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2024 Indonesian local elections

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2024 Indonesian local elections
← 2020 27 November 2024 2029 →
37 governors, 415 regents, and 93 mayors
Leadership before election

See #Races

 Elected Leadership

See #Races

Local elections (Indonesian: Pemilihan Kepala Daerah/Pilkada) to elect governors, mayors and regents in Indonesia will be held on 27 November 2024 across 548 regions: 37 provinces, 415 regencies and 93 cities, which covered all provinces except Yogyakarta Special Region and all cities/regencies except the constituents of Jakarta.[1] The previous local executive elections were held in 2020.[2][3] The elections will be the first time regional leaders are all elected simultaneously nationwide in Indonesia.[4]

Background

Indonesia began electing regional leaders through direct elections in 2005, and between 2015 and 2020, all regional elections held in the year were held at the same date.[5] In 2016, a law was passed which made all regional elections starting in 2024 to be held on the same date. As a consequence, regional leaders elected in 2017 and 2018 would be replaced by appointed officials after the end of their term until the 2024 elections are held.[6] On the other hand, regional leaders elected in 2020 would only serve for less than a full five-year term, ranging from three to four years.[7] On 24 January 2022, the House of Representatives agreed to set the date of the 2024 local elections at 27 November 2024.[8]

The elections are regulated by the Law No. 10 of 2016 on local elections.[9]

Timeline

Timeline of the 2024 local elections[10][11]
8 – 12 May[12] Independent candidate verification
27 – 29 August Party-backed candidate registration
22 September Official candidate confirmation
25 September – 23 November Campaigning period
27 November Election date
27 November – 16 December Vote counting

Candidates

All candidates are required to be, at minimum, graduates of senior high school or equivalent. Any approved candidates are required to resign from certain government positions, including legislative offices, Armed Forces/Police positions, civil servants, and employees of state-owned companies. The minimum age is 30 for gubernatorial candidates and 25 for mayor/regent candidates. Furthermore, a two-term limit applies including for different regions, and former governors/regents/mayors are not allowed to run for vice-leader of their previous position.[13] On 30 May 2024, the Supreme Court of Indonesia ruled that the age limit applied to the age of the candidates on the date of swearing in should they win the election (which are expected to take place in 2025[14]), instead of the registration date of the election.[15] In particular, this change allowed Kaesang Pangarep, son of 7th Indonesian President Joko Widodo, to contest gubernatorial elections.[16]

The General Elections Commission (KPU) initially noted that legislators newly elected in the 2024 Indonesian legislative election did not need to resign, however, this was later rescinded and elected legislators will also be required to resign.[17] Candidates can either run as an independent or a party-backed candidate. To run with party backing, the candidate is required to secure the formal support of a party or a coalition of parties which collectively hold at least 20 percent of seats in the relevant Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) or 25 percent of votes in the 2024 legislative election in the area.[18][19] Furthermore, only political parties with representation within DPRD are allowed to nominate candidates – excluding parties which participated in the legislative election while not winning any seats.[20]

Independent candidates are required to submit photocopies of identity cards as proof of support, numbering between 6.5 to 10 percent of the registered electorate in a given region.[21] According to KPU, 168 independent candidates nationwide registered, down from 203 which registered for the 2020 elections.[22] For all gubernatorial elections, eleven pairs of independent candidates registered, of which two pairs are confirmed to have submitted sufficient proofs. One of the two resigned, leaving just one pair of independent candidates running for governor (Dharma Pongrekun in Jakarta).[23]

Electoral system

All the local elections in 2024 follow the first-past-the-post system where the candidate with the most votes wins the election, even if they do not win a majority. In prior elections, the gubernatorial election for Jakarta requires a runoff should no candidates achieve a simple majority, but this runoff requirement has been removed for the 2024 election.[24] It is possible for a candidate to run uncontested, in which case the candidate is still required to win a majority of votes "against" an "empty box" option. Should the candidate fail to do so, the election will be repeated on a later date.[25]

