Emperor Shenzong of Song
| Emperor Shenzong of Song 宋神宗 | |||||||||||||
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| Emperor of the Song dynasty | |||||||||||||
| Reign | 25 January 1067 – 1 April 1085 | ||||||||||||
| Coronation | 25 January 1067 | ||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Emperor Yingzong | ||||||||||||
| Successor | Emperor Zhezong | ||||||||||||
| Born | Zhao Zhongzhen (1048–1067) Zhao Xu (1067–1085) 25 May 1048 | ||||||||||||
| Died | 1 April 1085 (aged 36) | ||||||||||||
| Burial | Yongyu Mausoleum (永裕陵, in present-day Gongyi, Henan) | ||||||||||||
| Consorts | Empress Qincheng
(m. 1068–1085)Empress Qinci (before 1085) | ||||||||||||
| Issue | Emperor Zhezong Zhao Bi Emperor Huizong Zhao Yu Zhao Shi Zhao Cai Princess Xianmu Princess Xianxiao Princess Xianjing | ||||||||||||
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| House | Zhao | ||||||||||||
| Dynasty | Song (Northern Song) | ||||||||||||
| Father | Emperor Yingzong | ||||||||||||
| Mother | Empress Xuanren | ||||||||||||
| Emperor Shenzong of Song | |||||||
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| Chinese | 宋神宗 | ||||||
| Literal meaning | "Spiritual Ancestor of the Song" | ||||||
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| Zhao Xu | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 趙頊 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 赵顼 | ||||||
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| Zhao Zhongzhen | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 趙仲鍼 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 赵仲针 | ||||||
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The Emperor Shenzong of Song (25 May 1048 – 1 April 1085), personal name Zhao Xu, was the sixth emperor of the Song dynasty of China. His original personal name was Zhao Zhongzhen but he changed it to "Zhao Xu" after his accession to the throne. He reigned from 1067 until his death in 1085.[citation needed]
Reign
Wang Anshi's New Policies
During his reign in 1068, Emperor Shenzong became interested in Wang Anshi's policies and appointed Wang as the Chancellor. Wang implemented his famous New Policies aimed at improving the situation for the peasantry and unemployed. These acts became the hallmark reform of Emperor Shenzong's reign.
Before Shenzong took the throne in 1067, there was pressure on the Song Dynasty to make economic reforms. The Song Dynasty's rigorous civil service examinations rejuvenated humanist-oriented Confucian elite culture; in particular, the literati wanted to improve the material conditions of the people. Additionally, the humiliating loss against the Western Xia Dynasty in the 1040s[1] (as well as the unfavorable terms of the Treaty of Chanyuan) created, according to Sogabe Shizuo, a "perpetual wartime fiscal regime".[2] In 1069, after failing to gain support for reform from the official Fu Bi,[3] Shenzong made Wang Anshi the head of government and supported his consolidation of power and his New Policies.[4] Shenzong largely delegated authority to Wang until his retirement in 1076. An exception was when Shenzong proposed the restoration of the equal-field system (a system of land redistribution instated by the Northern Wei Dynasty and used through the Tang Dynasty), but Wang Anshi dismissed the idea as impractical.[1]
Following Wang Anshi's retirement in 1076, Shenzong took personal control of the reform agenda. In 1082, he restructured the bureaucracy and restored the Tang model of a central government organized around the Six Ministries. The Finance Commission and Exchequer of Imperial Lands (institutions that predated the New Policies) were dissolved and replaced by the Ministry of Revenue. He made the Yuanfeng Treasury to raise funds for a renewed offensive against the Western Xia; although the offensive was defeated, the Treasury remained as a depository for revenues from both the New Policies and state-run monopolies. Both the Ministry of Revenue and the Yuanfeng Treasury exercised substantial control over Song fiscal resources.[5]
Though the New Policies gave Shenzong a large budget surplus, they failed to achieve their goal of improving the Song Dynasty's military. The Western Xia continued to inflict defeats on the Song and an attack on the Liao Dynasty remained unthinkable.[4]
Military Campaigns
Emperor Shenzong sent failed campaigns against the Vietnamese ruler Lý Nhân Tông of the Lý dynasty in 1076.[6]
Emperor Shenzong's other notable act as emperor was his attempt to weaken the Tangut-led Western Xia state by invading and expelling the Western Xia forces from Qing prefecture (庆州, today Qingyang, Gansu Province). The Song army was initially quite successful at these campaigns, but during the battle for the city of Yongle (永乐城), in 1082, Song forces were defeated. As a result, Western Xia grew more powerful and subsequently continued to be a thorn in the side of the Song Empire over the ensuing decades.
