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14 (number)

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← 13 14 15 →
Cardinalfourteen
Ordinal14th
(fourteenth)
Numeral systemtetradecimal
Factorization2 × 7
Divisors1, 2, 7, 14
Greek numeralΙΔ´
Roman numeralXIV
Greek prefixtetrakaideca-
Latin prefixquattuordec-
Binary11102
Ternary1123
Senary226
Octal168
Duodecimal1212
HexadecimalE16
Hebrew numeralי"ד
Babylonian numeral𒌋𒐘

14 (fourteen) is a natural number following 13 and preceding 15.

In relation to the word "four" (4), 14 is spelled "fourteen".

Mathematics

Fourteen is the seventh composite number. It is specifically, the third distinct semiprime,[1] being the third of the form (where is a higher prime). More specifically, it is the first member of the second cluster of two discrete semiprimes (14, 15); the next such cluster is (21, 22), members whose sum is the fourteenth prime number, 43. It has an aliquot sum of 8, within an aliquot sequence of two composite numbers (14, 8, 7, 1, 0) in the prime 7-aliquot tree.

Properties

14 is the third Companion Pell number and the fourth Catalan number.[2][3] It is the lowest even for which the Euler totient has no solution, making it the first even nontotient.[4]

According to the Shapiro inequality, 14 is the least number such that there exist , , , where:[5]

with and

A set of real numbers to which it is applied closure and complement operations in any possible sequence generates 14 distinct sets.[6] This holds even if the reals are replaced by a more general topological space; see Kuratowski's closure-complement problem.

After 11 (the third super-prime), 14 is the first of only two composite numbers whose arithmetic mean of divisors is the first perfect number, 6 (the other number is 15).[7][8]

Polygons

14 is the number of equilateral triangles that are formed by the sides and diagonals of a regular six-sided hexagon.[9] In a hexagonal lattice, 14 is also the number of fixed two-dimensional triangular-celled polyiamonds with four cells.[10]

There are fourteen polygons that can fill a plane-vertex tiling, where five polygons tile the plane uniformly, and nine others only tile the plane alongside irregular polygons.[11][12]

The fundamental domain of the Klein quartic is a regular hyperbolic 14-sided tetradecagon, with an area of .

The Klein quartic is a compact Riemann surface of genus 3 that has the largest possible automorphism group order of its kind (of order 168) whose fundamental domain is a regular hyperbolic 14-sided tetradecagon, with an area of by the Gauss-Bonnet theorem.

Solids

Several distinguished polyhedra in three dimensions contain fourteen faces or vertices as facets:

A regular tetrahedron cell, the simplest uniform polyhedron and Platonic solid, is made up of a total of 14 elements: 4 edges, 6 vertices, and 4 faces.

  • Szilassi's polyhedron and the tetrahedron are the only two known polyhedra where each face shares an edge with each other face, while Császár's polyhedron and the tetrahedron are the only two known polyhedra with a continuous manifold boundary that do not contain any diagonals.
  • Two tetrahedra that are joined by a common edge whose four adjacent and opposite faces are replaced with two specific seven-faced crinkles will create a new flexible polyhedron, with a total of 14 possible clashes where faces can meet.[18]pp.10-11,14 This is the second simplest known triangular flexible polyhedron, after Steffen's polyhedron.[18]p.16 If three tetrahedra are joined at two separate opposing edges and made into a single flexible polyhedron, called a 2-dof flexible polyhedron, each hinge will only have a total range of motion of 14 degrees.[18]p.139

14 is also the root (non-unitary) trivial stella octangula number, where two self-dual tetrahedra are represented through figurate numbers, while also being the first non-trivial square pyramidal number (after 5);[19][20] the simplest of the ninety-two Johnson solids is the square pyramid [a] There are a total of fourteen semi-regular polyhedra, when the pseudorhombicuboctahedron is included as a non-vertex transitive Archimedean solid (a lower class of polyhedra that follow the five Platonic solids).[21][22][b]

Fourteen possible Bravais lattices exist that fill three-dimensional space.[23]

G2

The exceptional Lie algebra G2 is the simplest of five such algebras, with a minimal faithful representation in fourteen dimensions. It is the automorphism group of the octonions , and holds a compact form homeomorphic to the zero divisors with entries of unit norm in the sedenions, .[24][25]

Riemann zeta function

The floor of the imaginary part of the first non-trivial zero in the Riemann zeta function is ,[26] in equivalence with its nearest integer value,[27] from an approximation of [28][29]

In science

Chemistry

14 is the atomic number of silicon, and the approximate atomic weight of nitrogen. The maximum number of electrons that can fit in an f sublevel is fourteen.

In religion and mythology

Christianity

According to the Gospel of Matthew "there were fourteen generations in all from Abraham to David, fourteen generations from David to the exile to Babylon, and fourteen from the exile to the Messiah". (Matthew 1, 17)

Islam

The number of Muqattaʿat in the Quran.

Mythology

The number of pieces the body of Osiris was torn into by his fratricidal brother Set.

The number 14 was regarded as connected to Šumugan and Nergal.[30]

In other fields

Fourteen is:

Notes

  1. ^ Furthermore, the square pyramid can be attached to uniform and non-uniform polyhedra (such as other Johnson solids) to generate fourteen other Johnson solids: J8, J10, J15, J17, J49, J50, J51, J52, J53, J54, J55, J56, J57, and J87.
  2. ^ Where the tetrahedron — which is self-dual, inscribable inside all other Platonic solids, and vice-versa — contains fourteen elements, there exist thirteen uniform polyhedra that contain fourteen faces (U09, U76i, U08, U77c, U07), vertices (U76d, U77d, U78b, U78c, U79b, U79c, U80b) or edges (U19).