Controversies

Central government appointment of officials as acting executives due to the election synchronization has been criticized for the lack of transparency, with almost half of Indonesia's regions being governed by the appointees at the time of the election.[4] KPU's decision to set just five days (8 to 12 May) to allow registration of independent candidates was also criticized for being too short, with a prospective gubernatorial candidate in Jakarta filing a suit with the General Election Supervisory Agency (Bawaslu) over the decision.[12]

The ruling by the Supreme Court regarding the eligibility of candidates by age was also criticized for benefiting Kaesang, and was compared with a similar decision by the Constitutional Court of Indonesia in the leadup to the 2024 Indonesian presidential election which enabled Gibran Rakabuming Raka, Kaesang's older brother, to run as Vice President of Indonesia.[26]

Races

Gubernatorial

Gubernatorial elections are held in all of Indonesia's provinces, except for the Special Region of Yogyakarta where the Sultan of Yogyakarta and the Duke of Pakualam are automatically the governor and vice-governor, respectively.[27]

Province Previous governor[a] Elected governor
Candidate Coalition
Aceh (details) Nova Iriansyah (Demokrat)
North Sumatra (details) Edy Rahmayadi (PDI-P)
West Sumatra (details) Mahyeldi Ansharullah (PKS)
Riau (details) Edy Nasution (Nasdem)
Jambi (details) Al Haris (PAN)
South Sumatra (details) Herman Deru (Nasdem)
Bengkulu (details) Rohidin Mersyah (Golkar)
Lampung (details) Arinal Djunaidi (Golkar)
Bangka Belitung Islands (details) Erzaldi Rosman Djohan (Gerindra)
Riau Islands (details) Ansar Ahmad (Golkar)
Banten (details) Wahidin Halim (Nasdem)
Jakarta (details) Anies Baswedan
West Java (details) Ridwan Kamil (Golkar)
Central Java (details) Ganjar Pranowo (PDI-P)[b]
East Java (details) Khofifah Indar Parawansa (PKB)
West Kalimantan (details) Sutarmidji (PPP)
Central Kalimantan (details) Sugianto Sabran (PDI-P)[b]
South Kalimantan (details) Sahbirin Noor (Golkar)
East Kalimantan (details) Isran Noor (Nasdem)
North Kalimantan (details) Zainal Arifin Paliwang (Gerindra)
Bali (details) I Wayan Koster (PDI-P)
West Nusa Tenggara (details) Zulkieflimansyah (PKS)
East Nusa Tenggara (details) Viktor Laiskodat (Nasdem)
North Sulawesi (details) Olly Dondokambey (PDI-P)[b]
Gorontalo (details) Rusli Habibie (Golkar)[b]
Central Sulawesi (details) Rusdy Mastura (Gerindra)
Southeast Sulawesi (details) Ali Mazi (Nasdem)[b]
West Sulawesi (details) Ali Baal Masdar (Golkar)
South Sulawesi (details) Andi Sudirman Sulaiman
Maluku (details) Murad Ismail
North Maluku (details) Abdul Ghani Kasuba[b]
Papua (details) Lukas Enembe (Demokrat)
West Papua (details) Dominggus Mandacan (Nasdem)
Southwest Papua (details) First election
Central Papua (details) First election
Highland Papua (details) First election
South Papua (details) First election

Mayoral

Elections for mayors are held in all cities, except for those which constitute Jakarta.[28] The table below contains all mayoral races, sorted by population in descending order.

