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20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (1954 film)

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20,000 Leagues Under the Sea
Theatrical release poster
Directed byRichard Fleischer
Screenplay byEarl Felton
Based onTwenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas
by Jules Verne
Produced byWalt Disney
Starring
CinematographyFranz Planer
Edited byElmo Williams
Music byPaul Smith
Production
company
Distributed byBuena Vista Distribution
Release date
  • December 23, 1954 (1954-12-23)
Running time
127 minutes
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$5 million[1]
Box office$28.2 million[2]

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea is a 1954 American science fiction adventure film directed by Richard Fleischer, from a screenplay by Earl Felton. Adapted from Jules Verne's 1870 novel of the same name, the film was personally produced by Walt Disney through Walt Disney Productions. It stars Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas, and Peter Lorre. Photographed in Technicolor, the film was one of the first feature-length motion pictures to be filmed in CinemaScope. It was also the first feature-length Disney film to be distributed by Buena Vista Distribution.

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was a critical and commercial success, being especially remembered for the fight with a giant squid, as well as Mason's definitive performance as the charismatic anti-hero Captain Nemo. The film won two Academy Awards for its art direction and special effects. It is considered an early precursor of the steampunk genre.[3]

Plot

In 1868, rumors spread of a sea monster ramming ships in the Pacific Ocean. Professor Aronnax and his assistant, Conseil, are asked to investigate and soon board a U.S. Navy frigate. They are joined by master harpooner Ned Land.

After months of patrolling, the monster is spotted. The ship opens fire, but the monster rams the warship. Ned, Conseil, and Aronnax are thrown overboard while the disabled frigate drifts away. While clinging to wreckage, Aronnax and Conseil come upon the monster, only to realize it’s a submarine. Below decks, Aronnax finds a large viewport and witnesses an underwater funeral, while Ned arrives on a longboat from the ship. Spotted by the divers, the trio attempt to flee, but are captured. The vessel's captain introduces himself as Captain Nemo, Captain of the Nautilus. He returns Ned and Conseil to the deck while offering Aronnax, whose name he recognizes, the chance to stay. After Aronnax proves he is willing to die with his companions as the ship submerges, Nemo allows Ned and Conseil to remain aboard.

The cold, calculating Captain Nemo and the cynical, rebellious Ned Land immediately develop hostility towards each other. Ned, determined to escape, plans mutiny. Aronnax appeases Ned that he can win Nemo’s confidence in allowing them to leave. Ned agrees not to act right away, but still works on developing a plan.

Nemo takes the Nautilus to a penal colony island, where prisoners are being cruelly enslaved by a “hated nation.” Nemo, once a prisoner there, and his crew, rams the steamer, destroying it and its crew. Conseil and Ned are horrified by Nemo’s murderous nature. Nemo tells Aronnax that this “hated nation” murdered his family.

Seeing Aronnax has been captivated by Nemo, Conseil secretly sides with Ned in his plan to escape, but Ned needs to know where they’re going first. Conseil reveals that he read about Nemo’s base in the Professor’s journal - an Island called Vulcania. Ned and Conseil sneak around to investigate. In Nemo's cabin, Ned and Conseil discover the map coordinates to Vulcania. Ned throws messages with Vulcania's coordinates overboard in bottles.

Off the coast of New Guinea, the Nautilus becomes stranded on a reef. Nemo allows Ned to go ashore with Conseil to collect specimens, admonishing them to stay on the beach. Ned explores for avenues of escape, and finds human skulls posted on stakes. Ned runs back to Conseil, and they row away, pursued by cannibalistic natives. Aboard the Nautilus, the cannibals are repelled by electrical charges sent through its hull, and Nemo, having enough of Ned’s rebellious tendencies, confines him.

A warship fires upon Nautilus, descending into the depths, attracting a giant squid. Nemo and his men surface to dislodge it after an electrical charge fails to repel the creature. After Nemo is caught by one of its tentacles, an escaped Ned fatally harpoons the squid, and saves Nemo after being pulled into the sea. Despite Nemo’s cold gesture toward Ned’s heroics, the Professor acknowledges this good deed has affected Nemo, and is now conflicted within himself. Nemo reveals that he is more than willing to share his works with the world, and plans to use Aronnax as his emissary for world peace before he does so.

