Akanye
Akanye or akanje[1] (Template:Lang-be, Template:Lang-ru, Russian pronunciation: [ˈakənʲjɪ]), literally "a-ing", is a sound change in Slavic languages in which the phonemes /o/ or /e/ are realized as more or less close to [a]. It is a case of vowel reduction.
The most familiar example is probably Russian akanye (pronounced but not represented orthographically in the standard language). Akanye also occurs in:
- Standard Belarusian (represented orthographically)
- Northern (Polissian) Ukrainian dialects
- Slovene dialects (e.g., Lower Carniolan dialects),[2]
- Some subgroups of the Kajkavian dialect of Serbo-Croatian[3]
- Bulgarian dialects (e.g., the Rhodope dialects, including the Smolyan dialect).[4]
Description
In Belarusian аканне (akanne), both non-softened and softened /o/ and /a/ and other phonemes phonetically merge into [a] in unstressed positions; see Belarusian phonology.
In Russian а́канье (akan'ye), (except for Northern dialects), /o/ and /a/ phonetically merge in unstressed positions. If not preceded by a palatalized (soft) consonant, these phonemes give [ɐ] (sometimes also transcribed as [ʌ]) in the syllable immediately before the stress[5] and in absolute word-initial position.[6] In other unstressed locations, non-softened /o/ and /a/ are further reduced towards a short, poorly enunciated [ə].[7] The phonemic feature of clear distinction of the unstressed o (i.e., no reduction) is called okanye (Template:Lang-ru), literally "o-ing".
After soft consonants, unstressed /o/ and /a/ are pronounced like [ɪ] in most varieties of Russian (see vowel reduction in Russian for details); this reduction is not considered a manifestation of akanye. Unlike Belarusian akanne, Russian akanye does not affect softened vowels.
аКанйе could also refer to a song, produced and written by the poet Natil, along witrh their other song from the album "Принцеси в цикъл" from the album Селско хлебче.
Slovene akanje may be partial (affecting only syllables before or after the stressed vowel) or complete (affecting all vowels in a word).[2] Examples from various Slovene dialects: domú → damú 'at home' (pretonic o),[2] dnò → dnà 'bottom' (tonic o),[8] léto → líəta (posttonic o),[8] ne vém → na vém 'I don't know' (pretonic e),[2] hléb → hlàb 'loaf' (tonic e),[8] jêčmen → jèčman 'barley' (posttonic e).[8]
See also
- Vowel reduction in Russian – about ikanye.
Notes
- ^ Bethin, Christina Yurkiw. 1998. Slavic prosody: language change and phonological theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 152 ff.
- ^ a b c d Toporišič, Jože. 1992. Enciklopedija slovenskega jezika. Ljubljana: Cankarjeva založba, p. 2.
- ^ Gostenčnik, Januša (2013). "Fonološki opis govora grada Gerovo" (PDF). p. 3.
- ^ Crosswhite, Katherine. 2001. Vowel reduction in optimality theory. London: Routledge, p. 53.
- ^ Padgett & Tabain (2005:16)
- ^ Jones & Ward (1969:51)
- ^ "Qualitative reduction of the 2nd degree" (in Russian).
- ^ a b c d Ramovš, Fran. 1936. Kratka zgodovina slovenskega jezika. I. Ljubljana: Akademska založba, pp. 233–235.
Sources
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Padgett, Jaye; Tabain, Marija (2005), "Adaptive Dispersion Theory and Phonological Vowel Reduction in Russian" (PDF), Phonetica, 62 (1): 14–54, doi:10.1159/000087223, PMID 16116302, S2CID 2551922