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Flag of the German Empire

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Reichsflagge
UseState flag, civil and state ensign
Proportion2:3 (3:5 in 1933–1935)
Adopted
  • 1867; 157 years ago (1867) (first 2:3 ratio)
  • 1933; 91 years ago (1933) (second 3:5 ratio)
Relinquished
  • 1919; 105 years ago (1919) (first 2:3 ratio)
  • 1935; 89 years ago (1935) (second 3:5 ratio)
DesignA horizontal tricolour of black, white, and red

The Flag of the German Empire, or Imperial Flag, Realm Flag (Template:Lang-de) is a combination between the flag of Prussia and the flag of the Hanseatic League. Starting as the national flag of the North German Confederation, it would go on to be commonly used officially and unofficially under the nation-state of the German Reich, which existed from 1871 to 1945.

History

1867-1935

The flag was first proposed and adopted under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, where it would be used as the flag of the North German Confederation which was formed in 1867.[1] During the Franco-Prussian War, the German Empire was founded (i.e., the South German states joined the Confederation). Germany would continue using it until the German Revolution of 1918–1919, which resulted in the founding of the Weimar Republic.[2]

The German People's party flying the Reichsflagge, campaigning for the Reichstag election of December 1924

The Weimar Republic did not use it as a national flag though it did see use within the Reichswehr and by many paramilitary organizations including the Freikorps.[3] It would see usage by right-wing conservative and liberal political parties, including the German National People's Party and the German People's Party. Immediately after the electoral victory of the Nazi Party in March 1933, German President Paul von Hindenburg reinstated the flag by decree as the co-official flag of Germany.[4] In 1935, a year after Hindenburg's death, the Imperial Flag was banned from use as the national flag in favour of the black-red-white swastika flag.[5]

East and West

During World War II, German exiles in the Soviet Union called the National Committee for a Free Germany adopted it as their new flag for a free German state. Many members of this organization would play a role in the Soviet occupation and organization of the East German government. Due to this, after World War II, by those who saw the Imperial flag as a symbol of German resistance to Nazism and by those that saw the black-red-gold flag as a symbol of the failed Weimar republic. It was proposed that East Germany adopted the Imperial Flag as their national flag. In the end, the East Germany decided to adopt the black-red-gold flag as its national flag with the addition of its coat of arms.[6][7]

After German Reunification

Homemade Reichskriegsflagge at a German reunification in Berlin celebration in 1990

After the Reunification of Germany, the Reichsflagge remained as a symbol among right-wing monarchist organizations and the far-right in Germany. Due to the ban on Nazi swastika flag in modern Germany, many German Neo-Nazis instead adopted the Imperial Flag. However, the flag never originally had any racist or anti-Semitic meaning, despite its brief use in Nazi Germany. Among the right-wing the flag typically represents a rejection of the Federal Republic.[8][9]

War ensigns and jacks

Flags of the Imperial Navy, based on the naval flags of the North German Confederation

National flags

Service flags and other

  • Flag of the Imperial Colonial Office (1907–1919)
    Flag of the Imperial Colonial Office (1907–1919)
  • Command symbol of the supreme commander in China (1900–1901)
    Command symbol of the supreme commander in China (1900–1901)
  • Service flag of the Reich authorities at sea (1921–1926)
    Service flag of the Reich authorities at sea (1921–1926)
  • Service Flag of the Reich (1933–1935)
    Service Flag of the Reich (1933–1935)
  • Reich service flag of the Imperial Navy
    Reich service flag of the Imperial Navy
  • Flag of the mail ships (German Empire, 1892–1918)
    Flag of the mail ships (German Empire, 1892–1918)
  • Service flag for the “Other administrative branches of the Reich”, (1893–1919)
    Service flag for the “Other administrative branches of the Reich”, (1893–1919)
  • Merchant flag of the German Empire with the Iron Cross, (1896–1918)
    Merchant flag of the German Empire with the Iron Cross, (1896–1918)

Groups that use the Imperial flag

Historical

Modern day

See also

References

  1. ^ "North German Confederation* - Countries - Office of the Historian". history.state.gov. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  2. ^ "Weimar Republic". HISTORY. Retrieved 2021-04-10.
  3. ^ Zama, Sarah (2021-05-16). "Reichswehr". Never Was. Retrieved 2021-08-25.
  4. ^ "ÖNB-ALEX - Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I 1867-1945". Österreichische Nationalbibliothek. Retrieved 14 November 2021.
  5. ^ "ÖNB-ALEX - Deutsches Reichsgesetzblatt Teil I 1867-1945". Österreichische Nationalbibliothek.
  6. ^ "Finding the last emblems of the German Democratic Republic in Berlin". 2017-09-06. Retrieved 2023-12-18.
  7. ^ Lowenfeld, Andreas F. (1952). "The Free Germany Committee. An Historical Study". The Review of Politics. 14 (3): 346–366. doi:10.1017/S0034670500003478. ISSN 0034-6705. JSTOR 1404896. S2CID 146241771.
  8. ^ Leffers, Jochen (2020-09-04). "Why right-wing demonstrators wave Imperial and Wirmer flags". Der Spiegel (in German). ISSN 2195-1349. Retrieved 2024-06-17.
  9. ^ "Imperial German Flag".
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