City Previous mayor[a] Elected mayor
Surabaya (details) Eri Cahyadi (PDI-P)
Bekasi (details) Tri Adhianto Tjahyono (PDI-P)
Bandung (details) Yana Mulyana (Gerindra)
Medan (details) Bobby Nasution (Gerindra)
Depok (details) Mohammad Idris (PKS)[b]
Tangerang (details) Arief Rachadiono Wismansyah (Demokrat)[b]
Palembang (details) Harnojoyo (Demokrat)
Semarang (details) Hevearita Gunaryanti Rahayu (PDI-P)
Makassar (details) Danny Pomanto (PDI-P)[b]
South Tangerang (details) Benyamin Davnie (Golkar)
Batam (details) Muhammad Rudi (Nasdem)[b]
Bandar Lampung (details) Eva Dwiana (PDI-P)
Bogor (details) Bima Arya (PAN)[b]
Pekanbaru (details) Firdaus (Demokrat)[b]
Padang (details) Hendri Septa (PAN)
Malang (details) Sutiaji (Demokrat)
Samarinda (details) Andi Harun (Gerindra)
Denpasar (details) I Gusti Ngurah Jaya Negara (PDI-P)
Tasikmalaya (details) Muhammad Yusuf (Golkar)
Serang Syafrudin Syafe'i (PAN)
Balikpapan (details) Rahmad Mas'ud (PDI-P)
Pontianak Edi Rusdi Kamtono (Gerindra)
Banjarmasin Ibnu Sina (Demokrat)[b]
Jambi Syarif Fasha (Nasdem)[b]
Cimahi (details) Ngatiyana
Surakarta (details) Teguh Prakosa (PDI-P)
Manado (details) Andrei Angouw (PDI-P)
Kupang Jefri Riwu Kore (Demokrat)
Cilegon Helldy Agustian (Gerindra)
Mataram Mohan Roliskana (Golkar)
Jayapura Benhur Tomi Mano (PKB)
Bengkulu Helmi Hasan (PAN)[b]
Yogyakarta Haryati Suyuti (Golkar)[b]
Palu Hadianto Rasyid (Hanura)
Ambon Richard Louhenapessy (Golkar)[b]
Sukabumi Achmad Fahmi (PKS)
Kendari Sulkarnain Kadir (PKS)
Cirebon Nasrudin Azis (Demokrat)
Dumai Paisal (Nasdem)
Pekalongan Achmad Afzan Arslan Djunaid (PDI-P)
Palangka Raya Farid Naparin (Golkar)
Binjai Muhammad Idaham[b]
Kediri Abdullah Abu Bakar (PAN)[b]
Sorong Lamberthus Jitmau (Golkar)[b]
Tegal Dedy Yon Supriyono (Demokrat)
Pematangsiantar Susanti Dewayani (PAN)
Banjarbaru Aditya Mufti Arifin (PPP)
Banda Aceh Aminullah Usman (PAN)
Tarakan Khairul
Probolinggo Hadi Zainal Abidin (PKB)
Singkawang Tjhai Chui Mie (PDI-P)
Lubuklinggau SN Sana Putra Sohe (PKB)[b]
Tanjungpinang Rahma (Nasdem)
Bitung Maurits Mantiri (PDI-P)
Padangsidempuan Isran Efendi Nasution (Golkar)
Pangkalpinang Maulan Aklil (PDI-P)
Batu Dewanti Rumpoko (PDI-P)
Pasuruan Saifullah Yusuf (PKB)
Ternate Tauhid Soleman (Nasdem)
Banjar Ade Uu Sukaesih (Golkar)[b]
Gorontalo Marten Taha (Golkar)[b]
Madiun Maidi
Prabumulih Ridho Yahya (Golkar)[b]
Salatiga Yuliyanto (Gerindra)
Lhokseumawe Tengku Suaidi Yahya (PA)[b]
Langsa Usman Abdullah (PA)[b]
Palopo Muhammad Judas Amir (Nasdem)[b]
Bontang Basri Rase (PKB)
Tanjungbalai Waris Thalib (PDI-P)
Tebing Tinggi Umar Zunaidi Hasibuan[b]
Metro Wahdi
Baubau La Ode Ahmad Monianse (PDI-P)
Bima Muhammad Lutfi (Golkar)
Parepare Taufan Pawe (Golkar)[b]
Blitar Santoso (PDI-P)
Pagar Alam Alpian Maskoni
Payakumbuh Riza Falepi (PKS)[b]
Gunungsitoli Sowa'a Laoli (PDI-P)
Mojokerto Ika Puspitasari (Nasdem)
Kotamobagu Tatong Bara (Nasdem)
Magelang Muchamad Nur Aziz (Demokrat)
Bukittinggi Erman Safar (Gerindra)
Tidore Ali Ibrahim (PDI-P)[b]
Tomohon Caroll Senduk (PDI-P)
Sungai Penuh Ahmadi Zubir (PDI-P)
Pariaman Genius Umar
Subulussalam Affan Alfian Bintang (Hanura)
Sibolga Jamaluddin Pohan (Nasdem)
Tual Adam Rahayaan (PKS)[b]
Solok Zul Efian Umar (Nasdem)[b]
Sawahlunto Deri Asta (PAN)
Padang Panjang Fadly Amran (Nasdem)
Sabang Nazaruddin (PA)

