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For other uses, see Tough love (disambiguation).

Tough love is the act of treating a person sternly or harshly with the intent to help them in the long run. People exhibit and act upon tough love when attempting to address someone else’s undesirable behaviour. Tough love can be used in many scenarios such as when parenting, teaching, rehabilitating, self-improving or simply when making a decision. Tough love is usually seen as positive due to its encouragement of growth, boundaries, resilience and independence.

The phrase "tough love" itself is believed to have originated with Bill Milliken's book of the same title[a] in 1968.[1][2][3][4][b] Bill Milliken described tough love through the expression, "I don't care how this makes you feel toward me. You may hate my guts, but I love you, and I am doing this because I love you."[5][1] Milliken aimed to teach parents how to support and guide problematic teens.

The American Psychological Association describes tough love as the ‘fostering of an individual’s well-being by requiring them to act responsibly to seek professional assistance for their behaviours’.[6] Others such as Tim Hawkes has described tough love as putting "principles before popularity" and allowing loved ones to learn through failure.[7]

Milliken strongly emphasizes that a relationship of care and love is a prerequisite of tough love, and that it requires that caregivers communicate clearly their love to the subject.[1] In relation to addiction, Maia Szalavitz believes, based on her own experience, that this may be difficult, since some people experiencing addiction consider themselves unworthy of love and find it difficult to believe others love them.[8][1]

In most uses, there must be some actual love or feeling of affection behind the harsh or stern treatment to be defined as tough love. For example, genuinely concerned parents refusing to support their drug-addicted child financially until he or she enters drug rehabilitation would be said to be practicing tough love.[9][10] Other examples of tough love include establishing clear boundaries, refusing to enable destructive behaviour, providing honest feedback, allowing natural consequences and failure, encouraging independence and interventions, holding accountability, and lacking empathy.

Theoretical Framework

An ultimate, evolutionary explanation of tough love would state that tough love helps people adapt to challenging environments and helps them to better compete for resources due to an increase of independence. This is part of the parental investment theory that states parents want to maximise long-term wellbeing and success of their offspring, potentially through tough love.[11]

From a humanistic approach, unconditional positive regard and empathy is key to self-actualising. In tough love, positive regard is conditional to a person's changed behaviour, therefore humanists may not fully agree with tough love. To support humanist's beliefs, it was found that greater parental conditional regard was significantly associated with contingent self-esteem and increased levels of depressive symptoms.[12]

Attachment theory and developmental psychology would emphasise the necessity for love and nurture during early childhood for emotional security and well-being in adulthood.[13] A study done on attachment styles and parenting styles found a positive correlation between a secure attachment and an authoritative style.[14]

Real World Effects and Research

Tough love has been found to improve collaboration performance in cross-organisational contexts in contrast to soft (nurturing) or hard (pressuring) approaches.[15] It may also cause adolescents to grow with higher protective and fewer risk behaviours.[16]

Parenting and Cultures

Diana Baumrind found 4 parenting styles: authoritarian, permissive, authoritative and neglectful parenting styles.[17] Studies have shown that an authoritative parenting style, the one that most closely demonstrates tough love, is characterised by warmth, responsiveness and clear boundaries, promoting positive child outcomes.[18] Baumrind found that it promotes well-adjusted and independent children, and that fulfilling all of a child’s needs with no limits imposed is negative. The British think tank Demos says that tough love is beneficial in the development of preferred character traits in children up to five years old.[19]

Research have found positive effects of authoritative parenting on academic performances, however, there are cultural differences in parenting outcomes.[20] It was found that Chinese mothers scored higher than European-American mothers in control and authoritarianism, but not in authoritativeness. Another study also found that although African-American parents exhibited high levels of authoritativeness, it did not yield the same positive results on academic achievements as other ethnic groups, potentially as African-American children are more influenced by peers.[21]  Chao's study revealed that Chinese parents tend to prioritise obedience and respect for authority. In contrast, European American parents typically value independence and self-expression, leading to more authoritative parenting styles that emphasise reasoning with children.[20] In a study, authoritative parenting was associated with at least 1 positive child outcome and authoritarian parenting was associated with at least 1 negative outcome in all regions of the globe.[22]

Overtime, studies have shown that the popularity of tough love is diminishing,[23] there has been a decrease in directive control and a shift in parental roles, suggesting parenting styles such as gentle parenting are gaining popularity.[24]

Reception and Ethical Considerations

Although tough love was coined as being a positive method of changing behaviour, there are many criticisms surrounding it. Some say the term has been appropriated to justify authoritarian parenting,[4] often seen as an extreme version of authoritative parenting and tough love.

