Three Fingered Jack (Jamaica)
Three-Fingered Jack a.k.a. Jack Mansong (died c. 1781), led a band of runaway slaves in the Colony of Jamaica in the eighteenth century.
Many historians believed that after the Jamaican Maroons signed treaties with the British colonial authorities in 1739 and 1740, the treaty-signatories effectively prevented runaway slaves from forming independent communities in the mountainous forests of the interior of the island of Jamaica.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]
Ancoma
[edit]However, a number of communities of runaways continued to thrive in the Blue Mountains in the decades that followed the 1740 treaty between the Windward Maroons and the British colonial authorities. The leader of one of those unofficial maroon communities of Free black people in Jamaica was an escaped slave named Ancoma. His community thrived in the forested interior of the eastern edge of the Blue Mountains in the eastern parish of what is now Saint Thomas Parish in the mid-1750s.[12]
In 1759, two women, one of them from an official Maroon community that had signed treaties with the colonial authorities, conspired to kill Ancoma, and they received rewards from the Jamaican Assembly for their accomplishment. However, runaways continued to live in Ancoma's community for years after his death, and they continued to be a thorn in the side of Jamaican planter society.[13]
Origins of Three-Fingered Jack
[edit]In the late 1770s and early 1780s, Three-Fingered Jack formed a runaway maroon community in the same part of the parish of St Thomas-in-the-East, probably with some descendants of Ancoma's community. Some historians believed that Jack Mansong operated as a sole bandit, like a Jamaican Robin Hood, a claim repeated by monuments erected by the Jamaican government.[14][15][16][17]
However, Jack Mansong was the leader of a band of runaway slaves that so troubled the colonial authorities that they offered a number of rewards for Jack, his deputies, and any of the maroons who fought on his side.[18]
Death of Jack Mansong
[edit]In 1781, Three-Fingered Jack was killed by a party of Maroons. Some historians and contemporary writers claimed that a single Maroon named James Reeder killed Jack in hand-to-hand combat, securing his freedom as a result.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
Colonial records show that Jack was killed by a party of Maroons led by the white superintendent of Scott's Hall (Jamaica), Bernard Nalty, and included Maroon warriors from Charles Town, Jamaica such as John Reeder, Samuel Grant and a young Maroon warrior named Little Quaco. These Maroons were already freedmen when they killed Jack.[27]
Aftermath
[edit]Several of Jack's lieutenants were tried at the court in Yallahs, and sentenced to death. However, other deputies of Jack's continued to lead his runaway community in the years that followed his death. The Assembly offered rewards for the apprehension or killing of two of Jack's deputies, Dagger and Toney. In 1792, the colonial militia captured Dagger, and sentenced him to be resold into slavery in the Spanish colonies, but they were unable to catch Toney or the rest of Jack's community, which continued to live and thrive in the Blue Mountains.[28]
In 1798, when he was approaching old age, Reeder petitioned the Jamaican Assembly for a pension, detailing his role in killing Three Fingered Jack, and he received his annual pension three years later. When he died in 1816 in Charles Town, and was buried in a Maroon funeral, Little Quaco, who had by now converted to Christianity and was now named William Carmichael Cockburn, petitioned the Assembly for his pension, and it was granted to him.[29]
References
[edit]- ^ Eugene Genovese, From Rebellion to Revolution: Afro-American Slave Revolts in the Making of the Modern World (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979), p. 67.
- ^
Patterson, Orlando (27 April 2022) [1967]. The Sociology of Slavery: Black Society in Jamaica, 1655-1838 (2 ed.). Cambridge: Polity Press. ISBN 9781509550999. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
The whites, having been obliged to come to terms with the Maroons in 1739, then proceeded to use them to prevent or subdue further uprisings.
- ^ Orlando Patterson, The Sociology of Slavery (Kingston: Sangster's, 1973), pp. 262-4, 270-1, 279-280.
- ^ Barbara Kopytoff, ‘Jamaican Maroon Political Organization: the Effects of the Treaties’, Social and Economic Studies, Vol. 25, No. 2 (1976), p. 96.
- ^ Mavis Campbell, The Maroons of Jamaica 1655-1796: a History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal (Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1988), pp. 157-9.
