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Sloboda Ukraine

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Sloboda Ukraine
Слобідська Україна (Ukrainian)
Слободская Украина (Russian)
Historical region
Annunciation Cathedral, Kharkiv
Ascension Cathedral, Izium
Holy Trinity cathedral, Sumy
Old fire station, Ostrogozhsk
Location of Sloboda Ukraine (yellow) in Ukraine
Location of Sloboda Ukraine (yellow) in Ukraine
CountryUkraine, Russia
RegionsEast Ukraine, Central Black Earth Region
CitiesSumy, Okhtyrka, Izyum, Ostrogozhsk
CapitalKharkiv
PartsKharkiv Oblast, Luhansk Oblast, Sumy Oblast, Belgorod Oblast, Voronezh Oblast, Kursk Oblast, Donetsk Oblast

Sloboda Ukraine,[a] also known locally as Slobozhanshchyna or Slobozhanshchina,[b] is a historical region in northeastern Ukraine and southwestern lands in modern Russia. It developed and flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries on the southwestern frontier of the Tsardom of Russia. In 1765, it was converted into the Sloboda Ukraine Governorate.

Etymology

Its name derives from the term sloboda for a colonial settlement free of tax obligations, and the word ukraine in its original sense of 'borderland'. The etymology of the word Ukraine is seen this way among Russian,[1] Ukrainian, and Western historians such as Orest Subtelny,[2] Paul Magocsi,[3] Omeljan Pritsak,[4] Mykhailo Hrushevskyi,[5] Ivan Ohiyenko,[6] Petro Tolochko,[7] and others. It is supported by the Encyclopedia of Ukraine[8] and the Ukrainian Etymological Dictionary.[9]

Geographical extent

The territory of historic Sloboda Ukraine corresponds to the part of the present-day Ukrainian oblast (province) of Kharkiv (in its entirety), and parts of the Sumy, Donetsk, and Luhansk Oblasts, as well as parts of the Belgorod, Kursk, and Voronezh Oblasts of Russia.[10]

History

See also: Abolition of the Cossack system in Sloboda Ukraine
Map of Sloboda Ukraine

Early modern period

Russia gained control over the territory as a result of conquests against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania during the Muscovite–Lithuanian Wars in the 16th century.

According to Russian and Ukrainian sources of the 16th–17th centuries, the region was initially part of the Russian state,[11] which encouraged the settlement of this territory for defensive purposes.[12] It was first colonized by the Russians in the first half of the 16th century and became part of a defense line used against Tatar raids.[13] A second wave of colonization occurred in the 1620s to 1630s, largely in the form of Ukrainian Cossack regiments, who were allowed to settle there to help protect the territory against the Tatars.[14]

The Cossacks who arrived in Sloboda Ukraine were under the sovereignty of Russian tsars and their military chancellery, and were registered in Russian military service.[13] Many Ukrainian refugees arrived from Poland-Lithuania after the Ostryanyn uprising of 1637–1638 and received generous resettlement subsidies from the Russian government.[14] For decades, Ukrainian Cossacks crossed the border into southern Russia to gather livestock. Still, many of them engaged in banditry, prompting Russia to establish a new garrison town on the Boguchar River to defend the land from Ukrainian bandits.[15] Russia also resettled many of the Ukrainian refugees at Valuyki, Korocha, Voronezh, and as far as Kozlov.[16]

Folk architecture in Sloboda Ukraine

Crimean Tatars and Nogai Tatars traditionally utilized the sparsely inhabited area of the Wild Fields on the border of Russia, immediately south of Severia, to launch annual raids into Russian territories along the Muravsky Trail and Izyum Trail.[17] In 1591, a Tatar raid reached the Moscow region, compelling the Russian government to construct new forts, including Belgorod and Oskol in 1593, Yelets in 1592, Kromy in 1595, Kursk in 1597, and Tsarev-Borisov and Valuyki in 1600.[18] Tsarev-Borisov, named after Tsar Boris I, was the oldest settlement in Sloboda Ukraine.[19]

During those raids, regions near Ryazan and along the Oka River suffered the most. The conflict intensified with Russian territorial expansion south and east into the lands of modern Sloboda Ukraine and the mid-Volga River. Sometime between the 1580s and 1640s, the Belgorod Defense Line was constructed in Sloboda Ukraine, featuring several fortifications, moats, and forts, providing security to the region. After several Russo-Crimean Wars, Russian monarchs began to encourage the settlement of the area by Cossacks, who served as a sort of frontier guard force against Tatar raids.

