Jump to content

Romanians in Ukraine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by 2603:6013:7d40:be00:d485:ddca:15fa:bd4f (talk) at 05:51, 28 July 2024. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Romanian Ukrainians
Total population
150,989 (2001 census)[1][2] – 500,000 (Romanian estimates)
Languages
Predominantly Romanian (92.1%), Russian (1.5%), Ukrainian (6.2%)
Religion
Predominantly Eastern Orthodox/Greek Catholic
Part of a series of articles on
Romanians
Native communities
Diaspora
Europe

North America

South America

Oceania

Culture
History
Language

This article represents an overview on the history of Romanians in Ukraine, including those Romanians of Northern Bukovina, Zakarpattia, the Hertsa region, and Budjak in Odesa Oblast, but also those Romanophones in the territory between the Dniester River and the Southern Buh River, who traditionally have not inhabited any Romanian state (nor Transnistria), but have been an integral part of the history of modern Ukraine, and are considered natives to the area. There is an ongoing controversy whether self-identified Moldovans are part of the larger Romanian ethnic group or a separate ethnicity.

Because of the Soviet policies of artificial division of the Romanian speakers, and the continuation of those practices by the Ukrainian authorities, there is an undergoing identity controversy among the Romanophones of Ukraine. All of those living in the former territories of Bukovina consider themselves to be Romanians, but among those living in the lands of the historical Bessarabia, there is still division as a large part of them still consider themselves to be Moldovans, while many others identify as Romanians. This problem is considered to have worsened due to the poverty, the lack of proper education and the decades long disinformation of the inhabitants.

History

Middle Ages

Beginning with the 10th century, the territory was slowly infiltrated by Slavic tribes (Ulichs and Tivertsy) from the north, by Romanians (Vlachs) from the west, as well as by Turkic nomads such as Pechenegs, Cumans and (later) Tatars from the east.

Vlachs and Brodniks are mentioned in the area in the 12th and 13th century. As characterised by contemporary sources, the area between the Southern Bug and Dniester had never been populated by a single ethnicity, or totally controlled by Kievan Rus' or other rulers. Ukrainian historian Volodymyr Antonovych writes: "Neither the right bank, nor the left bank of the Dniester have ever belonged to Galician or other Ruthenian princes."

Since the 14th century, the area was intermittently ruled by Lithuanian dukes, Polish kings, Crimean khans, and Moldavian princes (such as Ion Vodă Armeanul). In 1681 George Ducas's title was "Despot of Moldavia and Ukraine", as he was simultaneously Prince of Moldavia and Hetman of Ukraine. Other Moldavian princes who held control of the territory in 17th and 18th centuries were Ștefan Movilă,[clarification needed] Dimitrie Cantacuzino, and Mihai Racoviţă.

Modern Age

The end of the 18th century marked Imperial Russia's colonization of the region, as a result of which large migrations into the region were encouraged, including people of Ukrainian, Russian, and German ethnicity. The process of Russification and colonization of this territory started to be carried out by representatives of other ethnic groups of the Russian Empire.

While the Ruthenian ethnic element is fundamental for Cossacks, some [who?] have claimed a considerable number of Romanians among the hetmans of the Cossacks (i.e. Ioan Potcoavă, Grigore Lobodă (Hryhoriy Loboda), who ruled in 1593–1596), Ioan Sârcu (Ivan Sirko), who ruled in 1659–1660, Dănilă Apostol (Danylo Apostol), who ruled in 1727–1734, Alexander Potcoavă, Constantin Potcoavă, Petre Lungu, Petre Cazacu, Tihon Baibuza, Samoilă Chişcă, Opară, Trofim Voloşanin, Ion Şărpilă, Timotei Sgură, Dumitru Hunu), and other high-ranking Cossacks (Polkovnyks Toader Lobădă and Dumitraşcu Raicea in Pereiaslav, Martin Puşcariu in Poltava, Burlă in Gdańsk, Pavel Apostol in Myrhorod, Eremie Gânju and Dimitrie Băncescu in Uman, Varlam Buhăţel, Grigore Gămălie in Lubensk, Grigore Cristofor, Ion Ursu, Petru Apostol in Lubensk).[citation needed]

