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Alain-Fournier

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This article is about a classic French author. For the computer graphics researcher, see Alain Fournier.

Henri-Alban Fournier
Fournier in 1905
Fournier in 1905
BornHenri-Alban Fournier
(1886-10-03)3 October 1886
La Chapelle-d'Angillon, Berry, France
Died22 September 1914(1914-09-22) (aged 27)
near Vaux-lès-Palameix, Lorraine, France
Cause of deathKilled in action
Pen nameAlain-Fournier
OccupationNovelist, critic, soldier
NationalityFrench
Period1909–14
Notable worksLe Grand Meaulnes
Military career
Allegiance France
Service / branch French Army
Years of service1914
RankLieutenant
Battles / warsFirst World War

Henri-Alban Fournier (French pronunciation: [alɛ̃ fuʁnje]; 3 October 1886 – 22 September 1914),[1] known by the pseudonym Alain-Fournier (French: [alɛ̃ fuʁnje]), was a French author and soldier. He was the author of a single novel, Le Grand Meaulnes (1913), which has been filmed twice and is considered a classic of French literature. The book is based partly on his childhood.[2]

Biography

Alain-Fournier was born in La Chapelle-d'Angillon, in the Cher département, in central France, the son of school teachers. Everyone who knew him called him "Henri", his first name or "Fournier", his last name, as "Alain-Fournier" was merely a nom-de-plume. He had a younger sister, Isabelle, to whom he was very close. She was one of his first readers as he started writing poems in 1904, and she was his confident and most constant friend and support-system throughout his life.[3]

He studied at the Lycée Lakanal in Sceaux, Hauts-de-Seine, near Paris, where he prepared for the entrance examination to the École Normale Supérieure. He met there fellow student Jacques Rivière, and the two became close friends, though it took time as Henri's rebellious and playful nature first kept Jacques at bay. He was then the leader of a group of boys who were fighting against hazing, and circulating revolutionary petitions. The two of them had long and insightful talks and shared the same sensitivity and love for words and poetry, especially the Symbolist movement.[4]

On the first of June 1905, while he was taking a stroll along the banks of the Seine, Henri saw Yvonne de Quièvrecourt as she was walking in the other direction. He was amazed and followed her aboard a river boat and in the streets, to the house she was staying at. He came back there a few times in the following days, hoping to meet her. Ten days later, on June 11th, he finally had his chance as she was going out on her own. He followed her again aboard a streetcar, inside a church and in the streets, until he plucked up the courage to talk to her. Yvonne first rebuffed him, but he eventually won her trust, and they walked and talked together. This moment was faithfully fictionalized in Le Grand Meaulnes, when Augustin Meaulnes meets Yvonne De Galais for the first time. Yvonne (who was actually engaged) ended up mysteriously saying: "We are children, we acted foolishly" and asked Henri to not follow her again as she was leaving, though, a few steps further, she turned around to look at him for a long time before disappearing in the crowd.[5]

During the same summer, Henri Fournier spent a few weeks in London, where he was doing translation work in a wallpaper factory. He attended a garden-party in Chiswick that later served as an inspiration for Frantz De Galais' wedding party in "Le Grand Meaulnes". Though he met several young English girls who were eager to spend time with him, he couldn't keep his mind off Yvonne and kept to himself. [6] In letters, he started to confide in Jacques Rivière about her, already stating: "I believe it is not only a little romantic episode". He also wrote and shared with him the poem "A travers les étés" (From summer to summer), that tells the tale of their encounter.[7]

Back in Paris from 1905 to 1907 to finish his studies, Henri Fournier expressed in letters to both Isabelle and Jacques how oppressed and suffocated he felt, that his studies and the idea of pursuing a career became meaningless to him, and that he felt unable to please his parents in that regard. "I am looking for life", he wrote to Isabelle.[8] He was often coming back to wait in front of the house where he saw Yvonne the previous year (though she never returned) and in January 1906, he wrote his poem “Et maintenant que c’est la pluie” (And now that it’s raining) about these times and his longing for her. On June 1st 1906, he came back at the very same place he first saw Yvonne, waiting for her as he hoped that she was also looking for him, but she did not appear.[9] In 1907, Henri failed his competitive exam. He had suffered several brain fevers in the previous months due to exhaustion, and he was cognitively impaired and fell asleep during the test. He contemplated becoming a sailor as he loved the ocean, but he changed his mind, as he had reservations about the work environment.[10] During that same summer, he finally learned that Yvonne was married and he was heartbroken over it, expressing in letters his feeling of new-found utter aloneness. Jacques Rivière was just back from his military service and was able to help him through it, taking him to spend vacations among his own family.[11]