- ^ Clinton V. Black, A History of Jamaica (London: Collins, 1975), pp. 83-7.
- ^ Orlando Patterson, ‘Slavery and Slave Revolts: A Sociohistorical Analysis of the First Maroon War, 1665-1740’, Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas, ed. by Richard Price (London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996), p. 273.
- ^
Curtis, Isaac (29 January 2013) [2011]. "Masterless People: Maroons, Pirates, and Commoners". In Palmié, Stephan; Scarano, Francisco A. (eds.). The Caribbean: A History of the Region and Its Peoples. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 158. ISBN 9780226924649. Retrieved 13 February 2023.
[...] a pair of treaties in March and June 1739 ensured the position of the planters. These treaties [...] regulated the crops and livestock maroons could raise, the areas they could settle, the distances they could travel, and the terms on which they could trade [...]. [...] Equally significant was the requirement that the maroons turn over runaway slaves who had recently joined them and help suppress rebellions and catch fugitives in the future. By employing maroons in enforcing the boundaries of the plantation, Jamaican planters eliminated the logical base of future maroon support while establishing more complete control over their own work force.
- ^ David Geggus, ‘The Enigma of Jamaica in the 1790s: New Light on the Causes of Slave Rebellions’, William and Mary Quarterly, Vol. 4, Issue 2 (1987), p. 298.
- ^ Werner Zips, Black Rebels: African Caribbean Freedom Fighters in Jamaica (Kingston: Ian Randle, 1999), p. 20.
- ^ Hope Waddell, Twenty Nine Years in the West Indies and Central Africa (London: Frank Cass, [1863] 1970), p. 46.
- ^ Michael Siva, After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842, PhD Dissertation (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), pp. 109-110.
- ^ Michael Siva, After the Treaties: A Social, Economic and Demographic History of Maroon Society in Jamaica, 1739-1842, PhD Dissertation (Southampton: Southampton University, 2018), pp. 109-110.
- ^ Alan Eyre, ‘Jack Mansong: Bloodshed or Brotherhood’, Jamaica Journal, Vol. 7, No. 4 (December 1973), p. 9.
- ^ Mavis Campbell, The Maroons of Jamaica 1655-1796: a History of Resistance, Collaboration & Betrayal (Massachusetts: Bergin & Garvey, 1988), p. 158.
- ^ Clinton V. Black, Tales of Old Jamaica (London, 1966), p. 110.
- ^ Diana Paton, ‘The Afterlives of Three-Fingered Jack’, Slavery and the Cultures of Abolition: Essays marking the Bicentennial of the British Abolition Act of 1807, ed. by Brycchan Carey and Peter Kitson (Cambridge: D.S. Brewer, 2007), p. 51.
- ^ Siva, After the Treaties, pp. 112-3. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/423482/1/LIBRARY_COPY_After_The_Treaties_Final.pdf
- ^ Eyre, ‘Jack Mansong’, p. 12.
- ^ William Earle, Obi; or, the History of Three-Fingered Jack (London: Earle and Hemet, 1800), pp. 226-7.
- ^ Kathleen Wilson, ‘The Performance of Freedom: Maroons and the Colonial Order in Eighteenth-Century Jamaica and the Atlantic Sound’, William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Series, Vol. LXVI, No. 1 (January 2009), p. 69.
- ^ Benjamin Moseley, A Treatise on Sugar (London: G.G. and J. Robinson, 1799), pp. 175-9.
- ^ William Burdett, Life and Exploits of Mansong, Commonly Called Three-Finger’d Jack, the Terror of Jamaica (Sommers Town: A. Neil, 1802), p. 46.
- ^ Simon Harcourt-Smith, ‘The Maroons of Jamaica’, History Today, Vol. 16, No. 1 (January 1966), pp. 27-8
- ^ W.J. Gardner, A History of Jamaica (London: Elliott Stock, 1878), p. 146.
- ^ Black, History, p. 110.
- ^ Siva, After the Treaties, pp. 113-4.
- ^ Siva, After the Treaties, pp. 116-7.
- ^ Siva, After the Treaties, pp. 114-5.