List of prestige dialects
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A prestige dialect is the dialect that is considered most prestigious by the members of that speech community. In nearly all cases, the prestige dialect is also the dialect spoken by the most prestigious members of that community, often the people who have political, economic, or social power.
A
[edit]- Arabic – In the Arab League countries, Modern Standard Arabic is considered the H-language, or high-prestige language. In contrast to most prestige dialects, it is not used in day-to-day conversation, but is rather reserved for literature and elevated or formal discourse. It is not commonly used in everyday conversation.[1]
- Assyrian Neo-Aramaic – Among modern Assyrian people, Iraq Koine is widely considered to be a prestige form of speech, where it is the standard variety in the Assyrian social and political media, and the Assyrian church.[2] Iraqi Koine is a "watered down", merger dialect of the rather coarse Assyrian tribal varieties of the mountains and the classically prestigious Urmian dialect (spoken by Iranian Assyrians), but would lack the harshness of the rural dialects and the superfluous Persian influence of the Urmian dialect.[3] In the 19th and early 20th century, or at least up to the 1980s, the Urmian dialect was a standard literary dialect of Assyrian, chosen by an American Presbyterian missioner Justin Perkins in 1836. In the late 20th century, Assyrians gradually started to mix with each other and spoke Iraqi Koine, as Iraq had an influx of Assyrians from different villages settling there.[4]
C
[edit]- Chinese:
- Mandarin – Specifically the Standard Mandarin variant based on the Beijing dialect as spoken by the commoners of the early to mid 20th century. There are differences in the way this standard is defined between the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. In Taiwan, for instance, the Standard Mandarin was not based on the commoner's usage of the Beijing dialect but the variety of this dialect as used by the educated class at the time.
- Cantonese – Considered the prestige variety of Yue Chinese variants, based on the dialect of Guangzhou City and the surrounding areas, including Liangguang (Guangdong and Guangxi), Hong Kong and Macau.[5]
- Shanghainese – Considered the prestige variety of Wu Chinese variants, based on the dialect of Shanghai City and the surrounding districts, having replaced Suzhounese in this role in the 19th century.[6]
- Southern Min (Hokkien-Taiwanese) – also known as the Quan-Zhang variety of Southern Min, is the mainstream form of Southern Min. The Modern Standard Southern Min dialect is based on Taiwanese Hokkien which includes the Taiwanese prestige accent.[7]
D
[edit]- Dutch – Standard Dutch is considered most prestigious when no clear traces of a speaker's dialect can be recognised.[8]
E
[edit]- English – In the UK, the prestige dialect is often considered to be Received Pronunciation whereas General Australian English and Cultivated South African English have traditionally been the prestige dialect in those countries. The United States is said to have no single prestige dialect.[9] However, American dictionaries, broadcast journalists, and stage, cinema, and television actors favor General American as the standard form of American speech. Before 1945, Mid-Atlantic English enjoyed a high level of prestige. In modern India, Indian English, a slightly Indianized version of English having some influence of Indian local languages is generally used in practice.
F
[edit]- Filipino - is the standardised version of the Manila Tagalog dialect[10] that is used as the national lingua franca in the Philippines.[11] It is used as the language of media in the Philippines instead of or aside from English.
- French
- France – Standard French is based on the dialect of Paris.
- United States – Colonial French (also Plantation Society French) is considered the prestige dialect of Louisiana French,[12] though it is deemed virtually extinct due to gradual assimilation with standard Cajun French.
G
[edit]- German
- Germany – Standard German, Standard High German or often erroneously called High German (in German: Hochdeutsch) is considered the prestige dialect of Germany, especially in northern and central regions of Germany. Dialects are still very common in southern regions across all demographics, though some assimilation does happen in formal settings (Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg, Palatinate, Saxony). Towards the North, however, proper dialects have diminished since World War II and tend to be associated nowadays with rural regions, urban working class and elderly people. Regiolects have replaced dialects in informal speech (e.g. Rhinelands), but formal speech is very close to Standard German.
- Switzerland – Swiss Standard German can be considered the lingua franca of Switzerland for communication on national levels and with people from other German-speaking countries, whereas the many dialects subsumed under the umbrella term Swiss German are used in everyday life across all demographics including formal settings.
H
[edit]- Hindi – the Dehlavi dialect (Hindustani) is the prestige dialect, and the basis of both Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu.[13]
M
[edit]P
[edit]- Punjabi – The Majhi dialect spoken around Amritsar is the standardized and most prestigious Punjabi dialect in India.[15][16]
S
[edit]- Somali - The Northern Somali dialect, specifically the varieties spoken in the northernmost parts of the country (in modern day Somaliland) as well as the Mudug region, is considered the prestige dialect of the Somali language, and the basis for its standard variety.
T
[edit]- Tamil – Tamil exhibits different standard forms: a classical literary style modelled on the ancient language (sankattamiḻ), a modern literary and formal style (centamiḻ), and a modern colloquial form (koṭuntamiḻ). These styles shade into each other, forming a stylistic continuum.[17]
- Tagalog - The Manila dialect is the prestige dialect among many native speakers due to the city's economic importance and the dialect's implication of wealth and high social status. This dialect is the basis of Filipino, the standardised official and national language of the Philippines. The Bulacan dialect is sometimes held as a higher standard for literary and artistic purposes.
