Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche | |
|---|---|
 Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, c. 1894 | |
| Born | Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Nietzsche 10 July 1846 |
| Died | 8 November 1935 (aged 89) |
| Nationality | German |
| Known for | Sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche, founder of Nueva Germania and Nazi sympathiser |
| Political party | NSDAP |
| Spouse | Bernhard Förster |
| Parent(s) | Carl Ludwig Nietzsche, Franziska Nietzsche |
Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Förster-Nietzsche (10 July 1846 – 8 November 1935) was the sister of philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche and the creator of the Nietzsche Archive in 1894.
Förster-Nietzsche was two years younger than her brother. Their father was a Lutheran pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. The two children were close during their childhood and early adult years. However, they grew apart in 1885, when Förster-Nietzsche married Bernhard Förster, a former high school teacher who had become a prominent German nationalist and antisemite. Nietzsche did not attend their wedding.
Förster-Nietzsche and her husband created an unsuccessful colony, Nueva Germania, in Paraguay in 1887. Her husband committed suicide in 1889. Förster-Nietzsche continued to run the colony until she returned to Germany in 1893 where she found her brother to be an invalid whose published writings were beginning to be read and discussed throughout Europe. Adolf Hitler attended her funeral in 1935.[1]
In the 1950s, it was claimed by Nietzsche's new editors and translators such as Walter Kaufmann that Nietzsche's work had been edited by Förster-Nietzsche to highlight racist and eugenicist themes, but this account has been the subject of debate in recent scholarship.[2] An alternative theory exonerates Förster-Nietzsche and places the distortion of Nietzsche's works in the hands of the Nazis themselves.[3]
Early life
Therese Elisabeth Alexandra Nietzsche was born in 1846 to Carl Ludwig Nietzsche and Franziska Nietzsche (née Oehler). She was named after three princesses with whom Carl Ludwig Nietzsche had worked. Carl Ludwig was a Lutheran pastor in the German village of Röcken bei Lützen. Franziska was a rustic. Carl Ludwig died in 1849. Franziska had no prospects and her husband's pension was insufficient. She chose to rely on the charity of Carl Ludwig's mother, Erdmuthe, and the more distinguished prospects which she could open for the children. When remembering her early life, Förster-Nietzsche would suggest that they may have cried a lot.
Friedrich and Förster-Nietzsche were close during their childhood and early adult years. He took to calling her "Llama" throughout their lives because he felt that the description of the load bearing, saliva spitting, stubborn animal fit her well.[4]
Nueva Germania
Bernhard Förster planned to create a "pure Aryan settlement" in the New World and had found a site in Paraguay which he thought would be suitable. The couple persuaded fourteen German families to join them in the colony, to be called Nueva Germania, and the group left Germany for South America on 15 February 1887.[5]
The colony did not thrive. The German methods of farming were not suitable to the land, illness ran rampant, and transportation to the colony was slow and difficult. Faced with mounting debts, Förster committed suicide by poisoning on 3 June 1889. Four years later, Förster-Nietzsche left the colony forever and returned to Germany. The colony still exists as a district of the San Pedro department.
