Sac and Fox treaty of 1842
| Signed | October 11, 1842 |
|---|---|
| Location | Agency, Iowa |
| Parties |
The New Purchase of 1842 is a treaty between the United States and the Sauk and Meskwaki tribes, referred to as the Sac and Fox in the treaty. The Native American tribes ceded land in Iowa west of the Mississippi River and north of the Missouri border.
Background
In the 1804 Treaty of St. Louis, the Sac and Meskwaki people relinquished their claim on ownership of lands east of the Mississippi and generally relocated to Iowa. In 1829, the federal government informed the two tribes that they must leave their villages in western Illinois and move across the Mississippi River into the Iowa region. The federal government claimed ownership of the Illinois land as a result of Quashquame's Treaty of 1804.[1]
The move was made, but not without violence. Black Hawk, a highly respected Sauk leader, protested the move and in 1832 returned to reclaim the Illinois village of Saukenuk. For the next three months, the Illinois militia pursued Black Hawk and his band of approximately four hundred Indians northward along the eastern side of the Mississippi River. The Indians surrendered at the Bad Axe River in Wisconsin, their numbers having dwindled to about two hundred. This encounter is known as the Black Hawk War.[1]
As punishment for their resistance, the federal government required the Sauk and Meskwaki to relinquish some of their land in eastern Iowa.[1] This land, known as the Black Hawk Purchase, was a strip fifty miles wide lying along the Mississippi River, stretching from the Missouri border to approximately Fayette and Clayton Counties in Northeastern Iowa.[1] In 1837, there were additional cessions by the Sauk and Meskwaki, called the "Second Black Hawk Purchase".
Terms
The treaty generally stipulated that the Sauk and Meskwaki people exchange land in Iowa for financial consideration from the US government.[2] The Sauk and Meskwaki people agreed to relocate to what is now Kansas in 3 years time. The Native American people agreed to move west of the "Red Rock line," prior to May 1843 and exit Iowa completely by 1845.
Red Rock line
The treaty designated a line which the Native Americans would live to the west of during a transition phase while a permanent relocation site was selected in Kansas. The north–south line was delineated primarily by "painted or red rocks on the White Breast," river, near where it flows into the Des Moines River. The line was more fully delineated and marked in due time.[3]
The city of Red Rock, Iowa was created just to the west of the line. The city and several of the landmarks denoting the line were, at least partially, submerged in 1962 by the creation of Lake Red Rock with the construction of Red Rock Dam.[3] The treaty stipulated that border would be patrolled by the US military.[4]
Financial considerations
In exchange for the concession of lands, the US government agreed to make an annual payment of $16,000 ("five percent of $800,000") and settle some outstanding debts of the Native American people worth $258,566.[5]
Other considerations
The grave of Chief Wapello was enhanced with a tombstone matching that of United States Indian agent General Joseph M. Street, who he was buried next to by the Indian Agency.
The treaty also provided funds for General Street's widow, Eliza M. Street, the land and buildings of the (now unneeded) Indian Agency office.
Signatories
The signing of the treaty occurred at the "Indian agency for the Sak and Fox," located in what is now the town of Agency, Iowa.
United States
The sole signatory on behalf of the United States was the Governor of the Iowa Territory, John Chambers. The treaty was witnessed by Indian agent John Beach and various interpreters and military staff. The treaty was ratified by the US Senate on February 15, 1843 and signed by President John Tyler on March 23, 1843.
Native Americans
The principal signatories were Keokuk, on behalf of the Sauk people, and Poweshiek, on behalf of the Meskwaki people. Other members of the governing structure and prominent military leaders also signed.
Sauk
- Keokuk
- Keokuk, jr.
- Wa ca cha
- Che kaw que
- Ka pon e ka
- Pa mekow art
- Appanoose
- Wa pe
- Wa sa men
- Wis ko pe
- As ke po ka won
- I o nah
- Wish e CO ma que
- Pash e pa ho
- Ka pe ko ma
- Tuk quos
- Wis CO sa
- Ka kon we na
- Na cote e we na
- Sho wa ke
- Mean ai to wa
- Muk e ne
Meskwaki
- Pow a shick
- Wa co sha she
- An au e wit
- Ka ka ke
- Ma wha why
- Ma che na ka me quat
- Ka ka ke mo
- Kish Ua naqua hok
- Pe a tau a quis
- Ma ne ni sit
- Mai con ne
- Pe she she mone
- Pe Shaw koa
- Puck aw koa
- Qua CO ho se
- Wa pa sha kon
- Kis ke kosh
- Ale mo ne qua
- Cha ko kow a
- Wah ke mo wa ta pa
- Muk qua gese
- Ko ko etch
Aftermath
By 1845 nearly all had left Iowa.[6][7] Similarly, other Native American groups gave up their Iowa land via treaties with the United States. Western Iowa was ceded by a group of tribes including the Missouri, Omaha, and Oto in 1830.[1] The Ioway ceded the last of their Iowa lands in 1838.[7] The Winnebago and Potawatomi, who had only a short time before been removed to Iowa, were yet again removed and had left Iowa by 1848 and 1846, respectively.[6] The last remaining group, the Sioux, ceded their last Iowa land via an 1851 treaty with the United States, which they completed in 1852.[6][7]
Following the removal of the Native Americans to Kansas, Iowa was admitted into the Union as a state in 1846. The new state capital of Iowa City was established in the area ceded under this treaty. Following the end of the transition period in 1846, US settlers were allowed to claim lands in the former Native American territory, like Mahaska County, Iowa and did so anxiously.[8]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e Edgar R. Harlan, A Narrative History of the People of Iowa 69-70 (1931)
- ^ "Indian Removal in Iowa". Iowa PBS. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ a b Leah D. Rogers (1992). "Assessment of the Old Red Rock Indian Line Sycamore Tree, Lake Red Rock, Marion County, Iowa" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ "Red Rock Line". Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ Bill Sherman. "Tracing the treaties: How they affected American Indians and Iowa". Iowa History Journal. Retrieved March 28, 2020.
- ^ a b c Cyrenus Cole, A History of the People of Iowa 141, 176-77 (1921)
- ^ a b c J. L. Pickard, Iowa Indians, in Iowa Historical Lectures 30, 48 (1892)
- ^ History of Iowa From the Earliest Times to the Beginning of the Twentieth Century Volume 3
External links
Original treaty
Secondary sources
- Access Genealogy includes some maps.