1963 Turkish coup attempt

The 1963 Turkish coup attempt was a failed coup d'état in Turkey by a group of dissident military officers, led by Colonel Talat Aydemar, former Commandant of the Turkish Military Academy, along with his chief associate Major Fethi Gurcan. The second and final coup attempt to be orchestrated by the colonel, it aimed to overthrow the coalition government headed by İsmet İnönü. Unlike the initial lenience shown by the government to the rebels following the 1962 coup attempt, where they were granted a full pardon, a harsher approach was taken instead this time. Colonel Aydemar and Major Gurcan were tried, sentenced to death, then executed the following year.

Coup attempt

Planning for the coup attempt reportedly began just three months after the foiled 1962 coup, with Colonel Aydemar recruiting veterans and active-duty personnel who participated in previous coups. The core group of conspirators, dubbed the "February 22ers", used the "Tentacle System" as their organizational structure, extending secret arms from the central group to key military units in Istanbul and Ankara. Military officers sympathetic to their cause were enlisted into these units, forming a network support within the armed forces. The movement from its inception was marred with leadership disputes, with the first organizational meeting marked with disagreements over the choice of leader. Ultimately, Colonel Aydemar and Major Fethi Gurcan emerged as the de facto leaders.

Efforts were also made to unify with other conspiratorial group, namely the "14", a group of military officers purged from the National Unity Committee in November 1960, and the "11", a group of former air force officers. These attempts at unity ended in abject failure however, primarily due to Aydemir's insistence on primary leadership which caused frustrations during negotiations with the other groups. The summit meeting held in Dikmen between Aydemir and Alparslan Türkeş, leader of the 14, caused further splits within the conspirators. The 14 divided between the Türkeş faction and the Orhan Kabibay faction, while the February 22ers split between Aydemir and Seyhan supporters. On April 27, Seyhan, Kabibay, and Halim Menteş, the latter of whom being the leader of the 11, met at the Pierre Loti Hotel in Istanbul. There they concluded that Türkeş and Aydemir would be excluded from future activities, agreeing that a revolt was necessary before the 1965 elections.

Upon hearing the results of the Pierre Loti meeting, Colonel Aydemir decided to act independently and launch the coup attempt without further delay, mobilizing the Tentacle System by the evening of May 20. The colonel and his chief collaborators, in their old uniforms, entered the Turkish Military Academy and misled the cadets into joining, claiming the entire armed forces were rising up. Simultaneously, Aydemir's allies in Ankara and Istanbul mobilized forces and began converging to strategic locations. By midnight, the rebels had seized control of the radio station, announcing that Aydemir had taken over the government on behalf of the army, dissolving parliament and abolishing political parties. Lieutenant-Colonel Ali Elverdi, a loyalist, somehow forced his way into the studio and broadcasted a denial of the colonel's claims, calling for loyal forces to rally. While dissident forces managed to arrest Elverdi, his broadcast had already been aired. Loyal air units flew over Ankara instead of the expected pro-Aydemar units. The support for the coup did not materialize and the cadets, realizing they had been deceived, began to disperse. By dawn, government forces had regained complete control. The brief clashes between government and rebel forces caused at least six deaths and 26 injuries. Martial law was temporarily imposed in the cities Istanbul, Ankara, and Izmir, by the Supreme Military Council.

Post-coup

Following the coup attempt, a series of trials were held, beginning on June 6 and continuing until early August. Verdicts were handed down on September 5. The proceedings, conducted with military discipline, were criticized by the defendants, who were limited to only one defense attorney each, leading them to challenge the court's legitimacy. Aydemir and his associates, rather than mounting a defense, instead admitted and expressed pride in their actions, attempting unsuccessfully to implicate top officials into the coup. Aydemir's statements often contradicted defendants who had denied involvement. Lesser figures within the conspiracy and active officers claimed they were deceived or just following orders, which strong evidence often refuted. Ultimately, seven defendants, including Colonel Aydemir and Major Fethi Gurcan, were sentenced to death, 29 were sentenced to life imprisonment, 12 received fifteen-year terms, and 58 were convicted with varying terms ranging from three months to twelve years. The remaining 45 were acquitted. Among the cadets, who were tried separately, 166 were convicted while 1293 were acquitted. Administrative disciplinary action was recommended for 763 of the acquitted while all 1,459 involved cadets were expelled from the Turkish Military Academy.

On June 26, President Cemal Gürsel signed the death warrants for Colonel Aydemir and Major Fethi Gurcan, with the Turkish Parliament ratifying their death sentences shortly after. Refused execution by firing squad, a privilege reserved only for serving officers, they were hanged instead. Both were scheduled to be executed on June 27, yet the colonel's execution was temporarily postponed due to a successful plea for reprieve by his attorney. The major was executed as planned. On June 4, 1964, the military courts rejected Colonel Aydemir's plea for clemency. On the following day, he was hanged at the Central Prison in Ankara.