Regency

Elections for regents are held in all regencies, except for Thousand Islands Regency which constitute Jakarta.[28] The table below contains regency races for regencies with populations above 500,000 or otherwise notable runs, sorted by population in descending order.

Regency Previous regent[a] Elected regent
Bogor Regency (details) Iwan Setiawan (Gerindra)
Bandung Regency (details) Dadang Supriatna (PKB)
Tangerang Regency (details) Ahmed Zaki Iskandar (Golkar)[b]
Bekasi Regency (details) Eka Supria Atmaja (Golkar)
Sukabumi Regency (details) Marwan Hamami (Golkar)[b]
Malang Regency (details) Sanusi (PDI-P)
Garut Regency (details) Rudy Gunawan (Gerindra)[b]
Jember Regency (details) Hendy Siswanto (Nasdem)
Cianjur Regency (details) Herman Suherman (PDI-P)
Karawang Regency (details) Aep Syaepuloh (PKS)
Cirebon Regency Imron Rosyadi (PDI-P)
Sidoarjo Regency Ahmad Muhdlor Ali
Brebes Regency Idza Priyanti (PDI-P)[b]
Cilacap Regency Tatto Suwarto Pamuji (Golkar)[b]
Deli Serdang Regency Ali Yusuf Siregar (Nasdem)
Tasikmalaya Regency Ade Sugianto (PDI-P)
Indramayu Regency Nina Agustina (PDI-P)
West Bandung Regency Hengky Kurniawan (PDI-P)
Banyumas Regency Achmad Husein (PDI-P)[b]
Banyuwangi Regency Ipuk Fiestiandani (PDI-P)
Kediri Regency Hanindhito Himawan Pramana (PDI-P)
Pasuruan Regency Irsyad Yusuf (PKB)[b]
Tegal Regency Umi Azizah
Subang Regency Ruhimat
Pemalang Regency Mansur Hidayat
Central Lampung Regency Musa Ahmad (Golkar)
Grobogan Regency Sri Sumarni (PDI-P)
Lebak Regency Iti Octavia Jayabaya (Demokrat)
Kebumen Regency Arif Sugiyanto
Lamongan Regency Yuhronur Efendi
East Lombok Regency Sukiman Azmy[b]
Pati Regency Haryanto (PDI-P)
Jombang Regency Mundjidah Wahab (PPP)
Gresik Regency Fandi Akhmad Yani
Majalengka Regency Karna Sobahi (PDI-P)
Bojonegoro Regency Anna Mu'awanah (PKB)
Magelang Regency Zaenal Arifin (PDI-P)[b]
Pandeglang Regency Irna Narulita (PDI-P)[b]
Klaten Regency Sri Mulyani (PDI-P)
Ciamis Regency Herdiat Sunarya
Blitar Regency Rini Syarifah (PKB)
Demak Regency Eisti'anah (PDI-P)
Tuban Regency Aditya Halindra Faridzky (Golkar)
Jepara Regency Dian Kristiandi (PDI-P)
Kuningan Regency Acep Purnama (PDI-P)
Probolinggo Regency Timbul Prihanjoko (PDI-P)
Sumedang Regency Dony Ahmad Munir (PPP)
Sleman Regency Kustini Sri Purnomo (PAN)
Sumenep Regency Achmad Fauzi Wongsojudo (PDI-P)
Lumajang Regency Thoriqul Haq (PKB)
Mojokerto Regency Ikfina Fahmawati
East Lampung Regency Dawam Rahardjo (PKB)
Nganjuk Regency Marhaen Djumadi (PDI-P)
Tulungagung Regency Maryoto Birowo (PDI-P)
South Lampung Regency Nanang Ermanto (PDI-P)
Boyolali Regency Said Hidayat (PDI-P)
Bangkalan Regency Mohni
