Jump to content

List of Arabian Peninsula tropical cyclones

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by OpalYosutebito (talk | contribs) at 13:57, 12 July 2024 (fixing formatting and/or removing unknown params using AWB). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Satellite image of Cyclone Gonu near the coast of Oman, a country in the southeastern portion of the Arabian Peninsula
Satellite image of Cyclone Gonu in the Arabian Sea approaching the coast of Oman

The Arabian Peninsula is a peninsula between the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf. There are 64 known tropical cyclones that affected the peninsula, primarily Yemen and Oman. For convenience, storms are included that affected the Yemeni island of Socotra. Most of the tropical cyclones originated in the Arabian Sea, the portion of the Indian Ocean north of the equator and west of India. The remainder formed in the Bay of Bengal off India's east coast. Collectively, the 64 storms have caused at least US$8.3 billion in damage and 1,693 deaths. The strongest and most damaging cyclone was Cyclone Gonu, which caused US$4 billion in damage and 50 fatalities when it struck Oman in 2007. Tropical cyclone damage in the Arabian Peninsula is chiefly due to flooding.

Climatology

Within the Indian Ocean north of the equator, tropical cyclones are tracked by the India Meteorological Department (IMD), which is the officially designated Regional Specialized Meteorological Center for the region.[1] The American-based Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) also tracks storms in the basin on an unofficial basis.[2] The Arabian Sea, which borders the Arabian Peninsula, typically spawns tropical cyclones in the southeastern portion of the body of water, offshore of western India.[3] About 48.5% of cyclones dissipate without making landfall, or moving ashore,[4] and around one in three storms move toward the Arabian Peninsula.[3] However, storms do not form in the western Arabian Sea because of cool sea surface temperatures (the result of strong winds from the monsoon),[3][5] as well as dry air from the Arabian Peninsula.[6]

Impacts by country

The Arabian Peninsula is bounded by the Red Sea, the Arabian Sea, and the Persian Gulf
Map of the Arabian Peninsula (highlighted in green)

The sultanate of Oman, located on the southeastern corner of the Arabian Peninsula, regularly receives the impacts of tropical cyclones due to its long coastline along the Arabian Sea.[7] On average, storms strike Oman once every three years, mostly between Masirah Island and Salalah, and usually before the June or after October.[3][8] From 1943 to 1967, tropical cyclones accounted for about 25% of Salalah's overall rainfall.[9] About once every five years, a storm affects the Dhofar region of southern Oman.[3] In addition, storm intensities at landfall have only been accurately known since around 1979,[7] and reliable record keeping began around 1970. In 2014, an archaeology team discovered evidence that a major flood affected Ras Al Hadd in eastern Oman, possibly the result of a tsunami or a severe storm.[10]

Oman's most damaging storm was Cyclone Gonu in 2007, which was the strongest recorded storm in the Arabian Sea and the strongest to make landfall on the landmass.[11][12] Gonu left US$4 billion in damage and killed 50 people, making it the worst natural disaster on record in Oman.[13] In 2010, a slightly weaker cyclone named Phet caused US$780 million in damage and 24 deaths while crossing eastern Oman.[14][15] Cyclonic Storm Keila in the subsequent year killed 19 people while looping near Oman's southern coastline,[16][17] and left US$80 million in damage.[18] In 1890, a storm killed 757 people when it flooded much of Oman's capital.[19] A storm in 1959 caused a shipwreck near southern Oman, resulting in the loss of all 141 crewmembers.[19][20] Another storm-related shipwreck killed 18 people in December 1998.[21] In June 1977, a storm struck Masirah Island, causing 105 deaths and becoming Oman's worst natural disaster in the 20th century.[22][23] A storm in 2002 that killed nine and caused US$25 million in damage.[24][25] Cyclone Nilofar in 2014 killed four people from its outer rainbands.[26]

Although storms rarely strike Yemen,[6] back-to-back cyclones Chapala and Megh hit the country one week apart in November 2015.[27] The country has two recorded landfalls by severe cyclonic storms – tropical cyclones with winds of at least 89 km/h (55 mph). The first was a storm in May 1960, and the other was Cyclone Chapala in 2015, the latter being the second-strongest cyclone on record in the Arabian Sea.[28] Chapala earlier struck the Yemeni offshore island of Socotra, which was also hit by Cyclone Megh less than a week later.[27] The two storms collectively killed 26 people in Yemen.[29] The country's worst natural disaster on record was from a 1996 storm that earlier hit Oman,[30] causing severe flooding that caused US$1.2 billion in damage and 338 deaths.[31][32] The second worst natural disaster in Yemen was from a weak depression in 2008 that killed 180 people and caused US$874.8 million in damage.[6][11][33] More recently, Cyclone Sagar killed a woman when her house caught fire due to the storm.[34]