After 1812, the Russian Empire annexed Bessarabia from the Ottoman Empire. Romanians under Russian rule enjoyed privileges well, the language of Moldavians was established as an official language in the governmental institutions of Bessarabia, used along with Russian,[3] as 95% of the population was Romanian.[4][5]

The publishing works established by Archbishop Gavril Bănulescu-Bodoni were able to produce books and liturgical works in Moldovan between 1815 and 1820,[6] until the period from 1871 to 1905, when Russification policies were implemented that all public use of Romanian was phased out, and substituted with Russian. Romanian continued to be used as the colloquial language of home and family, mostly spoken by Romanians, either first or second language.[citation needed]

Many Romanians changed their family names to Russian. This was the era of the highest level of assimilation in the Russian Empire.[7] In 1872, the priest Pavel Lebedev ordered that all church documents be written in Russian, and, in 1882, the press at Chișinău was closed by order of the Holy Synod.

Historically, the Orthodox Church in today's Transnistria and Ukraine was subordinated at first to the Mitropolity of Proilava (modern Brăila, Romania). Later, it belonged to the Bishopric of Huşi.[citation needed] After the Russian annexation of 1792, the Bishopric of Ochakiv reverted to Ekaterinoslav (modern Dnipro). From 1837, it belonged to the Eparchys of Kherson with its seat in Odesa, and Taurida with its seat in Simferopol.

The Soviet Union

The population of the former Moldavian ASSR, as a part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (Ukrainian SSR), had also suffered the Holodomor, the famine of the 1930s that caused several millions deaths in Ukraine.

Autonomous Moldavian Republic in Soviet Ukraine

Main article: Moldavian ASSR
Moldavian ASSR (in orange) and Romania

At the end of World War I in 1918, the Directory of Ukraine proclaimed the sovereignty of the Ukrainian People's Republic over the left bank of the Dneister. After the end of World War I in 1918, Bukovina (formerly ruled by Austria-Hungary) and Bessarabia were united with Kingdom of Romania; and after the Russian Civil War ended, in 1922, the Ukrainian SSR was created. Bukovina and Bessarabia were historically populated by the Romanians and Ukrainians for hundreds of years.

The very term "Ukrainians" was prohibited from the official usage and some populations of disputable Ukrainian ethnicity were rather called the "citizens of Romania who forgot their native language" and were forced to change their last names to Romanian-sounding ones.[8] Among those who were Romanianized were descendants of Romanians who were assimilated to Ukrainian society in the past.

As such, according to the Romanian census, of the total population of 805,000, 74% were Romanians;[citation needed] the number included the Ukrainians and other possibly related Ukrainian ethnic groups Hutsuls referred to as "Romanians who forgot their native language".[9] Among Russians who were Romanianized in Bessarabia were descendants of Romanians who underwent Russification policies during Russian rule.

The geopolitical concept of an autonomous Transnistrian region was born in 1924, when Bessarabian-Russian military leader Grigory Kotovsky[citation needed] founded, under the auspices of Moscow, the Moldavian Autonomous Oblast, which on 12 October 1924 became the Moldavian ASSR of the Ukrainian SSR.

The intention of Soviet policy was to promote Communism in recently lost Bessarabia and surroundings, and eventually to regain the former province from Romania. (Soviet authorities declared the "temporarily occupied city of Chişinău" as de jure capital of the ASSR.) The area was 8,100 km2 (3,100 sq mi) and included 11 raions by the left bank of Dniester.

Moldavian SSR

Main articles: Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina and Moldavian SSR
Romania occupied (August 19, 1941 - January 29, 1944) the "Transnistrian" region between Dniester, Southern Bug rivers and Black Sea coast.

In 1940, under duress from a Soviet ultimatum issued to the Romanian ambassador in Moscow and under pressure from Italy and Germany, Romania ceded Bessarabia and Bukovina to the USSR. As many as 90,000 died as the Red Army entered and occupied the territory on June 28. The official Soviet press declared that the "peaceful policy of the USSR" had "liquidated the [Bessarabian] Soviet-Romanian conflict".