Emperor Shenzong hired Muslim warriors from Bukhara to fight against Khitan Liao dynasty. 5,300 Muslim men from Bukhara were encouraged and invited to move to China in 1070 by the Song emperor Shenzong to help battle the Liao empire in the northeast and repopulate areas ravaged by fighting.[7] The emperor hired these men as mercenaries in his campaign against the Liao empire. Later on these men were settled between the Song capital of Bianliang (today Kaifeng) and Yenching (modern Beijing). The circuits (道) of the north and north-east were settled in 1080 when 10,000 more Muslims were invited into China.[7][8]
Literature
During Emperor Shenzong's reign, Sima Guang, a minister interested in the history of the previous 1000 years, wrote a very influential history book, the Zizhi Tongjian or A Comprehensive Mirror for Aid in Government. This book records historical events from the Zhou dynasty to the Song dynasty. Another notable literary achievement which occurred during his reign was the compilation of the Seven Military Classics, including the alleged forgery of the Questions and Replies between Tang Taizong and Li Weigong.[9]
Diplomacy
Aside from the ancient Roman embassies to Han and Three-Kingdoms era China, contact with Europe remained sparse if not nonexistent before the 13th century. However, from Chinese records it is known that Michael VII Doukas (Mie li yi ling kai sa 滅力伊靈改撒) of Fo lin (i.e. the Byzantine Empire) dispatched a diplomatic mission to China's Song dynasty that arrived in 1081, during the reign of Emperor Shenzong.[10]
Emperor Shenzong died in 1085 at the age of 36 from an unspecified illness and was succeeded by his son, Zhao Xu who took the throne as Emperor Zhezong. Emperor Zhezong was underage and so Shenzong’s mother Empress Gao ruled as regent until her death.
Family
Consorts and Issue:
- Empress Qinsheng, of the Xiang clan (欽聖皇后 向氏; 1046–1101)
- Princess Shuhuai (淑懷帝姬; 1067–1078), 1st daughter
- Empress Qincheng, of the Zhu clan (欽成皇后 朱氏; 1052–1102)
- Zhao Xu, Zhezong (哲宗 趙煦; 1077–1100), 6th son
- Zhao Shi, Prince Churongxian (楚榮憲王 趙似; 1083–1106), 13th son
- Princess Xianjing (賢靜帝姬; 1085–1115), 10th daughter
- Married Pan Yi (潘意) in 1104, and had issue (two sons)
- Empress Qinci, of the Chen clan (欽慈皇后 陳氏; 1058–1089)
- Zhao Ji, Huizong (徽宗 趙佶; 1082–1135), 11th son
- Noble Consort Yimu, of the Xing clan (懿穆貴妃 邢氏; d. 1103)
- Zhao Jin, Prince Hui (惠王 趙僅; 1071), 2nd son
- Zhao Xian, Prince Ji (冀王 趙僩; 1074–1076), 5th son
- Zhao Jia, Prince Yudaohui (豫悼惠王 趙價; 1077–1078), 7th son
- Zhao Ti, Prince Xuchonghui (徐沖惠王 趙倜; 1078–1081), 8th son
- Noble Consort, of the Yang clan (懿靜貴妃 楊氏)
- Noble Consort, of the Song clan (貴妃 宋氏; d. 1117)
- Zhao Yi, Prince Cheng (成王 趙佾; 1069), 1st son
- Zhao Jun, Prince Tang'aixian (唐哀獻王 趙俊; 1073–1077), 3rd son
- Princess Xianxiao (賢孝帝姬; d. 1108), 4th daughter
- Married Wang Yu (王遇) in 1097
- Pure Consort, of the Zhang clan (懿靜淑妃 張氏; d. 1105)
- Princess Xianke (賢恪帝姬; d. 1072), 2nd daughter
- Virtuous Consort, of the Zhu clan (德妃 朱氏)
- Princess Xianmu (賢穆帝姬; d. 1084)
- Able Consort, of the Wu clan (惠穆賢妃 武氏; d. 1107)
- Zhao Bi, Prince Wurongmu (吳榮穆王 趙佖; 1082–1106), 9th son
- Princess Xianhe (賢和帝姬; d. 1090)
- Able Consort, of the Lin clan (賢妃 林氏; 1052–1090), personal name Zhen (貞)
- Zhao Yu, Prince Yan (燕王 趙俁; 1083–1127), 12th son
- Princess Xianling (賢令帝姬; d. 1084), 7th daughter
- Zhao Cai, Prince Yue (越王 趙偲; 1085–1129), 14th son
- Cairen, of the Guo clan (才人 郭氏)
- Zhao Wei, Prince Yi (儀王 趙偉; 1082), 10th son
- Furen, of the Xiang clan (夫人 向氏)
- Zhao Shen, Prince Bao (褒王 趙伸; 1074), 4th son
- Unknown
- Princess Xianmu (賢穆帝姬; d. 1111), 3rd daughter
- Married Han Jiayan (韓嘉彥; d. 1129)
- Princess Xiankang (賢康帝姬; d. 1085)
- Princess Xianyi (賢宜帝姬; d. 1085)