Semarang Regency Ngesti Nugraha (PDI-P)
Wonogiri Regency Joko Sutopo (PDI-P)[b]
Central Lombok Regency Lalu Pathul Bahri (Gerindra)
Langkat Regency Terbit Rencana Perangin Angin (Golkar)
Kendal Regency Dico Ganinduto (Golkar)
Banjarnegara Regency Budhi Sarwono
Purbalingga Regency Dyah Hayuning Pratiwi (PDI-P)
Purwakarta Regency Anne Ratna Mustika (Golkar)
Simalungun Regency Radiapoh Hasiholan Sinaga
Bantul Regency Abdul Halim Muslih (PKB)
Sragen Regency Kusdinar Untung Yuni Sukowati[b]
Sampang Regency Slamet Junaidi (Nasdem)
Pekalongan Regency Fadia Arafiq (Golkar)
Ponorogo Regency Sugiri Sancoko (PDI-P)
Karanganyar Regency Juliyatmono (Golkar)[b]
Sukoharjo Regency Etik Suryani (PDI-P)
Blora Regency Arief Rohman (PKB)
Wonosobo Regency Afif Nurhidayat (PDI-P)
Ngawi Regency Ony Anwar Harsono (PDI-P)
Pamekasan Regency Baddrut Tamam (PKB)
Kudus Regency Hartopo (PDI-P)
Kampar Regency Catur Sugeng Susanto (Gerindra)
Banyuasin Regency Askolani Jasi (PDI-P)
Bone Regency Andi Fahsar M. Padjalangi (Golkar)
Batang Regency Wihaji (Golkar)
Buleleng Regency Putu Agus Suradnyana (PDI-P)[b]
Temanggung Regency Muhammad Al Khadziq (Golkar)
Bondowoso Regency Salwa Arifin (PPP)
Asahan Regency Surya (Golkar)
Purworejo Regency Yuli Hastuti (Golkar)
Ogan Komering Ilir Regency Iskandar (PAN)
Gowa Regency Adnan Purichta Ichsan (Golkar)[b]
Gunung Kidul Regency Sunaryanta
Madiun Regency Ahmad Dawami (Demokrat)
Trenggalek Regency Mochamad Nur Arifin (PDI-P)
Kutai Kartanegara Regency Edi Damansyah (PDI-P)
West Lombok Regency Sumiatun (Golkar)
Situbondo Regency Karna Suswandi
Magetan Regency Suprawoto (Demokrat)
Serdang Bedagai Regency Darma Wijaya Harahap (PDI-P)
Indragiri Hilir Regency Muhammad Wardan (Golkar)[b]
East Ogan Komering Ulu Regency Lanosin (Nasdem)
Rembang Regency Abdul Hafidz (PPP)
Tanggamus Regency Dewi Handajani (PDI-P)
Rokan Hilir Regency Afrizal Sintong (Golkar)
North Lampung Regency Budi Utomo
Sambas Regency Satono (Gerindra)
Musi Banyuasin Regency Beni Hernedi (PDI-P)
Muara Enim Regency Juarsah (PKB)
Kubu Raya Regency Muda Mahendrawan
North Aceh Regency Muhammad Thaib (PA)[b]
Pacitan Regency Indrata Nur Bayuaji (Demokrat)
Ketapang Regency Martin Rantan (Golkar)[b]
Banjar Regency Saidi Mansyur (Nasdem)
Bengkalis Regency Kasmarni (Gerindra)
Rokan Hulu Regency Sukiman (Gerindra)
Badung Regency I Nyoman Giri Prasta (PDI-P)
Agam Regency Andri Warman (PAN)
Gianyar Regency I Made Agus Mahayastra (PDI-P)
Bima Regency Indah Dhamayanti Putri (Golkar)[b]
Sumbawa Regency Mahmud Abdullah (Golkar)
Pesisir Selatan Regency Rusma Yul Anwar (PDI-P)
South Bangka Regency (details) Riza Herdavid (PDI-P)