From 1907 to 1909, Henri Fournier performed his military service. At this time, he also published some essays, poems and stories, which were later collected and re-published by the name Miracles. He vividly expressed in many letters to his friends and family how much he was struggling with depression, hopelessness and anxiety during his mandatory time in the army, and how broken and anguished he felt even as he returned.[12] He became a literary critic, writing for the Paris-Journal. There he met André Gide and Paul Claudel. However, he wasn’t satisfied with his job and he was struggling with society’s expectations against his own dreams and ideals, and the constant fear of wasting his youth.[13] His sister Isabelle and Jacques Rivière had met in 1907 when Jacques stayed with their family for a few weeks, they soon fell in love and they married in 1909. Henri was then living with them (and his and Isabelle's parents) up to 1910. The three of them were enjoying Paris' artistic life together, though Isabelle and Jacques worried about Henri's state of mind, which especially showed in the way he seemed unable to start doing anything.[14] He and Jacques argued about it over letters, which somewhat caused a rift between them as Henri felt generally misunderstood.[15] During the following years, their friendship remained as devoted as stormy. Henri loved his niece Jacqueline and spent much time with her, drawing smiles as he enthusiastically talked about her growth with anyone. [16]

In 1910, he started a two-year on-and-off relationship with Jeanne Bruneau, a country-born milliner who inspired him the character of Valentine in "Le Grand Meaulnes". Their romance almost ended soon after they met, when Jeanne confided in him about former relationships, and that remained the object of several arguments and break-ups between them for a while. Henri introduced Jeanne to Isabelle and Jacques, and contemplated marrying her, but they eventually parted ways, mostly because he couldn’t bring himself to propose to anyone but Yvonne and he felt that Jeanne didn’t manage to fully understand and enter the fairy world he carried with him.[17]

In 1911, he gave French lessons to fellow poet T.S. Eliot who was then staying in Paris.[18] In 1912, he quit his job to become the personal assistant of the politician Casimir Perrier.[19]

Le Grand Meaulnes was finished in early 1913, and was published first in the Nouvelle Revue Française (from July to October 1913) and then as a book, which was nominated for, but did not win, the Prix Goncourt. It was dedicated to his sister Isabelle. Henri sent a copy to Yvonne and her family, and received warm responses from her mother and her sister, but Yvonne herself wasn’t able to share her impression with him.[20]

The same year, Henri finally found Yvonne's trail again, as Jacques Rivière's younger brother Marc was studying medicine in Rochefort, the town where her family lived. Marc was in the know since Henri had met Jacques' family in 1907. They were able to meet again for a couple days. Yvonne introduced him to her mother, her younger sister and her children, and they could talk about their first encounter and what it meant to them. Henri also showed her a letter he wrote for her the previous year, expressing his love and faithfulness and telling her that his then upcoming novel, “Le Grand Meaulnes” was all about her.[21]

In 1914, Alain-Fournier started work on a second novel, Colombe Blanchet, but this remained unfinished when he joined the Army as a lieutenant that August. He died fighting near Vaux-lès-Palameix[1] (Meuse) one month later, on 22 September 1914.[19] His body remained unidentified until 1991, at which time he was buried in the cemetery of Saint-Remy-la-Calonne. According to some sources, the patrol which Alain-Fournier was part of received the order to "shoot at German soldiers encountered unexpectedly and who were stretcher-bearers"; the patrol obeyed, which the Germans would have considered a violation of international conventions.[22] According to Gerd Krumeich [de], professor at the University of Düsseldorf, it is correct that Alain-Fournier's patrol attacked a German ambulance, but it is difficult to establish the precise facts.[23]

Most of the writing of Alain-Fournier was published posthumously: Miracles (a volume of poems and essays) in 1924, his correspondence with Jacques Rivière in 1926 and his letters to his family in 1930. His notes and sketches for Colombe Blanchet have also been published.