- Princess Xianmu (賢穆帝姬; d. 1111), 3rd daughter
Ancestry
| Emperor Taizong of Song (939–997) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Zhao Yuanfen (969–1005) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Zhao Yunrang (995–1059) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Li Hanbin | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Li | |||||||||||||||||||
| Emperor Yingzong of Song (1032–1067) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Ren Gu | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Ren | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Zhang | |||||||||||||||||||
| Emperor Shenzong of Song (1048–1085) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gao Qiong (935–1006) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gao Jixun (959–1036) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Li | |||||||||||||||||||
| Gao Zunfu | |||||||||||||||||||
| Empress Xuanren (1032–1093) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Bin (931–999) | |||||||||||||||||||
| Cao Qi | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Gao | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Cao | |||||||||||||||||||
| Lady Feng | |||||||||||||||||||
See also
- Chinese emperors family tree (middle)
- List of emperors of the Song dynasty
- Architecture of the Song dynasty
- Culture of the Song dynasty
- Economy of the Song dynasty
- History of the Song dynasty
- Society of the Song dynasty
- Technology of the Song dynasty
- Wang Anshi
- Shen Kuo
References
Citations
- ^ a b von Glahn 2016, pp. 236–237.
- ^ Sogabe 1941, pp. 3–85.
- ^ Ulrich, Theobald. "Song-Period Political History". ChinaKnowledge.de.
- ^ a b Tanner 2010, pp. 212–213.
- ^ von Glahn 2016, p. 240.
- ^ Maspéro, Georges (2002). The Champa Kingdom: The History of an Extinct Vietnamese Culture. White Lotus Press. p. 71. ISBN 978-974-7534-99-3.
- ^ a b H., Hagras (2019-06-01). "Xi'an Daxuexi Alley Mosque: Historical and Architectural Study". Egyptian Journal of Archaeological and Restoration Studies. 9 (1): 97–113. doi:10.21608/ejars.2019.38462. ISSN 2090-4940.
- ^ Israeli, Raphael (2002). Islam in China : religion, ethnicity, culture, and politics. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. p. 283. ISBN 0-7391-0375-X. OCLC 49576635.
- ^ Sawyer, Ralph D. (1993). The Seven Military Classics of Ancient China. Westview Press. p. 489. ISBN 978-0-8133-1228-6.[permanent dead link]
- ^ Sezgin, Fuat; Ehrig-Eggert, Carl; Mazen, Amawi; Neubauer, E. (1996). نصوص ودراسات من مصادر صينية حول البلدان الاسلامية. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Institute for the History of Arabic-Islamic Science at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University. p. 25. ISBN 9783829820479.
Books
- Sogabe, Shizuo (1941). Sōdai zaisei shi 宋代財政史. Tokyo: Seikatsusha. pp. 3–85.
- Tanner, Harold (2010). China: A History (Volume 1): From Neolithic Cultures through the Great Qing Empire, (10,000 BCE - 1799 CE). Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. ISBN 978-1603842020.
- von Glahn, Richard (2016). The Economic History of China: From Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-03056-5.
- Twitchett, Denis; Smith, Paul Jakov (2015). The Cambridge History of China Volume 5 Part Two: Sung China, 960–1279. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81248-1.
- Twitchett, Denis; Smith, Paul Jakov (2009). The Cambridge History of China Volume 5. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-24330-8.
- Lorge, Peter (2005). War, Politics and Society in Early Modern China, 900–1795. Routledge. ISBN 9780415316903.
Websites
- Theobald, Ulrich. "Song-Period Political History". ChinaKnowledge.de.
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