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Parliament of England

Predecessors (pre-13th century)

Famous ordinance removing ecclesiastical pleas from the hundred courts.^[1]

What about colloquia as name of the Great Council?

Scutage was a feudal obligation, and the king did not need to consult his barons. The geld could be levied without consultation.

Early development (1216–1307)

The word parliament comes from the French parlement first used in the late 11th century with the meaning of "parley" or "conversation".^[2] In the mid-1230s, it became a common name for meetings of the great council.^[3] The word was first used with this meaning in 1236.^[4]

In the 13th century, parliaments were developing throughout north-western Europe. As a vassal to the King of France, English kings were suitors to the parlement of Paris. In the 13th century, the French and English parliaments were similar in their functions; however, the two institutions diverged in significant ways in later centuries.^[5]

Early meetings and membership

Reforms of 1234. Suppression of the justiciar. 3 common law courts were organised: king's bench, the common bench, and the exchequer court. The chancellor, treasurer, judges of the two benches, the barons of the exchequer, and other ministers of the king sat in Parliament with the magnates.^[6]

Need a source: The place and time a parliament would meet was decided by the king, who could prorogue or dissolve the body as he saw fit.

Need a source: Likewise, the king determined who was summoned to parliament.

Not sure where or if this belongs: In addition, Parliament was not the only representative assembly empowered to act on behalf of the various estates of the realm. The lower clergy preferred to meet outside of Parliament in the Convocations of Canterbury and York, which was empowered to legislate for the church as a distinct estate. Only the bishops and greater abbots continued to sit in Parliament as lords spiritual. There was also a short-lived practice of summoning merchants to approve taxes on the wool trade.^[7]

Early functions and powers

Henry III

Ministers and finances

Baronial reform movement

Montfortian parliaments

Edward I

Model Parliament

Crisis of 1297

1298–1307

14th century

Edward II (1307–1327)

Statute of York

Edward III (1327–1377)

"Edward’s personal quarrel with his archbishop had thrown up a principle by which the activities of the Crown’s leading officials could be scrutinized in parliament. A mechanism had been established that meant England could settle political crises without descent into bloody civil war." Jones, Dan. The Plantagenets (p. 389). Penguin Publishing Group. Kindle Edition.

Not in article yet
In the period 1350–1375, Parliament developed into an institution unique among the estates of the realm in Europe. Unlike comparable bodies, Parliament had developed into a bicameral institution. The first estate or clergy had separated from Parliament and sat as the Convocations of Canterbury and York. With the lesser clergy meeting in convocation, only the greater clergy (bishops and major abbots) or lords spiritual remained in Parliament to sit with the second estate or lords temporal. At the same time, knights of the shire (technically lesser nobility and part of the second estate) had come to sit with the burgesses of the third estate as the commons. It was also unique for the wide range of business conducted: judicial, political and financial.^[9]

Richard II (1377–1399)

15th century

Tudor era (1485–1603)

Stuart era

James I

Charles I

Interregnum/Commonwealth/Protectorate

Restoration

Charles II

James II

Glorious Revolution/William and Mary

Act of Union

Notes

References

^ Maddicott 2009, p. 5.
^ Richardson & Sayles 1981, p. I 146.
^ Maddicott 2010, p. 157.
^ Baker 2019.
^ Richardson & Sayles 1963, pp. 124–125.
^ Sayles 1974, pp. 37 & 39.
^ Holt 1981, p. 2.
^ Butt 1989, p. xxiii.
^ Holt 1981, pp. 1–2.

Bibliography

Baker, Darren (24 September 2019). "When Was Parliament First Summoned and First Prorogued?". History Hit. Archived from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 16 April 2024.
Bartlett, Robert (2000). England Under the Norman and Angevin Kings, 1075-1225. New Oxford History of England. Clarendon Press. ISBN 9780199251018.
Brand, Paul (2009). "The Development of Parliament, 1215–1307". In Jones, Clyve (ed.). A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland. The Boydell Press. pp. 10–15. ISBN 9781843837176.
Butt, Ronald (1989). A History of Parliament: The Middle Ages. London: Constable. ISBN 0094562202.
Green, Judith A. (1986). The Government of England under Henry I. Cambridge Studies in Medieval Life and Thought: Fourth Series. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. doi:10.1017/CBO9780511560248. ISBN 9780511560248.
Huscroft, Richard (2016). Ruling England, 1042-1217 (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 978-1138786554.
Jolliffe, J. E. A. (1961). The Constitutional History of Medieval England from the English Settlement to 1485 (4th ed.). Adams and Charles Black.
Jones, Dan (2012). The Plantagenets: The Warrior Kings and Queens Who Made England (revised ed.). Penguin Books. ISBN 978-1-101-60628-5.
Lyon, Ann (2016). Constitutional History of the UK (2nd ed.). Routledge. ISBN 9781317203988.
Maddicott, John (2009). "Origins and Beginnings to 1215". In Jones, Clyve (ed.). A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland. The Boydell Press. pp. 3–9. ISBN 9781843837176.
Maddicott, J. R. (2010). The Origins of the English Parliament, 924-1327. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199585502.
Powell, J. Enoch; Wallis, Keith (1968). The House of Lords in the Middle Ages: A History of the English House of Lords to 1540. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. ISBN 0297761056.
Richardson, H. G.; Sayles, G. O. (1963). The Governance of Mediaeval England from the Conquest to Magna Carta. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
Richardson, H. G.; Sayles, G. O. (1981). The English Parliament in the Middle Ages. London: Hambledon Press. ISBN 0950688215.
Sayles, George O. (1974). The King's Parliament of England. Historical Controversies. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0393093220.
Starkey, David (2010). Crown and Country: A History of England through the Monarchy. HarperCollins Publishers. ISBN 9780007307715.
Troost, Wouter (2005). William III, the Stadholder-King: A Political Biography. Translated by J. C. Grayson. Ashgate. ISBN 0-7546-5071-5.

Treharne, R. F. (1970). "The Nature of Parliament in the Reign of Henry III". In Fryde, E. B.; Miller, Edward (eds.). Historical Studies of the English Parliament. Vol. 1, Origins to 1399. Cambridge University Press. pp. 70–90. SBN 521096103.

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Jones, Clyve, ed. (2009). A Short History of Parliament: England, Great Britain, the United Kingdom, Ireland and Scotland. The Boydell Press. ISBN 9781843837176.

Fryde, E. B.; Miller, Edward, eds. (1970). Historical Studies of the English Parliament. Vol. 1, Origins to 1399. Cambridge University Press. SBN 521096103.

Fryde, E. B.; Miller, Edward, eds. (1970). Historical Studies of the English Parliament. Vol. 2, 1399 to 1603. Cambridge University Press. SBN 521096111.

Holt, J. C. (1981). "The Prehistory of Parliament". In Davies, R. G.; Denton, J. H. (eds.). The English Parliament in the Middle Ages. Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0719008337.