As the Nautilus nears Vulcania, Nemo finds the island surrounded by warships. Nemo enters the base through an underwater passage, and surfaces within its extinct volcano lagoon. Nemo rushes ashore to activate a time bomb to destroy his work, but is shot and mortally wounded as he returns onboard. Navigating the submarine to a safe distance from Vulcania, Nemo announces that he will be taking the Nautilus down for the last time.

Aronnax, Conseil, and Ned are confined to their cabins. Ned escapes and surfaces the submarine, striking a reef in the process, causing Nautilus to flood, and Nemo dies in the lounge. Aronnax tries retrieving his journal, but the urgency of their escape obliges Ned to knock him unconscious and carry him out. Aboard Nautilus's skiff, the trio witness Vulcania explode. Ned apologizes to Aronnax for striking him, but Aronnax concedes that the loss of his journal might have been for the best, reminiscing Nemo’s last words to him as the Nautilus sinks.

Cast

Dinner aboard the Nautilus. From left to right: James Mason, Kirk Douglas, Peter Lorre, and Paul Lukas.

Production

Walt Disney first expressed interest in an adaptation of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea after seeing some marine footage and storyboards created by Harper Goff during the production of the True-Life Adventures series. At the time, the film rights were owned by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and King Brothers Productions.[6] In November 1950, independent producer Sid Rogell announced he had acquired the film rights to the novel, as well as a film adaptation prepared by Robert L. Lippert's production company. He had planned to start shooting within a year at the General Service Studios.[7] However, in December 1951, it was reported that Disney had purchased the film rights from Rogell.[8] Goff's storyboards and art designs formed the film's basis, but he was not credited because he was not a member of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees.[6]

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was filmed at various locations in The Bahamas and Jamaica, with the cave scenes filmed beneath what is now the Xtabi Resort on the cliffs of Negril.[6] Other scenes were photographed in Nassau, Lyford Cay, and Death Valley. Filming took place between January 11 and June 19, 1954.[6][9] According to the two-disc DVD documentary, the scenes in San Francisco at the beginning were filmed at Universal Studios while most of the modeling shots were done at 20th Century Fox. Some of the location filming sequences were so complex that they required a technical crew of more than 400 people. The production presented many other challenges, as well. The famous giant squid attack sequence had to be entirely re-shot, as it was originally filmed as taking place at dusk and in a calm sea.[10][Note 1] The sequence was filmed again, this time taking place at twilight and during a humongous thunderstorm, both to increase the drama and to better hide the cables and other mechanical workings of the Animatronic squid.[11]

With a total (and deeply over-run) production cost of $9 million,[12] 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was the most expensive and ambitious production in Hollywood up to that time.

Differences between novel and film

The film was praised as faithfully adapting the novel. James W. Maertens writes that while this is true, "Close comparison of the novel and film reveals many changes, omissions, even reversals, which affect the story's fundamental concern (besides scientific education), a representation of class and gender, specifically masculinity, in the industrial age." Nemo's submarine, battery-powered in the novel, is powered by atomic energy in the film. The novel's submarine is also a "streamlined, cigar shaped sub" while the film's is "a more ornate vessel". The film's director and screenwriter extracted "the most memorable scenes from the novel and freely reordered them under the assumption that viewers would not remember the novel's order of events." Goff and Disney based the Nautilus's design in the film on the interior of the Forth Bridge.[6] In the novel, Nemo orders parts from various industries, secretly shipping them to an island for assembly, whom Maertens labeled "a logistical genius at manipulating Industrial Age manufacturing".[13]

Music

Rather than an authentic soundtrack recording of the film's score or dialogue, two vinyl studio cast record albums were released to coincide with the film's first two releases (1954 and 1963). Both albums contained condensed and heavily altered versions of the film's script without the usage of any of the film's cast for character voices. In addition, both albums were narrated by Ned Land as opposed to Aronnax, who narrated the film and the original novel. Neither album mentioned Nemo as actually being "cracked" (i.e. insane), as the film does, and considerably sanitized the character by omitting any mention of him killing anyone. The albums also had Nemo surviving at the end and releasing Ned, Arronax, and Conseil out of gratitude for their saving his life.[14] In this version, Ned, Aronnax and Conseil were not shipwrecked because the Nautilus rammed the ship they were on, but because a hurricane came up.[15]

The first album was issued in 1954 in conjunction with the film's original release, and starred William Redfield as the voice of Ned. This album, a book-and-record set, was issued as part of RCA Victor's Little Nipper series on two 45-RPM records.[16][better source needed] The second album, released by Disneyland Records in 1963 in conjunction with the film's first re-release,[17] was issued on one 331⁄3 RPM 12-inch LP with no accompanying booklet and no liner notes – the usual practice with most Disneyland label albums. It contained much more of the film's plot, but with many of the same alterations as the first album, so this recording was technically a remake of the earlier one. The cast for the 1963 album was uncredited. Neither album listed the film's credits or made any mention of the film's cast.