Elsewhere on the peninsula, Cyclone Gonu's waves damaged the port in Fujairah, United Arab Emirates.[35] In 1995 and again in 1996, the remnants of a storm that hit Oman entered Rub' al Khali, or the Empty Quarter, of Saudi Arabia.[3][36] In 2008, the remnants of a storm that hit Yemen brought rainfall and dust storms to Saudi Arabia and Iraq.[37]

List of storms

Pre-1900

  • June 2, 1881 – A storm crossed Masirah Island and dissipated over southeastern Oman.[38]
  • June 1, 1885 – A cyclone was moving westward through the Gulf of Aden passed just north of the Yemeni island of Socotra with rough seas and high winds. The storm later affected a ship just off the city of Aden, Yemen, which reported winds of Force 12 on the Beaufort scale, along with heavy rainfall and lightning.[19]
  • June 1889 – Curving westward away from India, a storm crossed the northern Arabian Sea and hit near the eastern tip of Oman.[39] A computer simulation in 2009 estimated that the storm would have produced waves of 10 m (33 ft) along the northeast Omani coast.[7]
  • June 5, 1890 – After entering the Gulf of Oman, a cyclone struck Sohar in northeastern Oman after passing just northeast of Muscat, where it washed ships ashore. There, the storm dropped 286 mm (11.3 in) of rainfall over 24 hours, the highest daily precipitation total in the nation's history. High winds wrecked many houses, and about 50 people died in Muscat and nearby Muttrah. Inland flooding downed thousands of date palm trees and inundated valleys. Nationally, the storm killed at least 757 people.[19] This was the last storm to make landfall in that region for the last 130 years until Cyclone Shaheen of 2021.
  • June 2, 1898 – A strong storm moved through eastern Oman, dissipating in the Gulf of Oman.[40]

1900–1949

  • May 2, 1901 – Curving northward, a storm passed just east of Oman before turning to the northeast and hitting Pakistan, producing high waves along the coast.[7][41]
  • November 2, 1906 – A tropical storm brushed the southern coast of Socotra.[42]
  • May 26, 1911 – A severe cyclonic storm struck Oman south of Duqm.[13]
  • January 15, 1912 - A "heavy storm" destroyed more than 30 boats, with some casualties.[43]
  • May 27, 1916 – The Dhofar region of Oman was hit by a cyclonic storm.[13]
  • June 2, 1916 – Northeastern Dhofar was again struck by a cyclonic storm.[13]
  • October 13, 1921 – A long-tracked storm moving across India eventually moved ashore over southwestern Oman.[13][44]
  • December 6, 1922 – Originating near Sri Lanka, a long-tracked cyclone brushed the north coast of Socotra with the equivalence of hurricane-force winds, reaching at least 120 km/h (75 mph). It was the last storm of that intensity to strike the island until 2015.[45]
  • June 6, 1927 – A dissipating storm struck Oman south of Duqm.[46]
  • September 30, 1929 – Southeastern Oman was struck by a cyclone that quickly dissipated inland.[47]
  • October 25, 1948 – A storm moved through much of the eastern Arabian Peninsula, crossing from Salalah, Oman, and dissipating in the Persian Gulf near the United Arab Emirates.[48] The storm dropped 156 mm (6.1 in) of rainfall in Salalah, which later contributed to a locust outbreak.[6]