Albin Schram manuscripts

A correspondence between Alain-Fournier and an unidentified woman was found in the collection of Albin Schram. It is a grateful letter for her introduction to a Monsieur Hébrard and refers to his next work:

Il m'a proposé pour Le Temps ce qu'il était le plus logique de me proposer: lui apporter mon prochain roman—ce que j'ai promis bien volontiers. Ce second roman est, pour l'instant un peu retardé par une nouvelle oeuvre qui s'est mise au travers de ma route et qui ne me laisse pas beaucoup de répit. Mais j'espère bien avant la fin de l'année avoir terminé Colombe Blanchet.[citation needed]

He has proposed to me for Le Temps that which was the most logical thing to propose to me: to bring him my next novel—which I have promised quite willingly. This second novel is, for the moment, somewhat delayed by a new work which has placed itself across my path and which doesn't leave me much respite. But I hope well before the end of the year to have finished Colombe Blanchet.

AJRAF

In 1975, L'Association des Amis de Jacques Rivière et d'Alain-Fournier (AJRAF, Association of the Friends of Jacques Rivière and of Alain-Fournier) was founded by Alain Rivière, the son of Jacques Rivière and nephew of Alain-Fournier, to "promote knowledge of these two authors and to gather their friends together".[24][25]

Works

  • Le Grand Meaulnes
  • Colombe Blanchet (unfinished novel)
  • Lettre au Petit B
  • Miracles (poems)

Inspiration for artists

Alain-Fournier has inspired the artist Jean-Louis Berthod, from Albens, who carved in 2014 a limewood board 130 by 140 centimetres (51 by 55 in) inspired by Le Grand Meaulnes.

Le Grand Meaulnes by Jean-Louis Berthod, French sculptor from Albens

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Mémoire des hommes Archived 15 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine Secrétariat Général pour l'Administration
  2. ^ Norwich, John Julius (1990). Oxford Illustrated Encyclopedia Of The Arts. USA: Oxford University Press. p. 10. ISBN 978-0198691372.
  3. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  4. ^ Introduction to Alain-Fournier's poems by Jacques Rivière
  5. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  6. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  7. ^ Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier
  8. ^ Correspondence between Alain-Fournier and his family
  9. ^ Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier
  10. ^ Introduction to Alain-Fournier's poems by Jacques Rivière
  11. ^ Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier
  12. ^ Correspondence between Alain-Fournier and his family
  13. ^ « Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier » by Isabelle Rivière
  14. ^ « Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier » by Isabelle Rivière
  15. ^ Correspondence between Jacques Rivière and Alain-Fournier
  16. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  17. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  18. ^ « Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier » by Isabelle Rivière
  19. ^ a b Tucker, Spencer C .; Roberts, Priscilla Mary (2005). Encyclopedia of World War I. Vol. 1. ABC-Clio. p. 57. ISBN 1-85109-420-2. OCLC 61247250.
  20. ^ “Vie et passion d’Alain-Fournier” by Isabelle Rivière
  21. ^ "Vie et passion d'Alain-Fournier" by Isabelle Rivière
  22. ^ We read in the preface by Jean-Jacques Becker to the reissue of the tetralogy Ceux de 14 by Maurice Genevoix (Le grand livre du mois, 2000, p. XI) that "we now know" that the officer who commanded the patrol which included Alain-Fournier gave the order to "shoot German soldiers encountered unexpectedly and who were stretcher-bearers", hence the severity of the German reaction. de:Ludwig Harig found documents in the military archives containing details of the events of September 22, 1914. French soldiers had attacked a German ambulance and killed two seriously injured soldiers by blows to the head. Then the French soldiers were executed, the writer among them. (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, May 12, 2001: "Spuren einer Schlacht").
  23. ^ Gerd Krumeich, "1914 Alain Fournier Disappears. The Archeology of German Sources", in: 14/18 Today 2 (1999), p. 85-93. This study, according to a note in a publication co-edited by G. Krumeich himself, examines how propaganda exploited the fact that Alain-Fournier's patrol had attacked a German ambulance. It also shows that because of this role of propaganda, it is difficult to establish the exact facts. See "Frankreich und Deutschland im Krieg (18.-20. Jahrhundert): Zur Kulturgeschichte der europäischen Erbfeindschaft", Darstellung nach Kommunikatorengruppen. Ein gemeinsames Forschungsprojekt der Historischen Seminare der TU Braunschweig und der HHU Düsseldorf, gefördert von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (2001-2004); Projektleitung: Ute Daniel, Gerd Krumeich, p.44, note 126.
  24. ^ Le Grand Meaulnes – The Wanderer website
  25. ^ "L'AJRAF". L'Association des Amis de Jacques Rivière et d'Alain-Fournier. Retrieved 17 June 2023.
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