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1998 Eritrean offensive into Ethiopia

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Eritrean offensive into Ethiopia
Part of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War
Date6 May – 17 June 1998
Location
Eritrea–Ethiopia border
Result Beginning of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War
Belligerents
 Ethiopia  Eritrea
Commanders and leaders
Ethiopia Tsadkan Gebretensae
Ethiopia Samora Yunis		 Eritrea Sebhat Ephrem
Eritrea Filipos Woldeyohannes
Strength
unknown unknown
Casualties and losses
about 600 soldiers and civilians killed; 300,000 refugees (estimates by Mikhailo Zhirokhov [uk][1]) unknown

On 6 May 1998, Eritrea launched an offensive into neighbouring Ethiopia, marking the beginning of the Eritrean–Ethiopian War. The attack was declared illegal by an international commission in The Hague.[2][3]

Invasion

After a series of armed incidents in which several Eritrean officials were killed near Badme,[4] on 6 May 1998,[5] a large Eritrean mechanized force entered the Badme region along the border of Eritrea and Ethiopia's northern Tigray Region, resulting in a firefight between the Eritrean soldiers and a Tigrayan militia and the Ethiopian police they encountered.[4][6][7]

The fighting quickly escalated to exchanges of artillery and tank fire, leading to four weeks of intense fighting. Ground troops fought on three fronts. On 5 June 1998, the Eritrean airforce attacked an elementary school in Mekelle that killed 49 of the students and their parents and the neighbors that came to help immediately.[8] Four more people died after reaching hospital. The victims ranged from a three-month-old baby to a 65-year-old man.[8] On 5 June the Ethiopian Air Force launched air attacks on the airport in Asmara as a retaliation. After that on the same date Eritreans also attacked the airport of Mekele. These raids caused civilian casualties and deaths on both sides of the border.[9][10][11]

There was then a lull as both sides mobilized huge forces along their common border and dug extensive trenches.[12] Both countries spent several hundred million dollars on new military equipment.[13]

Reaction

The Council of Ministers of Ethiopia demanded the immediate withdrawal of the Eritrean army from the occupied territory. The Cabinet of Ministers of Eritrea, in turn, accused the Ethiopians of violating the border. President Isaias Afwerki said that the withdrawal of troops from the occupied territories "seems morally unacceptable and physically impossible".[1]

Rwanda, the United States and Djibouti have made attempts to bring the parties to the negotiating table.[1]

The United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 1177 condemning the use of force and welcomed statements from both sides to end the air strikes.

Results

As a result of the campaign, three fronts were formed: the western one — the Badme section, the area between the Mereb and Setit rivers, the central one — the Cherona—Zalambesa —Alitena district, the eastern one — the Bure district.[14]

The war lasted until 2000. At the end of the conflict, the parties agreed to resolve all their disputes through international arbitration.

Evaluation of arbitration

In 2005, the Claims Commission – that was set up as part of the peace agreement – said that settling such disputes by use of force could not be considered self-defence. Since there was no armed attack against Eritrea, its attack on Ethiopia could not be justified as lawful self-defence under the United Nations charter .Eritrea is now liable to compensate Ethiopia for damages caused, it said. Tensions over the border have risen in recent months with both countries sending more troops there.[3]

References

  1. ^ a b c Михаил Жирохов. Война в воздухе на Африканском Роге // Уголок неба : авиационная энциклопедия. — 2004.
  2. ^ Murphy, Sean D. (4 October 2016). The Eritrean-Ethiopian War (1998-2000). GW Paper Series. George Washington University Law School. SSRN 2856670.
  3. ^ a b "Eritrea broke law in border war". BBC News. 21 December 2005. Retrieved 21 October 2019.
  4. ^ a b Connell, Dan (2 October 2005). Woods, Emira (ed.). "Eritrea/Ethiopia War Looms". Foreign Policy in Focus.
  5. ^ Hans van der Splinter. "Border conflict with Ethiopia". eritrea.be. Retrieved 29 March 2017.
  6. ^ Dowden, Richard (2 June 2000). "There are no winners in this insane and destructive war". The Independent. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008.
  7. ^ The Eritreans describe the start of the war thus: "after a series of armed incidents during which several Eritrean officials were murdered near the disputed village of Badme, Ethiopia declared total war as on 13 May and mobilized its armed forces for a full-scale assault on Eritrea." (Staff. "history". Embassy of the State of Eritrea, New Delhi, India. Archived from the original on 9 February 2015.)
  8. ^ a b Vick, Karl (8 June 1998). "SCHOOL ATTACK SHOCKS ETHIOPIANS". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Retrieved 6 June 2022.
  9. ^ Ethiopia's War on Eritrea. Asmara: Sabur Printing Services. 1999.[page needed]
  10. ^ "Lords Hansard text for 30 Nov 1999 (191130-16)". publications.parliament.uk. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  11. ^ Eritrea Ethiopia Claims Commission. "PARTIAL AWARD Central Front – Ethiopia's Claim 2". "J. Aerial Bombardment of Mekele" Paragraphs 101–113. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014.
  12. ^ Biles, Peter (20 May 2000). "Ethiopia's push north". BBC.
  13. ^ "Will arms ban slow war?". BBC News. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  14. ^ Коновалов И.П. Войны Африканского Рога. — Пушкино: Центр стратегической конъюнктуры, 2014 — 192 с. ISBN 978-5-906233-77-6.
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