1950–1979

A moderate tropical cyclone struck Oman in 1977, killing 105 deaths.
Satellite image of the 1977 Oman cyclone
  • December 1957 – A cyclone developed over the Arabian Sea near the Gulf of Oman on December 27. Moving westward, the storm lashed Bahrain with winds of 180 km/h (110 mph). An offshore oil rig collapsed, killing 20 Royal Dutch Shell employees.[49]
  • May 24, 1959 – The eye of a storm passed over southwestern Oman near Raysut. Wind gusts were estimated at 167 km/h (104 mph), and the barometric pressure dropped to 968 mbar (28.6 inHg). The storm cut power supply and wrecked many local houses.[19] Salalah recorded 117 mm (4.6 in) of rainfall,[3] with higher totals in the mountains, washing away the road connecting Slalah and Raysut. Offshore, strong waves destroyed several boats, including a dhow carrying 141 people;[19] all those aboard the boat were killed.[20]
  • July 18, 1959 – After originating in the Bay of Bengal and moving across India, a depression moved inland near Muscat.[13][50]
  • May 18, 1960 – A severe cyclonic storm moved ashore in eastern Yemen, one of only two storms of that intensity to strike the country; the other was Chapala in 2015.[28][51]
  • September 16, 1961 – A dissipating cyclone struck eastern Oman after moving southwestward from India.[52]
  • May 30, 1962 – A weak depression tracked over Oman south of Duqm.[13]
  • May 26, 1963 – Passing southwest of Salalah, a landfalling storm in Oman dropped 230 mm (9.1 in) of precipitation in the town, accompanied by wind gusts to 111 km/h (69 mph).[19]
  • December 7, 1963 – A cyclonic storm moved ashore in southeastern Oman,[13] bringing gusty winds to Salalah.[53]
  • November 11, 1966 – A cyclone struck southwestern Oman and dropped 203 mm (8.0 in) of rainfall in Salalah, contributing to a locust outbreak.[6][52]
  • June 2, 1970 – Moving westward through the Arabian Sea, a depression passed just south of Masirah Island before dissipating over Oman.[13][54]
  • December 20, 1971 – A storm recurved to the northeast while brushing the southern coast of Oman.[55]
  • June 27, 1972 – A dissipating depression struck eastern Oman.[56]
  • July 2, 1972 – A weak storm moved ashore in eastern Oman.[57]
  • October 24, 1972 – Curving westward, a storm moved across northern Socotra.[58]
  • May 27, 1973 – Moving westward through the Arabian Sea, a weak storm struck the Yemenese island of Socotra before dissipating offshore,[59] although the storm's outer periphery affected the Arabian Peninsula coastline.[60]
  • May 21, 1974 – A weakening storm struck Ash Shihr in eastern Yemen.[61]
  • October 17, 1976 – Northern Socotra was struck by a weak tropical storm.[62]
  • June 13, 1977 – With sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) and gusts to 230 km/h (140 mph), a powerful cyclone hit Masirah Island and progressed onto the Omani mainland,[19] remaining the most powerful storm to strike the Arabian Peninsula until Cyclone Gonu in 2007.[63][64] The winds damaged nearly every building on Masirah Island, including at the military base,[19] while rainfall on the island reached 430.6 mm (16.95 in) in 24 hours, more than six times the average annual precipitation there. The total was the highest daily rainfall in the period from 1977 to 2003 nationwide.[8] Slightly higher rainfall – 482.3 mm (18.99 in) – was reported at a station 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Salalah.[19] The cyclone was considered the worst disaster in Oman during the 20th century,[23] causing 105 deaths.[22]
  • June 20, 1979 – A storm moved ashore near Masirah with a widespread area of gale-force winds southeast of the center.[65]
  • September 25, 1979 – Originating over southern India, a storm crossed the Arabian Sea and made landfall in Oman southwest of Masirah Island.[13][66]

1980–1999

A weak tropical storm in 1996 caused a major flood disaster in Yemen
Satellite image of the 1996 Oman cyclone
  • August 10, 1983 – Unofficially named Aurora, a weakening tropical storm within the monsoon struck eastern Oman and rapidly dissipated over land.[67]
  • May 25, 1984 – A developing storm moved across Socotra before moving westward through the Gulf of Aden, the first storm on record to transit the body of water.[68][69]
  • October 3, 1992 – About 33 mm (1.3 in) of rainfall was recorded in Sur, Oman, as a storm moved over the country.[70]
  • November 1993 – A storm affected coastal areas of Oman.[39]
  • June 9, 1994 – A weakening storm passed near Masirah Island before striking eastern Oman, later continuing into Yemen. Along the Arabian Peninsula, the cyclone produced dust storms but little rainfall.[71]
  • Late July 1995 – A monsoon depression moved through northern Oman, the United Arab Emirates, and the Empty Quarter – Rub' al Khali – of Saudi Arabia. Rainfall reached 300 mm (12 in) on Jebel Shams mountain in Oman.[36]
  • June 11, 1996 – A tropical storm struck southeastern Oman, killing one person in a fishing boat, and causing flooding in isolated areas.[3] The remnants entered the Empty Quarter of Saudi Arabia and later progressed into Yemen, where it produced the nation's worst flooding on record.[30] The heaviest rainfall in 70 years, reaching 189 mm (7.4 in) in Ma'rib,[3] washed away or damaged 1,068 km (664 mi) of roads and 21 bridges,[72] some of them dating back 2,000 years.[3] At least 1,820 houses were destroyed,[32] and there were 338 deaths in Yemen,[32] with overall damage estimated at US$1.2 billion.[31] Stagnant floodwaters caused a locust outbreak in August 1996 that affected Saudi Arabia for the next three months.[3]
  • December 17, 1998 – Rapidly weakening, a storm hit eastern Oman,[73] killing 18 people after sinking a ship.[21]

