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Goryeosa

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Goryeosa
AuthorJeong In-ji, Kim Jong-seo, and others
Original title高麗史
LanguageClassical Chinese
SubjectHistory of Korea
GenreAncient history
Publication date
1451
Publication placeJoseon

Goryeosa (Korean: 고려사; Hanja: 高麗史; McCune–Reischauer: Koryŏsa), or History of Goryeo, is an extensive historical record of the Goryeo dynasty, compiled by the officials of Goryeo's successor state, Joseon. Its compilation started during the reign of Taejo (the founding monarch of Joseon), was completed under Munjong, and was first printed under Danjong.[1][2][3][4] Goryeosa consists of 139 volumes and stylistically follows Chinese historiography (Korean: 기전체; Hanja: 紀傳體) (cf. chronicle, Korean: 편년체; Hanja: 編年體) where sections are organized by their purpose. The section compiling the annals of the kings, sega (Korean: 세가; Hanja: 世家) narrates the history of Goryeo kings. The monograph section, ji (Korean: 지; Hanja: 志), contains "accounts of the politics, economics, personnel (civil and military), geography, astronomy, and other topics related to Goryeo society."[5] The biographies section, yeoljeon (Korean: 열전; Hanja: 列傳), describes notable officials. The chronology section, yeonpyo (Korean: 연표; Hanja: 年表) lists the names of kings and their reigns. The listing section, mongnok (Korean: 목록; Hanja: 目錄), is the table of contents of the entire compilation.

Immediately after the founding of Joseon, the compilation of Goryeo history began, a process that spanned 60 years until its completion in 1451. The first historiographical attempt at Goryeo history, Goryeoguksa (Korean: 고려국사; Hanja: 高麗國史), was led by Jeong Do-jeon and completed in 1396. However, following Jeong's death during the First Strife of the Princes, Jeong's chronicle, Goryeoguksa, faced criticism and controversy for its alleged misrepresentation of Goryeo history. This led to several rounds of revision, years into Sejong's reign. Sejong in particular criticized Goryeoguksa that Jeong Do-jeon introduced personal biases into the chronicle, especially about his political rival, Jeong Mong-ju, and suggested the chronicle was not even worth preserving.[6] Sejong furthermore took issue with Jeong's converting the imperial terminology to that of a vassal state and ordered a recompilation of Goryeo history, not in chronological order, but in the format established by Sima Qian's Records of the Grand Historian, using imperial language as appropriate. Goryeosajeonmun (Korean: 고려사전문; Hanja: 高麗史全文), completed in 1442, was the first to result from Sejong's order; however, Sejong was not content and ordered it be supplemented, which eventually produced Goryeosa. Unfortunately, none of Goryeosa's predecessors are available today.[7]

Its final form apparently includes almost all of the materials that were available which were recorded apparently without omission.[4] For example, Jeong Mong-ju (鄭夢周) and Kim Jin-yang (金震陽), both of whom, in opposing Yi Seong-gye, were loyal to Goryeo[8] were recorded as loyal subjects.[4] However, since the work promotes Neo-Confucianism as the ruling ideology, Taoists and Buddhists were intentionally omitted.[4]

Goryeosa was first printed in 1454, the second year of Danjong's reign, and widely distributed, but this initial edition did not survive. A remarkably well-preserved complete edition, currently housed in the Seokdang Museum of Dong-a University, is a woodblock-printed replica dating to 1613. It is based on an earlier edition estimated to have been printed in 1482, using 42 metal movable type blocks known as Eulhae-ja (Korean: 을해자; Hanja: 乙亥字). In 2010, Busan designated the 1613 edition as tangible cultural heritage (Korean: 유형문화유산). Another surviving partial edition, housed in the Baeknyeon Buddhist Temple in Nam-gu, Busan, was designated as a cultural heritage material (Korean: 문화유산자료) in 2014.[9] Several other editions have survived and are dispersed worldwide, including the one held in Collège de France and another in Cambridge University Library.[10]

The modern Korean translation of Goryeosa began in 2001 under the auspices of the National Research Foundation of Korea by the Seokdang Academy of Dong-a University.[11] In 2009, the National Institute of Korean History began providing the gujeom (verbatim) edition (Korean: 구점본; Hanja: 句點本), making it accessible online with original images from Kyujanggak. The website expanded in 2010 to include the pyojeom (annotated) edition (Korean: 표점본; Hanja: 標點本), which incorporates sentence punctuation, index tags (personal names, place names, titles, official positions), and article titles. During the final phase between 2014 and 2015, the website began offering a modern Korean translation of Goryeosa.[12][13]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Taejo Orders Cho Jun et al. Compilation of Goryeosa". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History.
  2. ^ "Kim Jong-seo et al. Submit Newly Completed Goryeosa". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History.
  3. ^ "Chunchu Office Requests Printing of Goryeosa". Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. National Institute of Korean History.
  4. ^ a b c d "고려사(高麗史) History of Goryeo". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  5. ^ Koryŏsa: the history of Koryŏ, annals of the kings, 918-1095. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 2024. p. 7. ISBN 0824895215.
  6. ^ "Compilation of Goryeosa and Goryeosajeolyo". contents.history.go.kr. National Institute of Korean History.
  7. ^ Koryŏsa: the history of Koryŏ, annals of the kings, 918-1095. Honolulu: University of Hawaiʻi Press. 2024. p. 8. ISBN 0824895215.
  8. ^ "김진양(金震陽) Kim Jin-yang". Encyclopedia of Korean Culture (in Korean). Retrieved 2023-08-29.
  9. ^ "부산광역시 문화유산자료 백련사 고려사 (白蓮寺 高麗史) : 국가유산포털 - 문화재청". Heritage Portal : CULTURAL HERITAGE ADMINISTRATION (in Korean).
  10. ^ "『고려사』 필사본 완질 발견". 국외소재문화유산재단 (in Korean). 16 February 2015.
  11. ^ "Korean Translation of Koryŏsa DB". db.mkstudy.com.
  12. ^ "고려사 Goryeosa". 한국사 데이터베이스. Retrieved 3 January 2022.
  13. ^ "Goryeosa". Database of Goryeo History. National Institute of Korean History.
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