A single for the film's most memorable song "A Whale of a Tale", written by Norman Gimbel and Al Hoffman and sung by Kirk Douglas, was also released in 1954 under the Decca Children's Series label. The song "And the Moon Grew Brighter and Brighter", which Douglas had sung in the movie Man Without a Star (written by Lou Singer and Jimmy Kennedy), was the B-side. Both songs can be found on the 2008 digital release of the film's soundtrack.[18] In the film, Johann Sebastian Bach's Toccata and Fugue in D minor is played by Nemo on the Nautilus's organ, but James Mason's playing is actually dubbed by an anonymous organist.

Official soundtrack

On January 29, 2008, Walt Disney Records released a 26-track digital album containing the music of Paul Smith's original soundtrack score to 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea, plus both sides of the "A Whale of a Tale" single, as well as a digital booklet companion that explores the music of the film. This was the first official release of the film score and was initially available only through the iTunes Store.[18][19] Intrada released the same soundtrack on CD in 2011.[20] The music for 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea was composed by Paul Smith, with Joseph Dubin acting as the orchestrator.

Release

Home media

Over the years, the film has been released on VHS, LaserDisc, SelectaVision videodisc, DVD, and Blu-ray. A 1080p HD version from a 4K restoration was released on iTunes in 2014.[21] In 2019, the film was released on Blu-ray via the Disney Movie Club. The film was available to stream on Disney+ when the service launched on November 12, 2019.[22]

Reception

Box office

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea earned $8 million in North American distributor rentals at the box office,[23] making it the third highest-grossing film of 1954.

Critical reaction

Bosley Crowther of The New York Times stated that, "As fabulous and fantastic as anything he has ever done in cartoons is Walt Disney's 'live action' movie made from Jules Verne's '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea.' Turned out in CinemaScope and color, it is as broad, fictitiously, as it is long (128 minutes), and should prove a sensation—at least with the kids."[24] Gene Arneel of Variety praised the film as "a special kind of picture making, combining photographic ingenuity, imaginative story telling and fiscal daring." He further added that "Richard Fleischer's direction keeps the Disney epic moving at a smart clip, picking up interest right from the start and deftly developing each of the many tense moments...Earl Fenton's screenplay looks to be a combination of the best in the Verne original and new material to suit the screen form. It's a fine job of writing stimulating pic fare. Technical credits — underline the water photography — are excellent."[25]

Philip K. Scheuer, reviewing for the Los Angeles Times, wrote "Technically the film is a marvel itself, with actual underwater shot made in the Bahamas alternating with surface scale models that defy detection as such." He also praised Mason's performance, claiming "he lends depth and dimension to the stock figure of the 'mad genius.' The proof: he sometimes seems more pitied than scorned."[26] Harrison's Reports wrote that "Expertly utilizing the CinemaScope medium and Technicolor photography, he [Walt Disney] and his staff have fashioned a picture that is not only a masterpiece from the production point of view but also a great entertainment, the kind that should go over in a big way with all types of audiences."[27]

Contemporary film critic Steve Biodrowski said that the film is "far superior to the majority of genre efforts from the period (or any period, for that matter), with production design and technical effects that have dated hardly at all." Biodrowski also added that the film "may occasionally succumb to some of the problems inherent in the source material (the episodic nature does slow the pace), but the strengths far outweigh the weaknesses, making this one of the greatest science-fiction films ever made."[28] On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 90% based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "One of Disney's finest live-action adventures, 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea brings Jules Verne's classic sci-fi tale to vivid life, and features an awesome giant squid."[29]

Accolades

Award Category Recipients Result
27th Academy Awards[30] Best Art Direction – Color John Meehan, Emile Kuri Won
Best Special Effects John Hench, Joshua Meador
Best Film Editing Elmo Williams Nominated
National Board of Review Awards 1954[31] Top Ten Films 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea Won
Saturn Awards[32] Best DVD Classic Film Release Nominated
Online Film & Television Association Awards[33] Hall of Fame – Motion Picture Inducted