2000–2009

Cyclone Gonu caused heavy damage when it struck eastern Oman.
Road damage in Muscat, Oman due to Cyclone Gonu
  • May 10, 2002 – A landfalling storm in Oman dropped torrential rainfall – reaching 251 mm (9.9 in) in Qairoon[24] – which drowned hundreds of cattle and swept away several cars.[25][74] The storm left US$25 million in damage and nine fatalities,[24][25] including two soldiers and one police officer who drowned while rescuing other people.[75]
  • June 6, 2007 – Cyclone Gonu made landfall in extreme eastern Oman near Ras al Hadd with winds of 150 km/h (90 mph),[7][76] making it the strongest tropical cyclone on record to strike the Arabian Peninsula.[12] The storm produced winds of 100 km/h (62 mph) in the capital Muscat,[13] with a peak gust of 180 km/h (110 mph) at Qalhat. Heavy rainfall occurred in the eastern portion of the country, peaking at 943 mm (37.1 in) on Asfar Mountain.[7] The storm prompted the country's main oil port, Mina al Fahal, to close for three days,[77] while also causing widespread water and power outages.[78] The storm damaged 25,419 houses and over 13,000 vehicles.[7] Gonu killed 50 people and caused US$4.2 billion in damage in Oman, making it the worst natural disaster on record in the country.[13] Hundreds of people in the United Arab Emirates had to evacuate due to high waves from Gonu.[79] The storm later crossed the Gulf of Oman and struck Iran.[13]
  • November 1, 2007 – The outer convection of a dissipating deep depression spread to the Omani coast.[80]
  • June 7, 2008 – A dissipating depression brought locally heavy rainfall to Oman.[81]
  • October 24, 2008 – A weak depression moved over southern Yemen,[11] producing heavy rainfall that led to severe flooding.[82] Throughout the country, the floods destroyed 2,826 houses and damaged another 3,679, leaving about 25,000 people homeless. The effects of the flooding disrupted the livelihoods of about 700,000 residents. Overall damage was estimated at US$874.8 million, although residual losses from damaged infrastructure were estimated to cost an additional US$726.9 million. The overall economic impact of the storm was therefore estimated at $1.638 billion, equating to roughly 6% of the country's gross domestic product.[33] The depression killed 180 people in the country.[11] It was the second worst natural disaster on record in Yemen, following the 1996 storm.[6]

2010s

Cyclone Chapala was the strongest storm on record to strike Yemen.
Cyclone Chapala over the Gulf of Aden
  • May 23, 2010 – Cyclonic Storm Bandu drifted in the Gulf of Aden, bringing heavy rainfall to Yemen.[15] The storm destroyed several houses on the island of Abd al Kuri, killing one girl.[83]
  • June 3, 2010 – Cyclone Phet made landfall in eastern Oman with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph) northeast of Masirah, taking what the IMD described as one of the longest and rarest tracks in the basin; the storm later turned to the east and struck Pakistan. In Oman, the storm dropped heavy rainfall and produced strong wind gusts, which temporarily stopped oil production.[15] Phet damaged roads and power lines,[84] and washed away hundreds of cars. Damage was estimated at 300 million rials (US$780 million),[14] and there were 24 deaths in the country.[15] The passage of Phet and subsequent storms led to the Omani government researching into building a fixed link with Masirah Island.[85]
  • November 2, 2011 – Cyclonic Storm Keila looped over Oman north of Salalah before re-emerging over open waters, a rare occurrence according to the IMD.[17] The storm dropped heavy rainfall reaching about 700 mm (28 in),[86] the equivalent to one year's worth, which caused flooding in the normally arid areas.[87] The storm killed 14 people in Oman and injured 200,[17] mostly in the country's north from flash flooding.[86] Another five people drowned in a shipwreck, with nine missing.[16] Damage was estimated at US$80 million.[18]
  • November 10, 2011 – A depression dissipated off the coast of southern Oman, producing 40 mm (1.6 in) of rainfall.[86]
  • October 31, 2014 – The outskirts of Cyclone Nilofar caused flash flooding in Al-Rustaq in northeastern Oman, killing four people after a vehicle was swept away in a flooded wadi, or dry river bed.[26]
  • June 12, 2015 – Dissipating Cyclonic Storm Ashobaa falters off the east coast of Oman, dropping 231 mm (9.1 in) of rainfall on Masirah Island in 24 hours, equivalent to 10 times the average June rainfall. The storm caused flooding and forced schools to be closed.[88]
  • November 3, 2015 – After peaking as the second-strongest storm on record in the Arabian Sea,[6] Cyclone Chapala became the first recorded storm to make landfall in Yemen as a very severe cyclonic storm – the equivalent of a hurricane – when it struck Ar Riyan with winds of 120 km/h (75 mph).[27][28] It moved offshore and made a second landfall west of Balhaf.[6] The storm earlier hit Socotra Island, killing 11 people while dropping the equivalent of 10 years of rainfall, estimated from 460 to 610 mm (18 to 24 in).[27] On the Yemen mainland, satellite imagery suggested Chapala dropped several years' worth of rainfall, estimated at over 250 mm (9.8 in).[6] On the mainland, the storm severely damaged 444 houses and wrecked primary roads in Hadhramaut Governorate.[89] Nationwide, the storm displaced over 50,000 people, including 18,000 on Socotra.[28] Chapala struck in the midst of an ongoing civil war.[90]
Satellite image of Cyclone Mekunu in 2018 striking Oman
  • November 8, 2015 – Just days after Chapala, Cyclone Megh brought additional rainfall to the Yemenese island of Socotra, killing two people.[27] Two days later, Megh struck the Yemen mainland northeast of Zinjibar with winds of 55 km/h (35 mph).[91] Collectively, Megh and the earlier Chapala killed 26 people and injured 78 in Yemen.[29]
  • June 30, 2016 – A weakening depression caused some rainfall over along the coast of Oman.[92]
  • May 18, 2018 – Cyclone Sagar attained peak intensity in the Gulf of Aden, brushing Yemen's coast with damaging rainfall. The storm killed a woman when her house caught fire due to the storm.[93][34]
  • May 25, 2018 – Cyclone Mekunu made landfall in southwestern Oman, after brushing the Yemeni island of Socotra. The cyclone killed 31 people – 20 on Socotra, 4 on the Yemini mainland, and 7 in Oman.[94][95] Damage was estimated at US$1.5 billion.[96] Heavy rainfall created the first lakes in 20 years in Rub' al Khali, or the Empty Quarter.[97] creating favorable breeding conditions that led to a severe locust infestation that affected 10 countries.[98][99][100]
  • October 14, 2018 - Cyclonic Storm Luban struck eastern Yemen, dropping 290 mm (11 in) of rainfall in Al Ghaydah.[101] The storm caused US$1 billion in damage,[102] and killed 14 people in Yemen, with 124 people injured, and about 8,000 people left homeless.[103]
  • June 16, 2019 - High waves from Cyclone Vayu flooded low-lying coastal towns in Oman, including vehicles and houses, while moving through the northeastern Arabian Sea.[104]
  • September 24, 2019 - Cyclone Hikaa struck eastern Oman near Duqm, becoming the first very severe cyclonic storm on record to strike the country in September. Hikaa dropped heavy rainfall in eastern Oman, reaching 80 mm (3.1 in).[105] Wind gusts in Duqm reached 124 km/h (77 mph).[106] Hundreds of properties sustained damage in the storm.[107]
  • October 30, 2019 - High waves from offshore Cyclone Kyarr caused flooding in low-lying coastal towns in Oman and the United Arab Emirates.[108][109] The cyclone paralleled the coastline of the Arabian Peninsula while moving southwestward.[110]