- Telugu – The standard form is based on the dialect and accent as spoken in Krishna District. In Hyderabad, the Telugu is heavily influenced by Urdu[18]
- Thai – Standard Thai is based on the dialect of the educated classes of Bangkok, in Central Thailand.[19][20] In addition to Central Thai, Thailand is home to other related Tai languages. Although linguists usually classify these idioms as related, but distinct languages, native speakers often identify them as regional variants or dialects of the "same" Thai language, or as "different kinds of Thai".[21]
- Turkish: Modern standard Turkish is based on the dialect of Istanbul.[22] This Istanbulite Turkish (İstanbul Türkçesi) constitutes the model of written and spoken Turkish, as recommended by Ziya Gökalp, Ömer Seyfettin and others.[23]
U
[edit]- Urdu – Modern Standard Urdu is a prestige dialect of the Hindustani language, spoken in and around the northern Indian city of Lucknow.[24][25][26] Since a large part of the Urdu-speaking population from this area migrated to the area around Karachi during the 1947 Partition of India, this variety has also become the prestige accent in Pakistan.[24][25][26]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ islamonline.net Archived 2011-02-20 at the Wayback Machine: "‘Germanus’ [...] looked forward to Cairo, to be entertained by listening the (Classical) Arabic language [...] He was shocked [...] for who were laughing at him for his speaking in (Classical) Arabic and they answered him back with vernacular vocabulary..."
- ^ Solomon, Zomaya S. (1994). Basic sentence structure in Assyrian Aramaic, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, VIII/1:83-107
- ^ Maclean, Arthur John (1895). Grammar of the dialects of vernacular Syriac: as spoken by the Eastern Syrians of Kurdistan, north-west Persia, and the Plain of Mosul: with notices of the vernacular of the Jews of Azerbaijan and of Zakhu near Mosul. Cambridge University Press, London.
- ^ Solomon, Zomaya S. (1997). Functional and other exotic sentences in Assyrian Aramaic, Journal of Assyrian Academic Studies, XI/2:44-69.
- ^ Norman, Jerry (1988), Chinese, Cambridge University Press, p. 215, ISBN 978-0-521-29653-3
- ^ Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, p. 219
- ^ "Chinese, Min Nan".
- ^ M. van der Wal, Geschiedenis van het Nederlands, 1992. ISBN 90-274-1839-X
- ^ Wilson, Kenneth G (1993). The Columbia Guide to Standard American English. New York: Columbia University Press.
- ^ Nolasco, Ricardo Ma. (24 August 2007). "Filipino and Tagalog, Not So Simple". svillafania.philippinepen.ph. Retrieved 16 January 2019.
- ^ "Filipino, not English, is the country's lingua franca". inquirer.net. 2014.
- ^ "Overview". Archived from the original on 2007-12-23. Retrieved 2007-08-16.
- ^ Leo P. Chall (1961). Sociological abstracts. Sociological Abstracts. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- ^ "Marathi language | Definition, History, Alphabet, & Facts". Encyclopædia Britannica. 1998. Retrieved 9 August 2017.
- ^ Punjabi University, Patiala.
- ^ Grierson, George A. (1916). Linguistic Survey of India. Vol. IX Indo-Aryan family. Central group, Part 1, Specimens of western Hindi and Pañjābī. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing, India. p. 609.
- ^ Schiffman, Harold (1997). "Diglossia as a Sociolinguistic Situation", in Florian Coulmas (ed.), The Handbook of Sociolinguistics. London: Basil Blackwell, Ltd. pp. 205 ff.
- ^ Dictionary of Languages: The Definitive Reference to More Than 400 Languages By Andrew Dalby, Columbia University Press, page no. 301, ISBN 0-231-11569-5
- ^ Andrew Simpson (2007). Language and national identity in Asia. Oxford University Press.
Standard Thai is a form of Central Thai based on the variety of Thai spoken earlier by the elite of the court, and now by the educated middle and upper classes of Bangkok. It ... was standardized in grammar books in the nineteenth century, and spread dramatically from the 1930s onwards, when public education became much more widespread
- ^ Peansiri Vongvipanond (Summer 1994). "Linguistic Perspectives of Thai Culture". paper presented to a workshop of teachers of social science. University of New Orleans. p. 2. Retrieved 26 April 2011.
The dialect one hears on radio and television is the Bangkok dialect, considered the standard dialect.
- ^ Antonio L. Rappa; Lionel Wee (2006), Language Policy and Modernity in Southeast Asia: Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, Springer, pp. 114–115
- ^ Campbell, George (1995). "Turkish". Concise compendium of the world's languages. London: Routledge. p. 547.
- ^ "En iyi İstanbul Türkçesini kim konuşur?". Milliyet. Retrieved 2017-12-30.
- ^ a b Miriam Butt (1995). The structure of complex predicates in Urdu. Center for the Study of Language and Information. p. 8. ISBN 9781881526582. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
The Urdu spoken in Lucknow is held to be the representative of pure Urdu.
- ^ a b Anwar S. Dil (1965). Studies in Pakistani linguistics. Linguistic Research Group of Pakistan. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
However, the dialect which enjoys the highest prestige is the Delhi-Lucknow Urdu.
- ^ a b Christopher Rolland King (9 December 1999). One language, two scripts: the Hindi movement in nineteenth century north India. Oxford University Press. p. 24. ISBN 9780195651126. Retrieved 31 December 2011.
A line of major Urdu poets arose in Delhi and continued well into the nineteenth century, while somewhat later poets in the eastern UP city of Lucknow began to rival their colleagues in Delhi.