The film's primary art director Harper Goff, who designed the fictitious Nautilus submarine, was not a member of the Art Directors Union. Therefore, under a bylaw within the Academy of Motion Pictures, he was unable to receive his Academy Award for Art Direction.[34]

In Disney resorts

20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage at Walt Disney World in 1979

Disneyland used the original sets as a walk-through attraction from 1955 to 1966. Walt Disney World Resort's Magic Kingdom also had a dark ride named 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Submarine Voyage from 1971 to 1994 which consisted of a submarine ride, complete with the giant squid attack, and an arrangement of the main theme from the 1954 film playing on Captain Nemo's organ in the background. For this ride, voice artist Peter Renaday stood in for James Mason in the role of Captain Nemo.[35] In 1994, a walkthrough attraction at Disneyland Paris, named Les Mystères du Nautilus, opened,[36] and a dark ride at Tokyo DisneySea was created in 2001.[37] The exterior to The Little Mermaid: Ariel's Undersea Adventure contains a silhouette of the Nautilus in a rock wall[38] and the tiki bar Trader Sam's Grog Grotto at Disney's Polynesian Village Resort serves a cocktail called the "Nautilus"[39] which is itself served in a stylized drinking vessel resembling the submarine,[40] and features a dive helmet and a mechanical squid tentacle that pours liquor behind the bar.[41]

Comic book adaptation

Remake and prequel

On January 6, 2009, Variety reported that a live-action remake titled 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Captain Nemo was being planned with Joseph McGinty Nichol, known as McG, attached to direct. The film served as an origin story for Captain Nemo, as he builds his warship, the Nautilus.[44] McG had remarked that it would be "much more in keeping with the spirit of the novel" than Richard Fleischer's film, in which it would reveal "what Aronnax is up to and the becoming of Captain Nemo, and how the man became at war with war itself". It was written by Bill Marsilli, with Justin Marks and Randall Wallace brought in to do rewrites.[45] The film was to be produced by Sean Bailey with McG's Wonderland Sound and Vision.[46]

McG once suggested that he wanted Will Smith as Captain Nemo, but he reportedly turned down the part.[47][48] As a second possible choice, McG had mentioned Sam Worthington, with whom he worked on Terminator Salvation, though they did not ever discuss it seriously. In November 2009, the project was shelved by then-Walt Disney Pictures chairman Rich Ross after having spent nearly $10 million on pre-production work. Prior to the announcement, McG and Bailey had been notified of the project's cancellation.[49]

During the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con, director David Fincher announced plans of directing 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea for Walt Disney Pictures based on a script by Scott Z. Burns.[50] While Fincher was wrapping up The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (2011), it was speculated that 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea would enter principal photography by late 2012.[51] In the meantime, Fincher began courting Brad Pitt to play the role of Ned Land while the film was kept on hold.[52] However, in February 2013, it was announced that Pitt had officially turned down the role.[53]

In April 2013, it was announced that the Australian government would provide a one-off incentive of $20 million in order to secure the production.[54] Despite this, the film was put on hold again the following month due to complications in casting a lead.[55] On July 17, 2013, Fincher dropped out of the film to direct the adaptation of Gone Girl.[56] Fincher revealed in an interview that he left the film because he wanted Channing Tatum for Ned Land, but Disney wanted Chris Hemsworth for the role.[57] Additionally, the money originally allocated for the production of this film was redirected towards Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales.[58]

In February 2016, Disney announced that it was planning a live-action film titled Captain Nemo, with James Mangold directing.[59] Mangold moved on from the project to direct Indiana Jones and the Dial of Destiny instead.[60]

On August 23, 2021, it was announced that a ten-episode miniseries titled Nautilus entered development. The series will be an origin story about Captain Nemo and will be written by James Dormer, who will co-produce with Johanna Devereaux.[61] On November 12, 2021, Shazad Latif was cast in the lead role while Michael Matthews will direct the series.[62]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Footage of the original, rejected giant squid attack sequence shows details of the filming.

