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Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences
TypeResearch Institute
Established1925
Parent institution
The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
ChairpersonProf. Guy Bloch
Academic staff
75
Students900
Undergraduates600
Location
Jerusalem
,
Israel
LanguageHebrew & English
Websitehttps://www.bio.huji.ac.il/en

The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences (AS-ILS) at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem is the oldest life sciences research institute in Israel. It is part of the Faculty of Sciences.[1], and is located in the Edmond J. Safra Campus (Givat Ram) in Jerusalem.

History

The origins of the institute date back to 1925, the year that the Hebrew University was founded,[2] when the Department of Botany was formed as part of a research unit called "The Institute for Studying the Natural History of the Land of Israel". Among the founding researchers were Profs. Otto Warburg[3], Alexander Eig,[4] Michael Zohary[5] and Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan.[6] During the first years of the department, several large-scale projects that continue to this day have been started off, including the establishment of the Herbarium Collection,[7] today part of Israel's Natural History Collections,[8] and the establishment of the National Botanic Garden of Israel at Mount Scopus, which was the first of its kind in the Middle East.

In 1928, Prof. Simon Bodenheimer joined the nascent institute and established the Department of Zoology, leading the institute to probe into new scientific fields.[9]

Research activities at both departments (and at the Hebrew University in general) were diminished in 1948 during the War of Independence, and were brought to a complete stop following the Hadassah medical convoy massacre. Activity in both departments was renewed after the war, in April 1949.[10]

After years that the different departments were scattered throughout the city of Jerusalem, the 1960s saw a structural reorganization, with the different departments grouped together to form the Institute of Life Sciences, which in itself was grouped with other (non-Life Sciences) departments to form the Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences.[1] In 1968, construction of a dedicated building for the Institute had begun in the Edmond J. Safra (Givat Ram) Campus in Jerusalem. In 1976, the Institute was named after Alexander Silberman, founder of the Penn Corporation in Philadelphia. Two years later, in 1978, the building was populated by the various research groups.

Notable Achievements

Throughout the years AS-ILS members have conducted basic research as well as applied science in the fields of biomedicine, biotechnology and agriculture at multiple levels of organization, from molecular mechanism in cells, through processes within the whole organism, and to studies at the population level. AS-ILS members have been associated with several discoveries:

  • The first description of the flora of Palestine.[11]
  • Studies of various genetic traits amongst different Jewish ethnic groups in Israel.[12][13][14][15] These studies served as the basis of genetic counseling in Israel.
  • Plant anatomy - anatomical and histological structure of vegetative and reproductive plant organs, first published in 1962.[16]
  • Description of 2,470 plant species found in Israel and surrounding areas, which serve as the meeting point of four phytogeographical regions, first published in 1966.[17]
  • Allosteric control of enzymes and cooperativity and the mathematical equations that describe these phenomena.[18]
  • Discovery that cholera toxin activates adenylyl cyclase by inhibiting the catecholamine-stimulated GTPase.[19]
  • Revealing the stabilizing role of poly(A) tail on mRNA.[20]
  • Signal transduction mechanisms - beta-adrenergic receptors and their mode of coupling to adenylate cyclase.[21]
  • Demonstrating that the β-adrenergic receptor acts as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor facilitating GDP/GTP exchange to activate adenylyl cyclase.[22]
  • Plant domestication in the Middle East, especially crops such as cereals, pulses and fruit trees (first published in 1987).[23]
  • Understanding how microbes adapt to changing environments.[24]
  • Developing pharmacological inhibitors of tyrosine kinases that can serve as anti-cancer drugs.[25]
  • Identification and isolation of the major positive regulator of meiosis.[26]
  • Identification and characterization of the gene mutated in cystic fibrosis disease and uncovering genetic mechanisms contributing to the disease severity.[27]
  • Mapping of meiotic DNA double-strand breaks on whole yeast chromosomes.[28]
  • First report of the impact of stress on gene expression.[29]
  • Genetic manipulation and disease modeling using human pluripotent stem cells.[30][31]
  • Immunogenicity and the basis of tumorigenicity of human embryonic stem cells.[32][33]
  • Studying how microbes develop resistance mechanisms against antibiotics.[34]
  • Discovery that cancer development is promoted by uncoordinated regulation of nucleotide biosynthesis and cell proliferation.[35]
  • First demonstration of spontaneous and direct differentiation of human embryonic stem cells.[36]
  • First DNA methylation maps of Neanderthals and Denisovans.[37]
  • First generation of haploid human embryonic stem cells.[38]
  • Genome-wide screenings in human development and disease.[39][40]
  • Anatomical profile of a Denisovan.[41]
  • Re-discovery of transfer RNA fragments' functions.[42]