2020s

  • May 29, 2020 - A depression formed near the border of Oman and Yemen, and stalled over that region until it degenerated into a low pressure area on June 1.[111] The highest precipitation total was measured in Mirbat, Oman, where 1,055 mm (41.5 in) of rain fell.[112] Two people drowned in a wadi due to flash floods,[113] while another person died and three were injured when a building collapsed.[114]
  • October 3, 2021 - Formed from the remnants of Cyclone Gulab, Cyclone Shaheen was formed on September 30. It became the first cyclone to transit through the Gulf of Oman since Cyclone Phet of 2010 and made an extremely rare landfall between the cities of Sohar and Muscat in Oman on October 3, becoming the first such system to do so since reliable records began in 1891.
  • October 23, 2023 - Cyclone Tej was formed on October 19 and skirted the coast of Socotra in its peak intensity on October 21, before making landfall over Al Mahrah Governorate of Yemen on October 23. Becoming the first cyclone to do so since Cyclone Luban of 2018.

Climatological statistics

Storms affecting the Arabian Peninsula by month
Month Number of storms
May
15
June
19
July
3
August
1
September
4
October
10
November
8
December
5
Storms affecting the Arabian Peninsula by period
Period Number of storms
1800s
5
1900–49
10
1950s
3
1960s
6
1970s
11
1980s
2
1990s
6
2000s
5
2010s
15
2020s
3