References

  1. ^ "Disney's Fiscalities". Variety. January 11, 1956. p. 5. Retrieved August 25, 2019 – via Internet Archive.
  2. ^ "Box Office Information for '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'". The Numbers. April 15, 2013.
  3. ^ Higham, William (February 17, 2012). "What The Hell Is Steampunk?". The Huffington Post. Retrieved February 15, 2012.
  4. ^ Freese, Gene Scott (2014). Hollywood Stunt Performers, 1910s-1970s: A Biographical Dictionary (2nd ed.). McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. p. 111. ISBN 9780786476435.
  5. ^ "Laurie Mitchell, Villainess in 'Queen of Outer Space,' Dies at 90". www.billboard.com. September 24, 2018.
  6. ^ a b c d e "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea". catalog.afi.com. Retrieved February 9, 2022.
  7. ^ Brady, Thomas F. (November 25, 1950). "Court Dismisses Film Unions' Work". The New York Times. p. 11.
  8. ^ Schallert, Edwin. (December 28, 1951). "Neff Picked for 'Snows;' Caron, Angeli To Team; Disney to do Verne Film." Los Angeles Times. Part I, p. 13 – via Newspapers.com.
  9. ^ "In a league of its own." The Walt Disney Company, December 3, 2009. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
  10. ^ Sunset Squid Fight– 20,000 Leagues – unused monster sequence on YouTube
  11. ^ Bourne, Mark. "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea: Special Edition DVD." The DVD Journal, 2003. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
  12. ^ "The Reel Thing XXVII: Program Abstracts" Reel Thing, July 8, 2011. Retrieved: April 4, 2018.
  13. ^ Maertens, James W. (2016). "Brains, Brawn, and Masculine Desire in Walt Disney's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea". In Brode, Douglas; Brode, Shea T. (eds.). Debating Disney: Pedagogical Perspectives on Commercial Cinema. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 19–32. ISBN 978-1-4422-6609-4.
  14. ^ Video on YouTube
  15. ^ "More Golden Age Classics: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea." Kidde Records, July 15, 2011. Retrieved: May 31, 2013.
  16. ^ "Walt Disney's 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea (Little Nipper Story Book Album)." Amazon. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
  17. ^ "Label: Disneyland Records." Rate Your Music. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
  18. ^ a b "Soundtrack Details: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'." Soundtrack Collector. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
  19. ^ "Soundtrack: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea' by Various Artists." iTunes Store. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
  20. ^ "Soundtrack Details: '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'." Intrada. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
  21. ^ "20,000 Leagues Under The Sea - iTunes HD Review - Not on Blu-ray". Not on Blu-ray. March 17, 2014.
  22. ^ "Every Disney movie, TV show available day one on Disney+". October 14, 2019.
  23. ^ "All Time Top Money Films". Variety. January 4, 1956. p. 84 – via Internet Archive.
  24. ^ Crowther, Bosley (December 24, 1954). "The Screen in Review; '20,000 Leagues' in 128 Fantastic Minutes". The New York Times. p. 7.
  25. ^ Arneel, Gene (December 15, 1954). "Film Reviews: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea". Variety. p. 6. Retrieved June 13, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  26. ^ Scheuer, Philip K. (December 27, 1954). "'20,000 Leagues' Top Adventure Film of the Year." Los Angeles Times. Part III, p. 9 – via Newspapers.com.
  27. ^ "'20,000 Leagues Under the Sea' with Kirk Douglas, James Mason, Paul Lukas and Peter Lorre". Harrison's Reports. December 18, 1954. p. 203. Retrieved June 13, 2020 – via Internet Archive.
  28. ^ Biodrowski, Steve (August 25, 2007). "Hollywood Gothique: Captain Nemo Double Bill". Cinefantastique. Archived from the original on October 25, 2007.
  29. ^ "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea". Rotten Tomatoes. August 10, 2022.
  30. ^ "The 27th Academy Awards (1955) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  31. ^ "Top Films Archives". National Board of Review. Retrieved June 13, 2020.
  32. ^ "Past Saturn Awards". Saturn Awards.org. Archived from the original on September 14, 2008. Retrieved May 7, 2008.
  33. ^ "Film Hall of Fame Productions". Online Film & Television Association. Retrieved May 15, 2021.
  34. ^ "Spotlight: 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea." Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved: January 9, 2015.