References

  1. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001358". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation.
  2. ^ "Sloane's A002203 : Companion Pell numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  3. ^ "Sloane's A000108 : Catalan numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  4. ^ "Sloane's A005277 : Nontotients". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  5. ^ Troesch, B. A. (July 1975). "On Shapiro's Cyclic Inequality for N = 13" (PDF). Mathematics of Computation. 45 (171): 199. doi:10.1090/S0025-5718-1985-0790653-0. MR 0790653. S2CID 51803624. Zbl 0593.26012.
  6. ^ Kelley, John (1955). General Topology. New York: Van Nostrand. p. 57. ISBN 9780387901251. OCLC 10277303.
  7. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A003601 (Numbers j such that the average of the divisors of j is an integer.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  8. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A102187 (Arithmetic means of divisors of arithmetic numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-06-03.
  9. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A238822 (Number of equilateral triangles bounded by the sides and diagonals of a regular 3n-gon.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-05-05.
  10. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A001420 (Number of fixed 2-dimensional triangular-celled animals with n cells (n-iamonds, polyiamonds) in the 2-dimensional hexagonal lattice.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-05-15.
  11. ^ Grünbaum, Branko; Shepard, Geoffrey (November 1977). "Tilings by Regular Polygons" (PDF). Mathematics Magazine. 50 (5). Taylor & Francis, Ltd.: 231. doi:10.2307/2689529. JSTOR 2689529. S2CID 123776612. Zbl 0385.51006.
  12. ^ Baez, John C. (February 2015). "Pentagon-Decagon Packing". AMS Blogs. American Mathematical Society. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  13. ^ Coxeter, H.S.M. (1973). "Chapter 2: Regular polyhedra". Regular Polytopes (3rd ed.). New York: Dover. pp. 18–19. ISBN 0-486-61480-8. OCLC 798003.
  14. ^ Williams, Robert (1979). "Chapter 5: Polyhedra Packing and Space Filling". The Geometrical Foundation of Natural Structure: A Source Book of Design. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. p. 168. ISBN 9780486237299. OCLC 5939651. S2CID 108409770.
  15. ^ Szilassi, Lajos (1986). "Regular toroids" (PDF). Structural Topology. 13: 69–80. Zbl 0605.52002.
  16. ^ Császár, Ákos (1949). "A polyhedron without diagonals" (PDF). Acta Scientiarum Mathematicarum (Szeged). 13: 140–142. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-09-18.
  17. ^ Lijingjiao, Iila; et al. (2015). "Optimizing the Steffen flexible polyhedron" (PDF). Proceedings of the International Association for Shell and Spatial Structures (Future Visions Symposium). Amsterdam: IASS. doi:10.17863/CAM.26518. S2CID 125747070.
  18. ^ a b c Li, Jingjiao (2018). Flexible Polyhedra: Exploring finite mechanisms of triangulated polyhedra (PDF) (Ph.D. Thesis). University of Cambridge, Department of Engineering. pp. xvii, 1–156. doi:10.17863/CAM.18803. S2CID 204175310.
  19. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A007588 (Stella octangula numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  20. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A000330 (Square pyramidal numbers)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  21. ^ Grünbaum, Branko (2009). "An enduring error". Elemente der Mathematik. 64 (3). Helsinki: European Mathematical Society: 89–101. doi:10.4171/EM/120. MR 2520469. S2CID 119739774. Zbl 1176.52002.
  22. ^ Hartley, Michael I.; Williams, Gordon I. (2010). "Representing the sporadic Archimedean polyhedra as abstract polytopes". Discrete Mathematics. 310 (12). Amsterdam: Elsevier: 1835–1844. arXiv:0910.2445. Bibcode:2009arXiv0910.2445H. doi:10.1016/j.disc.2010.01.012. MR 2610288. S2CID 14912118. Zbl 1192.52018.
  23. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A256413 (Number of n-dimensional Bravais lattices.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2023-01-18.
  24. ^ Baez, John C. (2002). "The Octonions". Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society. New Series. 39 (2): 186. arXiv:math/0105155. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-01-00934-X. MR 1886087. S2CID 586512. Zbl 1026.17001.
  25. ^ Moreno, Guillermo (1998), "The zero divisors of the Cayley–Dickson algebras over the real numbers", Bol. Soc. Mat. Mexicana, Series 3, 4 (1): 13–28, arXiv:q-alg/9710013, Bibcode:1997q.alg....10013G, MR 1625585, S2CID 20191410, Zbl 1006.17005
  26. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A013629 (Floor of imaginary parts of nontrivial zeros of Riemann zeta function.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  27. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A002410 (Nearest integer to imaginary part of n-th zero of Riemann zeta function.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  28. ^ Sloane, N. J. A. (ed.). "Sequence A058303 (Decimal expansion of the imaginary part of the first nontrivial zero of the Riemann zeta function.)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  29. ^ Odlyzko, Andrew. "The first 100 (non trivial) zeros of the Riemann Zeta function [AT&T Labs]". Andrew Odlyzko: Home Page. UMN CSE. Retrieved 2024-01-16.
  30. ^ Wiggermann 1998, p. 222.
  31. ^ Bowley, Roger. "14 and Shakespeare the Numbers Man". Numberphile. Brady Haran. Archived from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved 2016-01-03.

Bibliography