See also

References

  1. ^ "Latest Advisories on Current Tropical Cyclones Hurricanes Typhoons". World Meteorological Organization. Archived from the original on December 6, 2015. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  2. ^ "Frequently Asked Questions". Joint Typhoon Warning Center. August 14, 2015. Archived from the original on October 4, 2013. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k David Membery (April 1998). "An investigation into the causes and effects of the tropical storm which struck southern Arabia in June 1996". Weather. 53 (4): 106–110. Bibcode:1998Wthr...53..102M. doi:10.1002/j.1477-8696.1998.tb03972.x.
  4. ^ "Landfall". India Meteorological Department. February 20, 2015. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  5. ^ "Genesis". India Meteorological Department. February 20, 2015. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i Keith Cressman. Tropical Cyclone Chapala 28 October 2015 – 4 November 2015 (PDF). Food and Agriculture Organization (Report). ReliefWeb. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2019. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g 1st WMO International Conference on Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. 2009. pp. 22, 26, 79, 80, 88, 95, 97. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  8. ^ a b Andy Y. Kwarteng; Atsu S. Dorvlob; Ganiga T. Vijaya Kumara (July 9, 2008). "Analysis of a 27-year rainfall data (1977–2003) in the Sultanate of Oman". International Journal of Climatology. 29 (4): 607, 610. Bibcode:2009IJCli..29..605K. doi:10.1002/joc.1727. S2CID 128503378.
  9. ^ Hurricane TC-18-77, 9–13 June. National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  10. ^ Sarah MacDonald (November 3, 2014). "Mega wave hit Oman's coast 4,500 years ago". Times of Oman.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  11. ^ a b c d Amato T. Evan; Suzana J. Camargo (January 2011). "A Climatology of Arabian Sea Cyclonic Storms". Journal of Climate. 24 (1): 140. Bibcode:2011JCli...24..140E. doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3611.1. S2CID 17366929.
  12. ^ a b NASA (2007). "Rare Tropical Cyclone Churns in Arabian Sea". Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved June 6, 2007.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m A Report on the Super Cyclonic Storm "Gonu" during 1–7 June, 2007 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. pp. 6, 8, 69. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 14, 2014. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  14. ^ a b Saleh Al-Shaibany (June 7, 2010). "Cyclone Phet damages may cost $780 mln". Archived from the original on December 14, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  15. ^ a b c d Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2010 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2011. p. 26. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  16. ^ a b Vaidya, Sunil K. (November 5, 2011). "Nine sailors missing as an Indian ship sinks". Gulf News. Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved November 7, 2011.
  17. ^ a b c Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2011 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2012. p. 19. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  18. ^ a b "Tropical storm kills 14 in Oman". Trend Daily News. November 4, 2011.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  19. ^ a b c d e f g h i j David Membery (July 2002). "Monsoon tropical cyclones: Part 2". Weather. 57 (7): 246–255. Bibcode:2002Wthr...57..246M. doi:10.1256/004316502760195911.
  20. ^ a b Juma Al-Maskari (February 2012). "How the National Forecasting Centre in Oman Dealt with Tropical Cyclone Gonu". Tropical Cyclone Research and Review. 1 (1): 2. Bibcode:2012TCRR....1...16A. doi:10.6057/2012TCRR01.02. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-07-31. Retrieved 2017-01-12.
  21. ^ a b "Minister sends experts to check Wanakbori weir". Indian Express Newspapers. December 26, 1998.
  22. ^ a b Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (August 1993). "Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1990–present" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on September 21, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2009.
  23. ^ a b Staff Writer (June 20, 1977). "50 Killed in Oman Hurricane". The Sydney herald. Archived from the original on January 13, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
  24. ^ a b c Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (March 10, 2003). 2002 Annual Tropical Cyclones Review (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  25. ^ a b c Dartmouth Flood Observatory (January 8, 2003). "2002 Global Register of Extreme Flood Events". Archived from the original on July 25, 2008. Retrieved July 17, 2008.
  26. ^ a b "Flash flood toll in Oman rises to four". Times of Oman. November 1, 2014.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  27. ^ a b c d e Jason Samenow (November 9, 2015). "Unprecedented: Second freak tropical cyclone to strike Yemen in the same week". Washington Post. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  28. ^ a b c d Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, Chapala over the Arabian Sea (28 October – 4 November, 2015): A Report (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. December 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  29. ^ a b Yemen: Cyclones Chapala and Megh Flash Update 11 (Report). ReliefWeb. November 19, 2015. Archived from the original on November 20, 2015. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  30. ^ a b Republic of Yemen Flood Rehabilitation Project (PDF) (Report). World Bank. December 2, 1996. pp. 1–3. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  31. ^ a b "1996 Flood Archive". Dartmouth College. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved November 14, 2015.
  32. ^ a b c Yemen – Floods DHA-Geneva Situation Report No. 7 23 July 1996 (Report). ReliefWeb. July 23, 1996. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  33. ^ a b Tropical Storm, October 2008: Recovery Framework Case Study (PDF). Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (Report). World Bank. August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 6, 2015. Retrieved April 2, 2016.
  34. ^ a b "One Dead as Tropical Cyclone Sagar Brings Life-Threatening Flood Threat to Somalia, Djibouti, Yemen". The Weather Channel. May 19, 2018. Archived from the original on June 4, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2018.
  35. ^ United Press International (June 10, 2007). "Iran surveys damage after cyclone". Archived from the original on January 2, 2014. Retrieved June 10, 2007.