Apart from the Cossacks, the settlers included peasants and townspeople from right-bank and left-bank Ukraine, divided by the Treaty of Andrusovo in 1667. The name Sloboda Ukraine derives from the word sloboda, a Slavic term meaning "freedom" (or "liberty"), and also the name of a type of settlement. The tsar would free the settlers of a sloboda from the obligation of paying taxes and fees for a certain period, which proved very enticing for immigrants. By the end of the 18th century, settlers occupied 523 Slobodan settlements in Sloboda Ukraine.

From 1650 to 1765, the territory referred to as Sloboda Ukraine became increasingly organized according to Cossack military custom, similar to that of the Zaporozhian Host (to the south) and Don Host (to the east). The relocated Cossacks became known as Sloboda Cossacks. There were five regimental districts (polky) of Sloboda Cossacks, named after the towns of their sustained deployment and subdivided into company districts (sotni). Regional centers included Ostrogozhsk, Kharkiv, Okhtyrka, Sumy, and Izyum, while the Sloboda Ukraine Cossack capital was located in Sumy until 1743. From 1753 to 1764, the imperial territory of Slavo-Serbia existed to the south.

Russian Empire Governates

Kharkov Viceroyalty in 1792
Main article: Kharkov Governorate

The administration of Catherine the Great disbanded the regiments of Slobozhanshchina and abolished Cossack privileges by the decree of July 28, 1765.[10] The semiautonomous region became a province called Sloboda Ukraine Governorate (Slobodsko-Ukrainskaya guberniya).[10][20] Saint Petersburg replaced the regimental administrations with Russian hussar regiments,[10] and granted Cossack higher ranks (starshinas) officership, and nobility (dvoryanstvo). In 1780, the governorate was transformed into the Kharkov Viceroyalty (namestnichestvo), which existed until the end of 1796 when it was again renamed Sloboda Ukrainian Governorate.[20] Each administrative reform involved territorial changes.

In 1835, the province of Sloboda Ukraine was abolished, ceding most of its territory to the new Kharkov Governorate and some to Voronezh and Kursk, which came under the Little Russian General Governorship of left-bank Ukraine.[10]

Soviet era

Further information: Kharkiv Governorate, Reichskommissariat Ukraine, and Kharkiv Oblast

In November-December 1918, Sudzha was the seat of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine, before its relocation to Belgorod outside of Sloboda Ukraine.[21] From 1919 to 1934, Kharkiv was the capital of Soviet Ukraine, before its relocation to Kyiv in Dnieper Ukraine.[21]

After the establishment of the Soviet Union, Sloboda Ukraine was divided between the Ukrainian SSR and the Russian SFSR.[22] In the early 1930s, Ukrainization ended in the parts of Sloboda Ukraine located in the Russian SFSR, leading to a significant decline in reported Ukrainians in these regions in the 1937 Soviet Census compared to the 1926 First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union.[22] The Ukrainian SSR reorganized its part of the region several times before establishing the borders of present-day Kharkiv Oblast in 1932. In 1932–1933, the population suffered in the Holodomor.