The Moldavian SSR was created from Bessarabia and the western part of the Moldavian ASSR. Bessarabian territory along the Black Sea and Danube, where Romanians were in the minority, was merged into the Ukrainian SSR to ensure its control by a stable Soviet republic.[10] The Romanian population of Ukraine was persecuted by Soviet authorities on ethnic grounds, especially in the years following the annexation until 1956;[citation needed] because of this, Russification laws were imposed again on Romanian population.[citation needed] In neighboring Bessarabia the same persecution did not have a predominantly ethnic orientation, being based mostly on social, educational, and political grounds.

Transnistria (WWII)

Having allied with Nazi Germany, and having recaptured the territories occupied by the Soviets in 1940, Romanian dictator Antonescu did not heed the counsel of his advisers and continued to wage war on the Soviets beyond Romania's pre-war boundaries, invading parts of Ukraine and occupying the territory between Dniester and Southern Buh rivers. During this period the Romanian and German authorities and units deported to this region 147,000 Bessarabian and Bukovinian Jews, 30,000 Romanian Roma, and exterminated the largest part of the local Jewish population of this region. In 1944, the Soviets re-conquered the area.

Recent past

National Romanian Palace in Chernivtsi (2013)

In post-Soviet times, Ukrainian, the language of the historical ethnic/linguistic majority, is constitutionally the sole state language, and the state system of higher education has been switched to Ukrainian.[11]

In June 1997 Romania and Ukraine signed a bilateral treaty which included addressing territorial and minority issues.[12] By the terms of the agreement, Ukraine guaranteed the rights of Romanians in Ukraine and Romania guaranteed the rights of Ukrainians in Romania. There are schools teaching Romanian as a primary language, along with newspapers, TV, and radio broadcasting in Romanian.[13]

In the Republic of Moldova, “more than half of the self-proclaimed Moldovans (53.5%) said that they saw no difference” between the Romanian and Moldovan languages according to a survey conducted by Pal Kolsto and Hans Olav Melberg in 1998 which also included the Transnistrian separatist region.[14] According to Alla Skvortsova, an ethnic Russian researcher from the Republic of Moldova, "Our survey found that while 94.4 percent of the Romanians living in Moldova consider Moldovan and Romanian to be the same language, only half of the Moldovans (53.2 percent) share this view".[15] Opinion polling from the Chernivtsi oblast indicated that a significant majority of the self-identified Moldovans believed that the Moldovan and Romanian languages were identical.[16] There are allegations that in the 2001 Ukrainian census, individuals, especially, but not exclusively, in the Odessa region were threatened with dismissal from their jobs if they declared that they were Romanians rather than Moldovans by ethnicity, and it has been claimed that the ethnicity of some individuals was listed arbitrarily by census-takers who did not even ask those individuals what their ethnicity was.[17] According to Kateryna Sheshtakova, a professor at the Pomeranian University of Slutsk in Poland who did field research among the 15 self-identified Romanians and self-identified Moldovans in the Chernivtsi region of Ukraine, 'Some Moldovans use both names of the mother tongue (Moldovan or Romanian) and accordingly declare two ethnic affiliations.'[18] She recorded one statement that "I am Moldovan, but to be more precise, we should say I am Romanian".[19]

In 2015, several news websites published a report claiming that the Romanians of Northern Bukovina had formed a "Assembly of the Romanians of Bukovina" and demanded the territorial autonomy of the region from Ukraine. However, they were claimed to be fake and a product of pro-Russian anti-Ukrainian websites.[20][21]

Since 2014, the Romanians of Ukraine have been subject to forced Ukrainization by the Ukrainian authorities, despite constant objection of the Romanian authorities,[22][23][24] with some Romanian organizations in Ukraine even calling it a cultural genocide.[25][26]

In 2022 and 2023, the Ukrainian Parliament adopted and amended laws that enshrined the rights of "national minorities" and allowed "holding public and cultural events and publishing advertisements fully in the language of national minorities within the given community."[27]

Modern mass media of the Romanians in Ukraine include the newspapers Zorile Bucovinei, Concordia, Libertatea Cuvântului, Gazeta de Herța and several more, as well as some TV and radio channels.[28]