  36. ^ a b Ghazanfar, Shahina; Fisher, Martin (1998). Vegetation of the Arabian Peninsula. Springer. ISBN 9789401736374. Archived from the original on May 12, 2016. Retrieved December 4, 2015.
  37. ^ Jim Andrews (October 25, 2008). "03B Floods Yemen; Bay of Bengal Cyclone Watch". AccuWeather. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved May 2, 2016.
  38. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1881 Missing (1881146N14067). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2016.
  39. ^ a b Yassine Charabi (2010). Indian Ocean Tropical Cyclones and Climate Change. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 152, 278. ISBN 9789048131099. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  40. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1898 Missing (1898151N11059). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  41. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1901 Missing (1901115N06074). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  42. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1906 Missing (1906303N12058). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  43. ^ File 4/4 Muscat Administration Reports and related correspondence' [13r] (25/712), British Library: India Office Records and Private Papers, IOR/R/15/6/337, in Qatar Digital Library <https://www.qdl.qa/archive/81055/vdc_100059396987.0x00001a> [accessed 5 July 2020]
  44. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1921 Missing (1921277N11097). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  45. ^ Sean Breslin (November 3, 2015). "Cyclone Chapala Hammers Yemen; At Least 3 Dead". Weather.com. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  46. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1927 MISSING (1927151N11071). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  47. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1929 Missing (1929270N12070). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  48. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1948 14A (1948294N08072). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  49. ^ David Longshore (May 12, 2010). Encyclopedia of Hurricanes, Typhoons, and Cyclones. Infobase Publishing. pp. 113, 258. ISBN 978-1438118796. Retrieved February 26, 2016.
  50. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1959 08B (1959191N21090). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on January 31, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  51. ^ Tropical Cyclone Operational plan for the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 19, 2015. Retrieved November 6, 2015.
  52. ^ a b Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1966 13B (1966305N09096). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on February 17, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  53. ^ India Weather Review, 1963 – Storms and Depressions (PDF) (Report). p. 24. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  54. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1970 01A (1970148N14072). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  55. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1972 03A (1972183N22066). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  56. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1972 02A (1972177N22067). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  57. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1972 03A (1972183N22066). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  58. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1972 12A (1972294N07061). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved February 4, 2016.
  59. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1973 01A (1973146N12061). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  60. ^ Unnamed Tropical Storm, 26–28 May. National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  61. ^ Unnamed Hurricane, 17–22 May. National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 16, 2016.
  62. ^ Unnamed Hurricane, 15–21 October. National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  63. ^ NASA (2007). "Rare Tropical Cyclone Churns in Arabian Sea". Archived from the original on January 12, 2016. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
  64. ^ Staff Writer (June 6, 2007). "Weakening cyclone Gonu hits Oman". Agence French-Presse. Archived from the original on November 21, 2010. Retrieved December 18, 2010.
  65. ^ Hurricane TC-18-79, 16–20 June. National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  66. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1979 04B (1979259N11078). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  67. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01A (Aurora). National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  68. ^ Tropical Cyclone 01A. National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Archived from the original on February 2, 2017. Retrieved January 17, 2016.
  69. ^ Knapp, K. R.; M. C. Kruk; D. H. Levinson; H. J. Diamond; C. J. Neumann (2010). 1984 Missing (1984145N11056). The International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS): Unifying tropical cyclone best track data (Report). Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. Archived from the original on July 7, 2016. Retrieved January 14, 2016.
  70. ^ "World Weather: Tropical Storms Lash Genoa". The Guardian. p. 33.  – via Lexis Nexis (subscription required)
  71. ^ Keith Cressman. Back-to-Office Report (PDF) (Report). Food and Agriculture Organization. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-07-03. Retrieved 2019-07-03.
  72. ^ Yemen – Floods DHA-Geneva Situation Report No. 6, 4 July 1996 (Report). ReliefWeb. July 4, 1996. Archived from the original on 17 November 2015. Retrieved November 15, 2015.
  73. ^ Gary Padgett (1999). "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Summary for December 1998". Typhoon 2000. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 15, 2016.
  74. ^ "World must drink treated, desalinated water to make up shortfall: officials". May 20, 2002.
  75. ^ "4,000 Requests for Relief Given by Storm Victims". Global News Wire. May 27, 2002.
  76. ^ India Meteorological Department (January 2008). "Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2007". Archived from the original on November 26, 2008. Retrieved April 18, 2010.