German troops entering Kharkiv in 1941

During World War II, the region was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1943.[citation needed] The occupiers formulated the Hunger Plan, intended to conduct large-scale confiscation of Ukrainian agricultural crops to feed the German military and civilians, and at the same time deliberately starve a sizeable portion of the Ukrainian population, which, although not implemented, caused the death by starvation of part of the population of Kharkiv.[23]

Russian invasion of Ukraine

Further information: 2022 Kharkiv counteroffensive, 2024 northeastern Ukraine offensive, and August 2024 Kursk Oblast incursion

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, several battles were fought in the region, including battles fought in Kharkiv, Trostianets, Sumy, Okhtyrka, Lebedyn, Izium, and Bakhmut.[citation needed] In August 2024, a portion of the modern Russian part of Sloboda Ukraine with Sudzha was captured by Ukrainian troops as part of the August 2024 Kursk Oblast incursion.

Largest cities and towns

Notes

  1. ^ Template:Lang-uk; Template:Lang-ru.
  2. ^ Template:Lang-uk, IPA: [sloboˈʒɑnʃtʃɪnɐ]; Template:Lang-ru, IPA: [sləbɐˈʐanʲɕːɪnə].

References

  1. ^ Vasmer Etymological Dictionary
  2. ^ Orest Subtelny. Ukraine: A History. University of Toronto Press, 1988
  3. ^ A History of Ukraine. University of Toronto Press, 1996 ISBN 0-8020-0830-5
  4. ^ From Kievan Rus' to modern Ukraine: Formation of the Ukrainian Nation (with Mykhailo Hrushevski and John Stephen Reshetar). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Ukrainian Studies Fund, Harvard University, 1984.
  5. ^ Грушевський М. Історія України-Руси. Том II. Розділ V. Стор. 4
  6. ^ Історія української літературної мови. Київ — 2001 (Перше видання Вінніпег — 1949)
  7. ^ Толочко П. П. «От Руси к Украине» («Від Русі до України») 1997
  8. ^ Енциклопедія українознавства. У 10-х томах. / Головний редактор Володимир Кубійович. — Париж; Нью-Йорк: Молоде життя, 1954—1989.
  9. ^ Етимологічний словник української мови: У 7 т. / Редкол. О. С. Мельничук (голов. ред.) та ін. — К.: Наук. думка, 1983 — Т. 6: У — Я / Уклад.: Г. П. Півторак та ін. — 2012. — 568 с. ISBN 978-966-00-0197-8
  10. ^ a b c d e What Makes Kharkiv Ukrainian, The Ukrainian Week (23 November 2014)
  11. ^ Слюсарский А. Г. Социально-экономическое развитие Слобожанщины XVII— XVIII вв. Харьков. 1964. С. 11
  12. ^ Слюсарский А. Г. Социально-экономическое развитие Слобожанщины XVII— XVIII вв. Харьков. 1964. С. 29
  13. ^ a b Brian Davies. Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011. P. 44
  14. ^ a b Brian Davies. Empire and Military Revolution in Eastern Europe: Russia's Turkish Wars in the Eighteenth Century. Bloomsbury Publishing. 2011. P. 45
  15. ^ Brian Davies. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge. 2007. P. 100
  16. ^ Brian Davies. Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge. 2007. P. 101
  17. ^ Слюсарский А. Г. Социально-экономическое развитие Слобожанщины XVII— XVIII вв. Харьков. 1964. С. 30
  18. ^ Слюсарский А. Г. Социально-экономическое развитие Слобожанщины XVII— XVIII вв. Харьков. 1964. С. 32
  19. ^ Ісаєв Т. О. Цареборисів: від заснування до утворення Ізюмського слобідського полку // Вісник Харківського національного університету імені В. Н. Каразіна, 2010, No 906, С. 91
  20. ^ a b Grigory Danilevsky (May 29, 2014). Works (in Russian). Vol. 21. Directmedia. p. 27. ISBN 9785446088706. St. Petersburg, 1901, First publication: 1865
  21. ^ a b "Міфи та факти про «першу столицю України»" (in Ukrainian). March 28, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2024.
  22. ^ a b Unknown Eastern Ukraine, The Ukrainian Week (14 March 2012)
  23. ^ Epstein, Catherine (January 27, 2015). Nazi Germany: Confronting the Myths. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 142. ISBN 978-1-118-29478-9.

Further reading

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