On 16 November, the Ministry of Education and Science and the Ukrainian government stated that it has initiated steps to abolish the Moldovan language and to change it to Romanian.[29] The Ukrainian Ministry of Education stated that ‘The Government of Ukraine adopted a decision regarding the use of the term "Romanian language" instead of the term "Moldovan language" in Ukraine. Currently, work is underway to bring the current legislation of Ukraine in line with this decision, which includes many internal regulatory legal acts. Separately, we note that all further acts of the government will be adopted considering the agreements. And all civil servants who allow violations of the government's decision will be subject to disciplinary action. The facts reported in the media regarding the printed textbooks refer to the copies approved for printing in May this year. The main edition of these textbooks was printed in the summer before the decision was made not to use the term "Moldovan language". Today, the Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine has stopped any additional printing of these textbooks. And also develops a mechanism for replacing previously printed copies with textbooks in the Romanian language.'[30] On 13 January 2024, the Ukrainian newspaper Dumska indicated that the last three schools had just changed the name of the language from “Moldovan” to Romanian” according to the Ukrainian ministry of education.[31]

Language and demographics

According to the Soviet 1989 census, Romanian speakers accounted for just under one percent of Ukraine's total population: 134,825 Romanians, and 324,525 Moldovans with the largest minority in Chernivtsi (approximately one fifth of the region's population). According to the U.S. Census Bureau, in 2015, there were 1,438 ethnic Romanians born in Ukraine living in the United States of America.[32] By comparison, there were also 237,809 ethnic Ukrainians born in Ukraine living in the U.S. in that year.[33] According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, 92.1% of those who stated that they were Romanians declared Romanian as their mother tongue, 6.2% Ukrainian, and 1.5% Russian.[34][35] Among census Moldovans, 71.1% listed Moldovan or Romanian as their mother tongue, 17.6% listed Russian and 10.7% listed Ukrainian.[36][37]

Romanian speakers are not, as of 28 September 2017, allowed to learn exclusively in the Romanian language in the Ukrainian state education system after four years of education, with Romanian language instruction being restricted to separate Romanian language and literature classes.[38] Whereas, the Ukrainian migrants, as well as the ethnic Ukrainians who have lived in Romania for centuries, benefit from Ukrainian language classes in Romania and their state tv is broadcast on Romanian state's television at a chosen prefixed time slot.

Many individuals have changed their ethnic identity from Moldovan to Romanian. In the last Soviet census of 1989, out of 940,801 inhabitants of the Chernivtsi oblast, 666,095 declared themselves Ukrainians (70.8%), 100,317 Romanians (10.66%), 84,519 Moldovans (8.98%), and 63,066 Russians (6.7%).[39] The decline in the number (from 84,519 to 67,225) and proportion of self-identified Moldovans (from 8.98% to 7.31%) was explained by a switch from a census Moldovan to a census Romanian ethnic identity, and has continued after the 2001 census.[40] By contrast, the number of self-identified ethnic Romanians has increased (from 100,317 to 114,555),and so has their proportion of the population of the oblast (from 10.66% to 12.46%), and the process has continued after the 2001 census.[41]

In 2001, the population of the Hertsa Raion of the Chernivtsi Oblast was 32,316, of which 29,554 or 91.45% identified themselves as Romanians, 1,616 or 5.0% as Ukrainians, and 756 or 2.34% as Moldovans (out of which 511 self-identified their language as Moldovan and 237 as Romanian), 0.9% as Russians, and 0.3% as being of other ethnicities (see: Ukrainian Census, 2001).[42] In the last Soviet census of 1989, out of 29,611 inhabitants of the same raion, 1,569 declared themselves Ukrainians (5.30%), 23,539 Romanians (79.49%), 3,978 Moldovans (13.43%), and 431 Russians (1.46%).[43] The decline in the number (from 3,978 to 756) and proportion of Moldovans (from 13.43% to 2.34%) was explained by a switch from a census Moldovan to a census Romanian ethnic identity, and has continued after the 2001 census.[44] By contrast, the number of self-identified ethnic Romanians has increased (from 23,539 to 29,554), and so has their proportion of the population of the former raion (from 79.49% to 91.45%), and the process has continued after the 2001 census.[45] For example, in the village of Ostrytsia in the Hertsa Raion, in 2001, 93.73% of the inhabitants spoke Romanian as their native language (93.22% self-declared Romanian and 0.52% self-declared Moldovan), while 4.96% spoke Ukrainian.[46] In the Soviet census of 1989, the number of inhabitants who declared themselves Romanians plus Moldovans was 2,965 (324, or 10.05% Romanians plus 2,641 or 81.92% Moldovans) out of 3,224, representing 91.97% of the locality's population, and there were 205 ethnic Ukrainians (6.36%).[47] Similar patterns could be observed in other villages, such as Tsuren in the former Hertsa Raion, Boyany in the former Novoselytsia Raion, Voloka in the former Hlyboka Raion, etc. Most of the inhabitants of the former Hlyboka Raion who had self-identified themselves as Moldovans in 1989 self-identified themseves as Romanians in 2001.