Nietzsche Archive
Friedrich Nietzsche's mental collapse occurred in 1889 (he died in 1900), and upon Elisabeth's return in 1893 she found him an invalid whose published writings were beginning to be read and discussed throughout Europe. Förster-Nietzsche took a leading role in promoting her brother, especially through the publication of a collection of Nietzsche's fragments under the name of The Will to Power.[6] For her collective work on the Nietzsche archives, she was eventually nominated four times for the Nobel Prize in Literature.[7]
Affiliation with the Nazi Party
The common account made by Nietzsche new editors and translators in the 1950s has been that in 1930, Förster-Nietzsche, a German nationalist and antisemite,[8][9] became a supporter of the Nazi Party and, as has been traditionally claimed, she falsified Nietzsche's work to make it a better fit to Nazi ideology.[6][8] This account is now disputed by recent scholarship, which argues that Elisabeth's motivation in selectively editing Nietzsche's works was primarily intended to protect her brother from criticism and to present herself as being close to him.[2]
When Hitler came to power in 1933, the Nietzsche Archive received financial support and publicity from the government, in return for which Förster-Nietzsche bestowed her brother's considerable prestige on the regime.[10] Förster-Nietzsche's funeral in 1935 was attended by Hitler and several high-ranking German officials.[8]
Publications
- Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsches, 3 Bände ("The Life of Friedrich Nietzsche", 3 volumes; Vol. I: 1895, Vol. II/1: 1897, Vol. II/2: 1904)
- Das Nietzsche-Archiv, seine Freunde und seine Feinde ("The Nietzsche Archive, His Friends and His Enemies", 1907)
- Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsches, 2 Bände ("The Life of Friedrich Nietzsche", 2 volumes);
- Bd. 1: Der junge Nietzsche ("Vol. 1: The Young Nietzsche", 1912)
- Bd. 2: Der einsame Nietzsche ("Vol. 2: The Lonely Nietzsche", 1914)
- Wagner und Nietzsche zur Zeit ihrer Freundschaft ("Wagner and Nietzsche at the Time of their Friendship", 1915)
- Nietzsche und sein Werk ("Nietzsche and His Work", 1928; edited with Henri Lichtenberger)
- Friedrich Nietzsche und die Frauen seiner Zeit ("Friedrich Nietzsche and the Women of His Time", 1935)
References
- ^ Gray, John (8 January 2016). "Anti-Education by Friedrich Nietzsche review – why mainstream culture, not the universities, is doing our best thinking". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2 August 2017.
- ^ a b Holub, Robert C. (2016). Nietzsche's Jewish Problem. Princeton University Press. pp. 20–26. ISBN 9780691167558.
- ^ Leiter, Brian (21 December 2015). "Nietzsche's Hatred of "Jew Hatred"". The New Rambler Review of Books.
- ^ Prideaux, Sue (2018). I Am Dynamite! : A Life of Nietzsche (First U.S. ed.). New York: Tim Duggan Books. pp. 20, 261–262. ISBN 978-1-5247-6082-3.
- ^ "The colony "Nueva Germania" in Paraguay". Deutsche Welle dw.com. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ a b Martin Heidegger, 1930s courses on Nietzsche (parts of which have been published under the name Nietzsche I (1936-1939), ed. B. Schillbach, 1996, XIV, 596p. and Nietzsche II (1939-1946), ed. B. Schillbach, 1997, VIII, 454p. — note that these publications are not the exact transcription of the 1930s courses, but were done post-war), and Mazzino Montinari, 1974 (Montinari made the first complete edition of Nietzsche's posthumous fragments, respecting chronological orders, whilst Elisabeth Förster's edition was partial, incomplete and arbitrarily ordered, as Heidegger had already noted. Montinari's edition has provided the basis for all further scholarship on Nietzsche's work).
- ^ "Nomination archive – Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche". nobelprize.org.
- ^ a b c Wroe, David (19 January 2010). "'Criminal' manipulation of Nietzsche by sister to make him look anti-Semitic". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche, who went on to become a prominent supporter of Adolf Hitler, systematically falsified her brother's works and letters, according to the Nietzsche Encyclopedia [...] When she died in 1935, Hitler attended her funeral.
- ^ "Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power: A Biography of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche". International Nietzsche Studies. University of Illinois Press. July 2007. Retrieved 2 July 2013.
Diethe concludes by detailing Förster-Nietzsche's brief marriage and her subsequent colonial venture in Paraguay, maintaining that her sporadic anti-Semitism was, like most things in her life, an expedient tool for cultivating personal success and status.
- ^ "The Most Evil Woman in History". Blogspot. 6 August 2013. Archived from the original on 29 March 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
Sources
- Diethe, Carol, Nietzsche's Sister and the Will to Power, Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2003. (A biography of Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche)
- Macintyre, Ben, Forgotten Fatherland: The Search for Elisabeth Nietzsche, New York: Farrar Straus Giroux, 1992.
External links
- Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (1895). Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's. C. G. Naumann.
- Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche (1897). Das Leben Friedrich Nietzsche's. C. G. Naumann.
- Entretien autour de Friedrich Nietzsche et son temps