  35. ^ "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea". 20K Ride. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  36. ^ "Les Mystères du Nautilus". Photos Magiques. September 29, 2011. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  37. ^ Wilson, Shellie (June 10, 2012). "Review: Tokyo Disneyland and DisneySea – Part 2: Tokyo DisneySea". Craft Gossip. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  38. ^ Sanders, Savannah (April 20, 2016). "Walt Disney World Relics and Tributes: The Magic Kingdom". TouringPlans.com. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  39. ^ "Trader Sam's Grog Grotto menu". Disney World. Disney. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  40. ^ "Trader Sam's Nautilus cocktail vessel". secure.cdn1.wdpromedia.com.
  41. ^ Fillmen, Travis (March 29, 2015). "Trader Sam's Grog Grotto: Drinking You 20,000 Leagues Under The Table". Central Florida Aquarium Society. Retrieved February 24, 2019.
  42. ^ "Dell Four Color #614". Grand Comics Database.
  43. ^ Dell Four Color #614 at the Comic Book DB (archived from the original)
  44. ^ Fleming, Michael (January 6, 2009). "McG to direct Disney's 'Leagues'". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  45. ^ "Randall Wallace to Rewrite 'Captain Nemo'". ComingSoon.net. July 8, 2009. Archived from the original on September 30, 2012. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  46. ^ Graser, Marc (February 11, 2009). "Justin Marks rewriting 'Nemo'". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  47. ^ Vejvoda, Jim (January 15, 2009). "Finding McG's Nemo". IGN. Archived from the original on February 21, 2009. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  48. ^ Morris, Clint (August 21, 2009). "Exclusive: Sam downplays 'Nemo'". Moviehole.net. Archived from the original on June 26, 2010. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  49. ^ Eller; Chimelewksi, Claudia (November 18, 2009). "Disney sinks 'Captain Nemo'". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  50. ^ Rosenberg, Adam (July 28, 2010). "Exclusive: David Fincher Confirms That Work Continues On '20,000 Leagues Under The Sea'". MTV Movies Blog. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  51. ^ Davis, Edward (January 9, 2012). "Sony Officially Plans To Make 'Dragon Tattoo' Sequels, But David Fincher Is Looking To Direct '20,000 Leagues' Instead". IndieWire. Archived from the original on June 5, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  52. ^ Sneider, Jeff (October 18, 2012). "Director courts frequent collaborator for role of harpoonist Ned Land". Variety. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  53. ^ Dibdin, Emma (February 12, 2013). "Brad Pitt 'turns down David Fincher's '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea". Digital Spy. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  54. ^ Bullbeck, Pip (April 2, 2013). "Disney's '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea' Confirmed For Australia Shoot'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  55. ^ Child, Ben (May 20, 2013). "20,000 Leagues Under the Sea remake put on hold". The Guardian. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  56. ^ Davis, Edward (July 17, 2013). "Exclusive: Andrew Kevin Walker Rewriting 'Dragon Tattoo' Sequel; David Fincher's '20,000 Leagues' Is Dead". IndieWire. Archived from the original on July 20, 2013. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  57. ^ Jagernauth, Kevin (September 15, 2014). "David Fincher Says Differences Over Casting And Disney's Corporate Culture Stalled '20,000 Leagues Under The Sea'". Indie Wire. Archived from the original on September 18, 2014. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  58. ^ Child, Ben (September 1, 2014). "Pirates of the Caribbean 5 gets green light to shoot in Australia". The Guardian. Retrieved January 9, 2015.
  59. ^ Ford, Rebecca (February 25, 2016). "'Wolverine' Helmer James Mangold to Direct Disney's 'Captain Nemo'". The Hollywood Reporter.
  60. ^ Williams, Jordan (August 29, 2021). "Why Disney's 20,000 Leagues Adaptation Has Taken So Long: Every Failed Version". ScreenRant.
  61. ^ Ritman, Alex (August 23, 2021). "Disney+ Orders 'Nautilus' Series Based on Jules Verne Classic '20,000 Leagues Under the Sea'". The Hollywood Reporter.
  62. ^ Kroll, Justin (November 12, 2021). "Shazad Latif Tapped To Play Captain Nemo In Disney+ Series 'Nautilus', Michael Matthews On Board To Direct". Deadline. Retrieved November 12, 2021.

Bibliography

  • Schickel, Richard. The Disney Version: The Life, Times, Art and Commerce of Walt Disney (Third ed.). Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1997. ISBN 978-1-56663-158-7.
  • Warren, Bill. Keep Watching the Skies: American Science Fiction Films of the Fifties, 21st Century Edition. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, 2009 (First Edition 1982). ISBN 0-89950-032-3.
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