Historical population
YearPop.±%
1926 1,530—    
1939 825−46.1%
1959 100,863+12125.8%
1970 112,141+11.2%
1979 121,795+8.6%
1989 134,825+10.7%
2001 151,989+12.7%
Soviet and Ukrainian censuses

Romanian communities in present-day Ukraine

Romanians in Ukraine - Oblast level (2001)[48][49][50][51]
Region Population
Chernivtsi Oblast There were 114,555 Romanians (12.5%) in 2001; the rest of the inhabitants were Moldovans (7.31% or 67,225), Ukrainians (74.98% or 689,056), and Russians (4.12% or 37,881).[52] [53]According to the 2001 census, the majority of the population of the Chernivtsi region (919,028) was Ukrainian-speaking (75.57%), and there were also Romanian (18.64%) and Russian (5.27%) speakers.[54]
Zakarpattia Oblast There were 32,668 Romanians (2.6% of the oblast population in 2001), mainly living in Tiachiv Raion with, 21,420 (12.46% of the rayon population) and Rachiv with 10,573 (11.63% of the rayon population).[55][56] Some 10,000–15,000 also live in the northern part of the oblast, far from other Romanian communities, and are referred to as volohi in Romanian. They are also controversially referred to as țigani albi ("White Gypsies") by some researchers.[57]
Odesa Oblast There were 724 self-identified Romanians (0.03%); there were also 123,751 Moldovans (5.04%) in 2001, 1,542,341 Ukrainians (62.81%), 508,537 Russians (20.71%) and 150,683 Bulgarians (6.14%).[58] [59]According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, Ukrainian was the mother tongue of 46.3% of the population (2,368,107 in 2001), for 42.0% it was Russian, for 4.9% Bulgarian, and for 3.8% Romanian.[60]
Total There were 150,989 self-identified Romanians.[61][62]
Raions with significant Romanian population (2001)[63]
Raion Population
Hertsa Raion There were 29,554 Romanians (91.5%) in 2001; other inhabitants included 1,616 Ukrainians (5.0% ), 756 Moldovans (2.3%), and Russians (0.9%).[64][65] Hertsa raion, within its boundaries at that time, had 32,316 inhabitants in 2001, including 4.83% Ukrainian-speakers, 93.82% Romanian-speakers, and 1.21% Russian-speakers.[66]
Hlyboka Raion There were 72,676 inhabitants, of which 32,923 were Romanians (45.30%) in 2001.[67][68] Hlyboka raion, within its boundaries at that time, had 72,676 inhabitants in 2001, including 52.56% Ukrainian-speakers, 45.97% Romanian-speakers, and 1.15% Russian-speakers.[69]
Novoselytsia Raion There were 87,461 inhabitants, of which 5,904 were Romanians (6.75%) in 2001. The other inhabitants included 50,329 Moldovans (57.54%), 29,703 Ukrainians (35.05%), 1,235 Russians (1.42%), and 290 others (0.29%).[70][71] Novoselytsia raion, within its boundaries at that time, had 87,241 inhabitants in 2001, including 34.08% Ukrainian-speakers, 64% Romanian-speakers, and 1.78% Russian-speakers.[72]
Reni Raion There were 40,680 inhabitants, of which 36 were self-identified Romanians (0.09%) in 2001. The other inhabitants included 19,938 Moldovans (49.01%), 7,196 Ukrainians (17.69%), 6,136 ethnic Russians (15.08%), 3,439 Bulgarians (8.45%), and 736 Gagauz (1.81%) [73] The inhabitants of the Reni raion were 37.88% Russian-speaking, 40.9% Romanian-speaking, 7.26% Ukrainian-speaking, 6.76% Gagauz-speaking and 6.61% Bulgarian-speaking.[74]