  77. ^ Diana Saadeh (June 8, 2007). "Cyclone Gonu wanes after slamming Oman and Iran". ReliefWeb. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  78. ^ "Cyclone Gonu Causes Water Shortages in Oman". Fox News. June 10, 2007. Archived from the original on December 22, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  79. ^ Daniel Bardsley (2007). "Gonu lashes UAE's east coast". Gulf News Environment. Archived from the original on 2016-02-01. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  80. ^ Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2007 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2008. p. 77. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 19, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  81. ^ Report on Cyclonic Disturbances over North Indian Ocean during 2008 (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2009. p. 77. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  82. ^ "Yemen floods damage seen around $1 billion". ReliefWeb. November 6, 2008. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  83. ^ "Cyclone in Arabian Sea". Sunday Times. Colombo, Sri Lanka. May 23, 2010. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  84. ^ "Life returning to normal in Oman after tropical cyclone". ReliefWeb. June 6, 2010. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  85. ^ "Contract awarded for Masirah sea-bridge study in Oman". Oman Daily Observer. October 22, 2015. Archived from the original on January 18, 2017. Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  86. ^ a b c National Report to Panel on Tropical Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal And Arabian Sea (DOC) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. 2012. Archived from the original on January 13, 2017. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  87. ^ Kevin Corriveau (November 3, 2011). "Tropical Cyclone Keila leaves Oman flooded". Archived from the original on January 12, 2015. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  88. ^ Everton Fox (June 13, 2015). "Heavy flooding after Cyclone Ashobaa hits Oman". Al Jazerra. Archived from the original on February 25, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  89. ^ Yemen: Cyclone Chapala Flash Update 5 (Report). ReliefWeb. November 8, 2015. Archived from the original on February 1, 2016. Retrieved January 24, 2016.
  90. ^ Bindu Rai (November 1, 2015). "Cyclone Chapala: 30ft high waves; Schools suspended; Oman, Yemen on high alert". emirates24-7. Archived from the original on May 11, 2020. Retrieved November 1, 2015.
  91. ^ Extremely Severe Cyclonic Storm, Megh over the Arabian Sea (05-10 November 2015): A Report (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. December 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2016.
  92. ^ A Preliminary Report on Depression over the Arabian Sea (27 – 29 June 2016) (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. July 2015. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2016. Retrieved November 20, 2016.
  93. ^ "Yemen Humanitarian Update Covering 15 – 21 May 2018" (PDF). United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. May 21, 2018. ReliefWeb. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved May 27, 2018.
  94. ^ "Yemen: Cyclone Mekunu - Information bulletin No.2" (PDF). International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies. 31 May 2018. ReliefWeb. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 July 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018.
  95. ^ "Mekunu's last victim — our hero". Times of Oman. 9 June 2018. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 June 2018.
  96. ^ "Weather, Climate & Catastrophe Insight - 2018 Annual Report" (PDF). January 22, 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 24, 2019. Retrieved January 24, 2019.
  97. ^ Rosa-Aquino, Paola (18 June 2018). "The World's Largest Sand Desert Is Covered in Lakes After Tropical Cyclone Mekunu". Earther. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  98. ^ "FAO sounds alarm on Desert Locust outbreak in northeast Africa and Saudi Arabia triggered by heavy rains - Sudan". 15 February 2019. Archived from the original on 21 June 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  99. ^ "Locust crisis poses a danger to millions, forecasters warn". TheGuardian.com. 20 March 2020. Archived from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  100. ^ "Locust attack: Plague a grim reminder of climate change's reality". Archived from the original on 2020-08-08. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  101. ^ Very Severe Cyclonic Storm, 'LUBAN' over the Arabian Sea (06 – 15 October 2018): A Report (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. December 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 January 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
  102. ^ "Govt. Report: Luban Storm cost US$ one billion". Debriefer. November 2, 2018. Archived from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.
  103. ^ "Yemen says 14 killed in Cyclone Luban". Associated Press. October 28, 2018. Archived from the original on October 31, 2018. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
  104. ^ "Seawater enters homes in South Al Sharqiyah coast". The Times of Oman. 16 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  105. ^ Very Severe Cyclonic Storm "Hikaa" over eastcentral and adjoining northeast Arabian Sea (22 – 25 September, 2019): Summary (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 12, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  106. ^ "Hikaa makes landfall in Oman". Times of Oman. September 24, 2019. Archived from the original on October 5, 2019. Retrieved October 12, 2019.
  107. ^ "Global Catastrophe Recap September 2019" (PDF). Aon Benfield. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 October 2019. Retrieved 10 October 2019.
  108. ^ "Cyclone Kyarr: Oman feet-deep in flood water with more on the way". Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  109. ^ "UAE roads closed: 'Unusually high tide, flooding' as Cyclone Kyarr kicks up waves". Archived from the original on 2019-10-29. Retrieved 2019-10-29.
  110. ^ Super Cyclonic Storm 'Kyarr' over the Arabian Sea (24th October – 02nd November 2019): Summary (PDF) (Report). India Meteorological Department. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
  111. ^ "preliminary-report" (PDF). www.rsmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-07-03. Retrieved 2020-07-02.
  112. ^ "Rainfall amounts in Oman exceed 2018 cyclone Mekunu". Times of Oman. Muscat, Oman: Muscat Media Group. June 2, 2020. Archived from the original on June 3, 2020. Retrieved June 2, 2020.
  113. ^ "Two dead as Dhofar witnesses heavy rain and flooding". Times of Oman. Muscat, Oman: Muscat Media Group. May 30, 2020. Archived from the original on June 8, 2020. Retrieved May 30, 2020.
  114. ^ Nasrallah, Tawfiq (May 30, 2020). "Three people die due to heavy rains in Oman". Gulf News. Dubai, United Arab Emirates: Gulfnews.com. Archived from the original on May 31, 2020. Retrieved May 31, 2020.

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=List_of_Arabian_Peninsula_tropical_cyclones&oldid=1234082095"