Midriff

In fashion, the midriff is the human abdomen. The midriff is exposed when wearing a crop top or some forms of swimwear or underwear.

Etymology

"Midriff" is a very old term in the English language, coming into use before 1000 AD.^[1]

In Old English it was written as "midhrif", with the old word "hrif" literally meaning stomach;^[2] in Middle English, it was "mydryf".^[1] The word fell into obsolescence after the 18th century.

The word was revived in 1941 by the fashion industry,^[2] partly to avoid use of the word "belly" which genteel women considered undesirable in reference to their bodies, as it has connotations of obesity.

In addition, "belly" was a word which was forbidden to be used in films by the Hays Office censors; for instance, in the 1933 film 42nd Street, in the song "Shuffle Off to Buffalo", Ginger Rogers is about to sing the line "with a shotgun at his belly", but stops after the "B" of "belly" and sings "tummy" instead.

Culture and history

Western culture

1930s–1970s

In some cultures, exposure of the midriff is socially discouraged or even banned, and Western culture has historically been hesitant in the use of midriff-baring styles. Bill Blass commented:

It is too difficult. Women will much more readily wear bare-back or plunging-neckline styles.^[3]

It was introduced to fashion in 1932 by Madeleine Vionnet when she offered an evening gown with strategically cut openings at the waist.

Women's swimwear of the 1930s and 1940s incorporated increasing degrees of midriff exposure.

Teen magazines of the late 1940s and 1950s featured similar designs of midriff-baring suits and tops. However, midriff fashion was stated as only for beaches and informal events and considered indecent to be worn in other public situations.^[4]

However, exposure of the female midriff and navel was widely brought into everyday Western women's fashion in the 1960s' sexual revolution and later with the popularity of halters, tube tops and crop tops in the 1970s.

The cheerleading style fashions developing largely from the styles originating with the Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders in the early 1970s also played a crucial role in the popularity of midriff fashion at middle and high schools.^[4]^[5]

1980s–1990s

During the 1980s, pop star Madonna appeared in bare midriff looks in her performances and music videos, which helped in spreading this fashion widely.^[4]^[6]

The popularity of the bare midriff continued well due to low-rise fashion which started in the early 1990s when the British magazine The Face in its March 1993 issue cover featured Kate Moss in low-rise jeans.^[7] At the same time, the wide acceptance of navel display in Western societies, navel piercing^[8] and navel tattoos^[9] have become more common among young women. This raised the popularity of crop tops that expose the midriff and navel.^[10]

During the 1990s, many designers adapted to the trend. One way of showing the midriff that has proved popular with designers is simply fastening a jacket or vest at the neckline and letting it fall freely. When the wearer moves, there is a flash of skin, but nothing startling. Fashion designer Carolina Herrera said, "the midriff doesn't have to be completely bare; a veil of chiffon over the midriff can look intriguing."^[11]

2000s–2010s

The bare midriff, with flat, toned abs, became the trend in Hollywood in the 2000s.^[12] Particularly present were the bare midriffs of Britney Spears, Jennifer Lopez and Christina Aguilera.^[13]^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]

In US schools

Beginning in the late 1940s, school dress codes in the United States started to ban bare midriffs.^[4]

Indian culture

Indian women have traditionally worn saris that partially cover the midriff, especially South Indian women.^[18]^[19]

The sari adapts to a woman's body, rather than defining it, allowing for pregnancy and otherwise expanding girth. In a culture where having enough to eat is not a given, rolls of fat around the midriff are a sign of prestige, rather than indulgence.^[20] Torsekar, a paediatrician from India who works in Toledo, Ohio, once said, "It may be hard for American women to imagine going to work with an exposed midriff, but for Indian women, the midriff is considered no more suggestive than the forearm."^[21]

Other Indian communities that take midriff in their stride include the women from Rajasthan, who leave the midriff exposed while wearing ghagra cholis.^[22] However, these women often cover their heads with a dupatta^[23] and even cover their faces in front of strangers, which enforces the belief that midriff-baring in India has a symbolic, almost mystical, association with birth and life and that the display is meant to emphasise the centrality of nature in the nurture role.^[24]

In spite of it, some Indian philosophers gave opposition to exposing midriff in saris. They considered it to be a symbol of adultery.^[25]

References

^ ^a ^b "Midriff". Dictionary.com.
^ ^a ^b Harper, Douglas R. (2022) [2001]. "Midriff". Online Etymology Dictionary.
^ Morris, Bernardine (30 November 1993). "Baring Midriffs: A Little, a Lot or Not?". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Mitchell, Claudia; Reid-Walsh, Jacqueline (2008). Girl Culture: Studying girl culture: a readers' guide Volume 1 of Girl Culture: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 702. ISBN 978-0-313-33909-7.
^ Delaney, Tim; Madigan, Tim (2009). Sports: Why People Love Them!. University Press of America. p. 148. ISBN 978-0-7618-4489-1.
^ Baird, Julia (1 April 2012). "What happened to Madonna". The Age. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
^ Mead, Rebecca (10 May 1993). "Navel Maneuvers". New York Magazine. p. 26. Retrieved 11 August 2011.
^ Manlow, Veronica (2009). Designing Clothes: Culture and Organization of the Fashion Industry. Transaction Publishers. ISBN 978-1-4128-1055-5.
^ Prelli, Lawrence J. (2006). Rhetorics of display. University of South Carolina Press. ISBN 1-57003-619-5.
^ Kremer, Esther Gross (7 May 2000). "Cropped tops = midriff mania = abs-olutely erotic". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012.
^ Morris, Bernardine (15 December 1992). "Boldly or Demurely, The Midriff Bares Itself". The New York Times. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^ Talmon, Noelle (7 April 2012). "Celebrity Style Watch: Belly Baring Crop Tops". Star Pulse. Archived from the original on 8 April 2012. Retrieved 8 April 2012.
^ "Celebrities brought the bare-midriff trend back from the early 2000s for the Oscars red carpet". Business Insider. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ "Jennifer Lopez's Best Early-2000s Outfits, Ranked". Glamour. 28 April 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ Cerini, Marianna (18 December 2019). "Remember when Christina Aguilera's midriff was everywhere?". CNN. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ Gilligan, Eilish. "Britney Is Not Just Her Conservatorship — Let's Celebrate Her For The Pop Music Queen She Is". www.refinery29.com. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ "11 Times Britney Spears Was Crop Top Goals — PHOTOS". Bustle. 11 January 2016. Retrieved 4 April 2024.
^ Alkazi, Roshen (1983). Ancient Indian Costume. New Delhi: Art Heritage. OCLC 11507040.
^ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1951). Indian costume. Bombay: Popular Book Depot. OCLC 560506171.
^ Menkes, Suzy (29 May 1994). "RUNWAYS; Naked Came the Midriff". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 19 February 2014. Retrieved 20 March 2012.
^ Lane, Tahree (22 March 1998). "Sari". Toledo Blade. Retrieved 21 March 2012 – via Google News.
^ Social Science a Textbook in History for Class IX as per New Syllabus. FK Publications.
^ India. Balcatta, Western Australia: R.I.C. Publications. 2010. ISBN 978-1-74126-911-6.
^ Beck, Brenda (1976). The Symbolic Merger of Body, Space, and Cosmos in Hindu Tamil Nadu. Contributions to Indian Sociology. Vol. 10. pp. 213–243.
^ Naikar, Basavaraj S. (1984). Sarvajna: the omniscient poet of Karnataka. Dharwad: Sivaranjani Publications. OCLC 17133214.