Authoritarian Parenting

Dr Michelle Borba, author of ‘No More Misbehavin’: 38 Difficult Behaviours and How to Stop Them,’ believes that tough love fails to recognise differences between children, failing to produce individual respect and therefore creating a power struggle. She emphasises the importance of individual boundaries and respect, stating tough love is a sign that ‘things in the parent-child relationship have gone south’.[25]

Baumrind also did experiments on authoritarian parenting and found that parents high in control and demands and low in warmth have children that display increased aggression and low self-esteem.[18] Other studies have found that parental involvement and monitoring are predictors of adolescent achievement, suggesting independence may not necessarily improve achievements.[26] Furthermore there is an increased risk of drinking, smoking and using drugs for those growing up in a neglectful or authoritarian parenting style.[16]

Punishment

When tough love becomes extreme, it may lead to punishments being used.

Physical punishment can sometimes be associated with tough love but is also very damaging to children, increasing child aggression, antisocial behaviour, lower intellectual achievements and mental health problems. However, it was found that in normative cultures physical punishment is less negative.[27]

When looking at prison studies, they have also shown that after 3 months of imprisonment, risk taking increases and attention deteriorates.[28] This shows that tough love may not be the best method of rehabilitation.

Tough love has also attempted to justify boot camps for teenagers which Maia Szalavitz characterizes as abusive.[29] The American National Institutes of Health says that "get tough treatments do not work and there is some evidence that they may make the problem worse".[30] Szalavitz believes 'tough love' encourages unnecessarily harsh rules, "brutal confrontations", and a presumption that pain produces growth.[8][1]

Training

In coaching contexts, it’s been found that coaches more open to others’ ideas were more effective, they challenged players while being supportive in a positive climate compared to coaches that toughened up their players through harsh and tough love methods.[31] It’s also been shown that when training nurses, tough love behaviour deterred nurses from remaining in the health organisation and professions.[32]

See also

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ The book is: Milliken, B.; Meredith, C. (1968). Tough Love. Old Tappan, N.J.: F. H. Revell Co. OCLC 384094.
  2. ^ The first use of the term in professional literature appears to be: Alcohol Highway-traffic Safety Workshop for the Judiciary. U.S. Government Printing Office. 1974. pp. II–76.