Storozhynets Raion There were 95,295 inhabitants in 2001, of which 35,095 were Romanians (36.83%).[75] In 2001, the inhabitants of the Storozhynets raion were 61.42% Ukrainian-speakers, 35.64% Romanian-speakers, and 1.81% Russian-speakers.[76]
Izmail Raion There were 54,692 inhabitants in 2001, out of which 34 were Romanians (0.06%). The other inhabitants included 15,798 Ukrainians (28.89%), 15,083 Moldovans (27.58%), 14,072 Bulgarians (25.73%), 8,870 ethnic Russians (16.22%), and 230 Gagauz (0.42%).[77] Izmail raion had 54,692 inhabitants in 2001, including 26.34% Ukrainian-speakers, 26.21% Romanian-speakers, 21.56% Russian-speakers, 24.88% Bulgarian-speakers and 0.26% Gagauz-speakers. [78]
Romanians in Ukraine - settlement level
Settlement Population
Boiany It had 4,425 inhabitants, including 2,810 Romanians (63.50%), and 92.16% of the inhabitants spoke Romanian as their native language.[79]
Chernivtsi In 2001, population was 236,691, of which 10,553 (4.5%) were Romanians.[80][81] The city of Chernivtsi had 236,691 inhabitants in 2001, of which 187,465 spoke Ukrainian (79.20%), 10,263 Romanian (4.34%), 284 Polish (0.11%), and 36,150 Russian (15.27%). According to a survey conducted by the International Republican Institute in April–May 2023, 82% of the city's population spoke Ukrainian at home, 15% spoke Russian, and 2% spoke Romanian.[82]
Hertsa The town has a large Romanian majority; 71.18% identified themselves as Romanians, 17.88% as Ukrainians, 6.35% as Russians and 3.4% as Moldovans.[83] The majority of the population of Herța was Romanian-speaking (70.79%), with Ukrainian (17.98%) and Russian (10.89%) speakers in the minority.[84]
Hlyboka According to the 1989 census, the number of Romanians/Moldovans was 20.11%; 12.15% spoke Romanian as their native language according to the 2001 census.[85]
Krasnoilsk According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, the town had 9,142 people, out of which almost all are Romanians, and 92.64% were Romanian-speaking.[86]
Novoselytsia, The city has a population of 8,166 people, mainly Ukrainians, with a Romanian community. The distribution of the population by native language in 2001 was Ukrainian 54.9%, Romanian 34.5%, and Russian 10.1 %.[87] Moreover, in 2001, 1.63% of the inhabitants declared that they were Romanian, while 54.37% ethnically Ukrainian, 35.82% Moldovan, and 6.84% Russian..[88]
Storozhynets The city has a population of 14,693 people in 2001, and 81% of the inhabitants spoke Ukrainian as their native language, while 11.45% spoke Romanian, and 6.56% spoke Russian.[89] In 2001, the population was 74.31% ethnically Ukrainian, 17.23% Romanian, 4.91% Russian and 2.2% Polish.[90]
Reni The city has a population of 20,761 inhabitants in 2001, including 22 self-identified Romanians (0.11%), 6,694 ethnic Ukrainians (32.24%), 6,126 Moldovans (29.5%), 5,589 ethnic Russians (26.92%), 1,012 Bulgarians (4.87%), and 736 Gagauz (1.81%).[91] In 2001, it was 70.54% Russian-speaking, 13.37% Romanian-speaking, 12.5% Ukrainian-speaking, 1.52% Gagauz-speaking, and 1.35% Bulgarian-speaking.[92]
Solotvyno The town has a population of 8,956 inhabitants in 2001, 56.97% of whom spoke Romanian as their native language, while 14.54% spoke Ukrainian, 24.3% Hungarian, and 3.18% Russian.[93]

Notable individuals

Notable Romanians (or individuals with partial Romanian ancestry) in Ukraine include:

See also

References

  1. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 24, with the figure from the 2001 Ukrainian census. An additional 258,619 people identified themselves as Moldovans.
  2. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  3. ^ (in Russian)Charter for the organization of the Bessarabian Oblast, April 29, 1818, in "Печатается по изданию: Полное собрание законов Российской империи. Собрание первое.", Vol 35. 1818, Sankt Petersburg, 1830, pg. 222–227. Available online at hrono.info
  4. ^ Ciobanu, Ștefan (1923). Cultura românească în Basarabia sub stăpânirea rusă. Chișinău: Editura Asociației Uniunea Culturală Bisericească. p. 20.
  5. ^ The Memory of (Im)Proper Names from Basarabia
  6. ^ King, Charles, The Moldovans, Hoover Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8179-9792-X, pg. 21–22
  7. ^ Colesnic-Codreanca, Lidia. Limba Română în Basarabia. Studiu sociolingvistic pe baza materialelor de arhivă (1812–1918) ("The Romanian language in Bessarabia. A sociolinguistic study based on archival materials (1812–1918)"). Chișinău: Editorial Museum, 2003.
  8. ^ Oleksandr Derhachov (editor), "Ukrainian Statehood in the Twentieth Century: Historical and Political Analysis", Chapter: "Ukraine in Romanian concepts of the foreign policy", 1996, Kiev ISBN 966-543-040-8
  9. ^ Harvard Ukrainian Studies, Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute, 1988, p.191
  10. ^ Charles King, The Moldovans: Romania, Russia, and the politics of culture, Hoover Institution Press, Stanford University, 2000. ISBN 0-8179-9792-X.
  11. ^ INCONSISTENT LANGUAGE POLICY CREATES PROBLEMS IN UKRAINE, Oleg Varfolomeyev, EURASIA DAILY MONITOR, Volume 3, Issue 101 (May 24, 2006), available online at "The Jamestown Foundation". Archived from the original on 22 August 2006. Retrieved 29 August 2006.
  12. ^ [1] U.S. Department of State
  13. ^ Dominique Arel, "Interpreting 'Nationality' and 'Language' in the 2001 Ukrainian Census," Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 18 No. 3, July–September 2002, pp. 213–249, available online in JRL #6535 at [2]
  14. ^ Pal Kolsto with Hans Olav Melberg, “Integration, Alienation, and Conflict in Estonia and Moldova,” in Pal Kolsto (ed.), National Integration and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Societies (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.), p. 34-35.
  15. ^ Alla Skvortsova, "The Cultural and Social Makeup of Moldova: A Bipolar or Dispersed Society?", in Pal Kolsto (ed.), National Integration and Violent Conflict in Post-Soviet Societies (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.), p. 168.
  16. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005.
  17. ^ George Coman, “SOS romanii din Ucraina!” (“SOS the Romanians of Ukraine”), in Ziua, March 4, 2003, originally accessed at http://www.ziua.ro/archive/2003/03/04/docs/5846.html, though the link is currently not working.
  18. ^ Kateryna Sheshtakova, "Ethnic Identity and Linguistic Practices of Romanians and Moldovans (On the Example of Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine), in Studia Humanistyczne AGH, Tom 12/2, 2013, p. 65.
  19. ^ Kateryna Sheshtakova, "Ethnic Identity and Linguistic Practices of Romanians and Moldovans (On the Example of Chernivtsi Oblast, Ukraine), in Studia Humanistyczne AGH, Tom 12/2, 2013, p. 72.
  20. ^ "Fals: Românii din Bucovina cer de la Poroșenko autonomie teritorială" (in Romanian). StopFake. 22 June 2016.
  21. ^ Melniciuc, Liubov (23 September 2020). "Inexistenta "Adunare a românilor din Bucovina" și varianta bucovineană a unui separatism inventat". EuroPunkt (in Romanian).
  22. ^ "De ce Ucraina promovează "limba moldovenească" braț la braț cu Rusia agresoare?".
  23. ^ "Cum s-a ajuns la deznaționalizarea românilor din Ucraina". 10 May 2022.
  24. ^ Liberă, Europa (16 July 2020). "Românii din Ucraina reclamă lipsa de interes a autorităților de la București". Europa Liberă România.
  25. ^ "Românii din Ucraina denunţă "un genocid cultural-lingvistic" împotriva lor". 16 July 2020.
  26. ^ "Romanii din Ucraina acuza un "genocid cultural-lingvistic" in timp ce statul roman reactioneaza "mai mult decat modest"".
  27. ^ "Parliament approves changes to national minorities law". The Kyiv Independent. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  28. ^ "Mass Media româno-ucrainene" (in Romanian). Consulate of Romania, Solotvyno. Retrieved 21 October 2023.
  29. ^ See ‘Official statement regarding the use in Ukraine of the term "Romanian language" instead of the term "Moldovan language"’, at https://mon.gov.ua/en/news/declaratie-oficiala-privind-utilizarea-in-ucraina-termenului-limba-romana-in-locul-termenului-limba-moldoveneasca
  30. ^ See ‘Official statement regarding the use in Ukraine of the term "Romanian language" instead of the term "Moldovan language"’, at https://mon.gov.ua/en/news/declaratie-oficiala-privind-utilizarea-in-ucraina-termenului-limba-romana-in-locul-termenului-limba-moldoveneasca
  31. ^ https://dumskaya.net/news/poslednie-moldavskie-shkoly-odesskoy-oblasti-per-181559/ua/
  32. ^ "Explore Census Data".
  33. ^ "Explore Census Data".
  34. ^ https://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/
  35. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 266, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census.
