ a b c Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 27
  16. ^ a b c Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 256
  17. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 297, footnote 1
  18. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 252
  19. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 259
  20. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 42–43
  21. ^ Pan Hla 2005: 307
  22. ^ a b c d Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 47
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 258–259
  24. ^ a b c d Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 41
  25. ^ a b c d e f g h Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 45–46
  26. ^ Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 256, 259
  27. ^ Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 42
  28. ^ a b Pan Hla 2005: 310, footnote 1
  29. ^ a b c d e f g Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 39–40
  30. ^ a b Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 43
  31. ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 36
  32. ^ a b c Maha Yazawin Vol. 2 2006: 52–53
  33. ^ a b c Yazawin Thit Vol. 1 2012: 262
  34. ^ a b Hmannan Vol. 2 2003: 46–47

Bibliography

  • Fernquest, Jon (Spring 2006). "Rajadhirat's Mask of Command: Military Leadership in Burma (c. 1384–1421)" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (1). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-03-22. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  • Fernquest, Jon (Autumn 2006). "Crucible of War: Burma and the Ming in the Tai Frontier Zone (1382–1454)" (PDF). SOAS Bulletin of Burma Research. 4 (2). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-08-10. Retrieved 2024-01-04.
  • Harvey, G. E. (1925). History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824. London: Frank Cass & Co. Ltd.
  • Kala, U (2006) [1724]. Maha Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (4th printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Lieberman, Victor B. (2014) [1984]. Burmese Administrative Cycles: Anarchy and Conquest, c. 1580–1760. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-05407-X.
  • Maha Sithu (2012) [1798]. Myint Swe; Kyaw Win; Thein Hlaing (eds.). Yazawin Thit (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3 (2nd printing ed.). Yangon: Ya-Pyei Publishing.
  • Pan Hla, Nai (2005) [1968]. Razadarit Ayedawbon (in Burmese) (8th printing ed.). Yangon: Armanthit Sarpay.
  • Royal Historical Commission of Burma (2003) [1832]. Hmannan Yazawin (in Burmese). Vol. 1–3. Yangon: Ministry of Information, Myanmar.
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