Awards & Recognition

Researchers in the institute have won numerous accolades:

Israel Prize[43][44]

Prof. Michael Zohary won the 1954 Israel prize in Life Sciences; Prof. Simon Bodenheimer won the 1954 Israel prize in agriculture. (Prof. Bodenheimer founded the department of zoology during the early days of the institute, and years later moved to the Faculty of Agriculture.); Profs. Gad Avigad and Shlomo Hestrin won the 1957 Israel prize in Sciences; Prof. Avraham Fahn won the 1963 Israel prize in Life Sciences; Prof. Michael Evenari won the 1986 Israel prize for life achievements in desert studies; Prof. Alexander Levitzki won the 1990 Israel prize in Life Sciences; Prof. Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan won the 1991 Israel prize for Eretz Israel studies; Prof. Zvi Selinger won the 2007 Israel prize in Biology.

EMET Prize for Arts, Science & Culture[45]

Prof. Zvi Selinger – 2005[46] ; Prof. Batsheva Kerem – 2008[47]; Prof. Marshall Devor – 2012[48]; Prof. Giora Simchen – 2013[49]; Prof. Moshe Soller – 2015[50]; Prof. Alexander Levitzki – 2017[51]; Prof. Hermona Soreq – 2022[52];

Rothschild Prize[53]

Prof. Georg Haas - 1963; Prof. Michael Zohary - 1973; Prof. Alexander Levitzki - 1990; Prof. Zvi Selinger - 2002.

Kaye Innovation Award[54]

Prof. Daphne Atlas - 1997, 2009; Prof. Joseph Hirschberg - 1998; Prof. Sergei Brown - 1998; Prof. Hermona soreq - 1999, 2008; Prof. Eduardo Mitrani - 2001; Dr. William Breuer - 2002; Prof. Abraham Hochberg - 2009; Prof. Nissim Benvenisty - 2010; Prof. Yaakov Nahmias - 2018;

Notable Members

Current members

A partial list includes Prof. Shy Arkin, Shimshon Belkin,[55] Nissim Benvenisty,[56] Guy Bloch, Liran Carmel, Marshall Devor,[57] Ronen Kadmon,[58] Batsheva Kerem,[59] Alexander Levitzki,[60] Michal Linial, Eran Meshorer, Yaakov Nahmias, Ran Nathan,[61] Aharon Oren,[62] Etana Padan,[63] Shimon Schuldiner,[64] Idan Segev,[65] Sagiv Shifman, Hermona Soreq,[66] Ruth Sperling[67] and Ehud Zohary[68]

Former members

Renowned researchers have been part of the institute since its foundation. A partial list includes Shimon Bodenheimer, Ioav Cabantchick,[69] Ariel Darvasi, Alexander Eig, Michael Evenari, Avraham Fahn, Naomi Feinbrun-Dothan, Amatzia Genin,[70] Hagai Ginsburg,[71] Elisabeth Elisheva Goldschmidt, Georg Haas, Clara Heyn, Shaul Hochstein,[72] Aaaron Kaplan,[73] Alexander Keynan, Yehuda Lapidot, Itzhak Ohad,[74] Karl Reich,[75] Tsvi Sachs,[76] Zvi Selinger,[46] Avishai Shmida,[77] Aharon Shulov, Moshe Soller, Wilfred Stein, Heinz Steinitz, Eitan Tchernov, Yehudah L. Werner, Daniel Zohary and Michael Zohary.

Study Programs

The institute offers a number of undergraduate programs, including a single major program, joint dual major programs, supplementary units, and a number of excellence programs.[78][79] A range of graduate programs (M.Sc. and PhD) are offered as well.[80][81][82][83][84]

References

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