  36. ^ https://2001.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/
  37. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 266, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census.
  38. ^ Tulup, Marharyta (8 December 2017). "Beyond the scandal: what is Ukraine's new education law really about?". openDemocracy. Retrieved 20 October 2023.
  39. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 242.
  40. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 242, 257, 259, 261.
  41. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 242, 257, 259, 261.
  42. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii din Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Românii din Regiunea Cernăuți), Cernăuți, 2005, pp. 259–260, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census.
  43. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 216.
  44. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 261.
  45. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 261.
  46. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  47. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 216.
  48. ^ Center for the Prevention of Conflicts and Early Warning, Nr. 704R/June 19, 2004
  49. ^ https://www.cilevics.eu/minelres/mailing_archive/2004-November/003694.html
  50. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  51. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  52. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 242, 266, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census. Among the Moldovans, 61,598 declared their native language as Moldovan, and 2,657 declared it to be Romanian. Among the Moldovans whose native language was not Moldovan, 1,672 declared that they knew Romanian, and 1,391 that they knew Moldovan according to Popescu and Ungureanu, p. 266.
  53. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  54. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  55. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  56. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 42, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census.
  57. ^ "Volohii din Carpații Păduroși (Ucraina) - o ruină de românitate". Gazeta de Maramureș (in Romanian). 9 August 2021.
  58. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 33, 45, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census.
  59. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  60. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  61. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 24, 266, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census.
  62. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  63. ^ File:EthnicChernivtsi 2001UkrCensus.png
  64. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 260-261, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census. Among the 756 Moldovans, 511 self-identified their language as Moldovan and 237 as Romanian according to Popescu and Ungureanu, p. 266.
  65. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  66. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  67. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 257, 258, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census.
  68. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  69. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  70. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 259, 260, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census. Among the 50,329 Moldovans, 47,585 identified their language as Moldovan, or 54.45% of the raion's population, and 2,264 as Romanian or 2.6% of the raion's population according to Popescu and Ungureanu, p. 266.
  71. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  72. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  73. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  74. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  75. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  76. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  77. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  78. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  79. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  80. ^ Ion Popescu and Constantin Ungureanu, Romanii dn Ucraina - intre trecut si viitor, vol. 1 (Romanii din Regiunea Cernauti), Cernauti, 2005, p. 246, with the figures from the 2001 Ukrainian census.
  81. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  82. ^ "Municipal Survey 2023" (PDF). ratinggroup.ua. Retrieved 9 August 2023.
  83. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  84. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  85. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  86. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  87. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  88. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  89. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  90. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  91. ^ http://pop-stat.mashke.org/ukraine-ethnic2001.htm
  92. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
  93. ^ https://socialdata.org.ua/projects/mova-2001/
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Romanians_in_Ukraine&oldid=1237114235"