Überfremdung
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Überfremdung (pronounced [ˌyːbɐˈfʁɛmdʊŋ] ), literally 'over-foreignization', is a German-language term used to refer to an excess of immigration. The word is a nominalization compounded from über meaning 'over' or 'overly' and fremd meaning 'foreign'. In that alienation also translates to "Entfremdung", there exists at least one other political dimension to this term as well though.
Political usage
The German term has had several meanings over the years, all of which have reflected the sense of "too foreign" and "threatening", and are generally negative.
Successive editions of the Duden dictionary illustrate how the meaning has changed since the term was first used in 1929, then meaning "taking on too much foreign money" (especially loans made from 1924–1929 to rebuild Germany, following the First World War). In 1934 (one year after the NSDAP came to power in Germany), the meaning changed to "immigration/imposition of foreign races", and in 1941 it became "immigration/imposition of foreign peoples". Following the Second World War, the 1951/1952 version of the Duden returned to the strictly economic definition. In 1961, the term foreigner came to replace foreign races or foreign peoples. In 1986, the term was no longer used in economics. Since 1991, primarily the verb überfremden has been in use, and one could speak of a country being überfremdet (German for 'over-foreignized').
In 1993, the Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache (German for 'Society for the German Language') declared Überfremdung to be the Unwort des Jahres (German for 'Un-Word of the Year'), as it makes "undifferentiated xenophobia" sound more argumentative and clinical.[1]
Linguists, philologists, political scientists and social scientists criticise the concept for its vagueness, its use under national socialism, and its continuing negative connotation.
The word is related to terms in various languages: foreign infiltration, foreign penetration, French surpopulation étrangère, déculturation, envahissement par des étrangers, Spanish extranjerización, Italian infiltrazione straniera, and הסתננות מאפריקה לישראל (Hebrew for 'infiltration from Africa to Israel'), which have all been used at various times to rally xenophobic sentiment.
See also
- Xenophobia
- Aporophobia
- Nativism
- LTI - Lingua Tertii Imperii
- James Schwarzenbach
- Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel
References
- ^ Ein Jahr, ein (Un-)Wort! on Spiegel Online (in German).