Citations

  1. ^ a b c d e Jung 2015, p. 109.
  2. ^ Hall, Hall & Daman 2010, p. 162.
  3. ^ Miller 2009, p. 86.
  4. ^ a b Hawkes 2016, p. 62.
  5. ^ Milliken 2007, p. 45.
  6. ^ "APA Dictionary of Psychology". dictionary.apa.org. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  7. ^ Hawkes 2016, p. 63.
  8. ^ a b Szalavitz 2006.
  9. ^ Vine, Sarah. "Tough love or TLC?", The Times, 31 August 2007.
  10. ^ Jardine, Cassandra. "The ultimate betrayal or just tough love?", Daily Telegraph, 4 March 2009.
  11. ^ Trivers, Robert (1972). "Parental Investment Theory" – via In B. Campbell (Ed.), Sexual selection and the descent of man, 1871-1971 (pp. 136-179). Aldine de Gruyter. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  12. ^ Haines, Jolene E.; Schutte, Nicola S. (February 2023). "Parental conditional regard: A meta-analysis". Journal of Adolescence. 95 (2): 195–223. doi:10.1002/jad.12111. ISSN 0140-1971. PMID 36345118.
  13. ^ Howe, D., Brandon, M., Hinings, D., & Schofield, G. (1999). "Attachment Theory, Child Maltreatment and Family Support: A Practice and Assessment Model" (PDF).{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ Nanu, E. D., & Nijloveanu, D. M. (2015). "Attachment and Parenting Styles". Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences. 203: 199–204. doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.08.282.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Kelman, Steven; Hong, Sounman (2016-04-02). ""Hard," "Soft," or "Tough Love" Management: What Promotes Successful Performance in a Cross-Organizational Collaboration?". International Public Management Journal. 19 (2): 141–170. doi:10.1080/10967494.2015.1114546. ISSN 1096-7494.
  16. ^ a b Newman, Kathy; Harrison, Lynda; Dashiff, Carol; Davies, Susan (February 2008). "Relationships between parenting styles and risk behaviors in adolescent health: an integrative literature review". Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 16 (1): 142–150. doi:10.1590/S0104-11692008000100022. ISSN 1518-8345. PMID 18392544.
  17. ^ "3 Parenting Styles in Depth: The Famous Diana Baumrind Study". www.positive-parenting-ally.com. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  18. ^ a b Baumrind, Diana (1966). "Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behavior". Child Development. 37 (4): 887–907. doi:10.2307/1126611. ISSN 0009-3920. JSTOR 1126611.
  19. ^ "Tough love 'is good for children'", BBC News, 8 November 2009.
  20. ^ a b Chao, R. K. (1994). "Beyond Parental Control and Authoritarian Parenting Style: Understanding Chinese Parenting Through the Cultural Notion of Training". Child Development. 65 (4): 1111–1119. doi:10.2307/1131308. JSTOR 1131308. PMID 7956468.
  21. ^ Steinberg, Laurence; Lamborn, Susie D.; Dornbusch, Sanford M.; Darling, Nancy (1992). "Impact of Parenting Practices on Adolescent Achievement: Authoritative Parenting, School Involvement, and Encouragement to Succeed". Child Development. 63 (5): 1266–1281. doi:10.2307/1131532. ISSN 0009-3920. JSTOR 1131532. PMID 1446552.
  22. ^ Pinquart, Martin; Kauser, Rubina (January 2018). "Do the associations of parenting styles with behavior problems and academic achievement vary by culture? Results from a meta-analysis". Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology. 24 (1): 75–100. doi:10.1037/cdp0000149. ISSN 1099-9809. PMID 28394165.
  23. ^ Trifan, Tatiana Alina; Stattin, Håkan; Tilton-Weaver, Lauree (2014). "Have Authoritarian Parenting Practices and Roles Changed in the Last 50 Years?". Journal of Marriage and Family. 76 (4): 744–761. doi:10.1111/jomf.12124. ISSN 0022-2445. JSTOR 24582743.
  24. ^ publications.aap.org https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/138/6/e20160720/52577/Socioeconomic-Gaps-in-Parents-Discipline?redirectedFrom=fulltext?autologincheck=redirected. Retrieved 2024-03-27. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  25. ^ "Is There Really Such a Thing as "Tough Love"?". Fatherly. 2021-10-08. Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  26. ^ Spera, Christopher (2005-06-01). "A Review of the Relationship Among Parenting Practices, Parenting Styles, and Adolescent School Achievement". Educational Psychology Review. 17 (2): 125–146. doi:10.1007/s10648-005-3950-1. ISSN 1573-336X.
  27. ^ MSD, The State of Research on the Effects of Physical Punishment - Ministry of Social Development, MSD, retrieved 2024-03-27
  28. ^ Meijers, J., Harte, J. M., Meynen, G., Cuijpers, P., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2018). "Reduced Self-Control after 3 Months of Imprisonment; A Pilot Study". Frontiers in Psychology. 9: 69. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00069. PMC 5799890. PMID 29449824.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Szalavitz, Maia. "The Trouble With Tough Love", The Washington Post, 28 January 2006.
  30. ^ 2004 Youth Violence Prevention, National Institute of Health. [dead link‍]
  31. ^ Flett, M. Ryan; Gould, Daniel; Griffes, Katherine R.; Lauer, Larry (2013-12-01). "Tough Love for Underserved Youth: A Comparison of More and Less Effective Coaching". The Sport Psychologist. 27 (4): 325–337. doi:10.1123/tsp.27.4.325. ISSN 0888-4781.
  32. ^ Leong, Yee Mun Jessica; Crossman, Joanna (May 2016). "Tough love or bullying? New nurse transitional experiences". Journal of Clinical Nursing. 25 (9–10): 1356–1366. doi:10.1111/jocn.13225. ISSN 0962-1067. PMID 26990585.

General and cited references

  • The dictionary definition of tough love at Wiktionary
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