Results summary

This table lists elected candidates based on their political party affiliation at the time of the election. Candidates which are not a member of any political party are listed as independent regardless of endorsements from political parties.

Party Governors Mayors Regents
Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle
Golkar
Gerindra Party
Nasdem Party
National Awakening Party
Prosperous Justice Party
Democratic Party
National Mandate Party
United Development Party
People's Conscience Party
Indonesian Solidarity Party
Perindo Party
Aceh Party
Crescent Star Party
Non-party members
Total 37 93 415

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Prior to replacement with appointed acting governors/mayors/regents, including elected deputies which replaced leaders who died in office, resigned, or arrested. Party affiliation are given as of election date.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az Not allowed to run due to term limits.

References

  1. ^ "Ridwan Kamil Pertimbangkan Pimpin Kembali Jabar". Kantor Berita Radio (in Indonesian). 12 June 2023. Retrieved 1 July 2023.
  2. ^ Aida, Nur Rohmi (12 July 2022). Nugroho, Rizal Setyo (ed.). "Tahapan dan Jadwal Pemilu 2024: Pemilihan Legislatif hingga Pilpres". KOMPAS.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  3. ^ Nafi'an, Muhammad Ilman. "KPU Pastikan Pilkada 2022 dan 2023 Diundur ke 2024". IDN Times (in Indonesian). Retrieved 10 November 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Will 2024's regional head elections strengthen or undermine Indonesian democracy?". East Asia Forum (in Indonesian). 11 January 2024. Retrieved 20 May 2024.
  5. ^ "Pilkada Langsung Serentak: Sejarah dan Perkembangannya di Indonesia". Kompas (in Indonesian). 7 December 2020. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  6. ^ "Kepala Daerah yang Habis Masa Jabatannya di 2022/2023 Disebut Tak Perlu Diperpanjang". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). 12 March 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  7. ^ "Tak Jabat 5 Tahun, Kepala Daerah Pilkada 2020 Ada Kompensasi". Republika (in Indonesian). 24 August 2019. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  8. ^ "Parliament sets simultaneous local elections date at November 27, 2024". Antara News (in Indonesian). 24 January 2022. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  9. ^ "KPU Tunduk pada UU Pilkada soal Jadwal Pilkada 2024". Media Indonesia (in Indonesian). 1 March 2024. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  10. ^ "Tahapan dan Jadwal Pilkada Serentak 2024 Sesuai Peraturan KPU". detiknews (in Indonesian). 4 February 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2024.
  11. ^ Salam, Hidayat (31 March 2024). "Pendaftaran Jalur Independen Dimulai 5 Mei 2024, KPU Segera Rampungkan Peraturannya". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  12. ^ a b Fawdi, Maulana Ilhami (20 May 2024). "KPU Dilaporkan ke Bawaslu terkait Aturan Calon Kepala Daerah Independen". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 May 2024.
  13. ^ "PEMILUPEDIA: Syarat Calon Kepala Daerah di Pilkada Serentak 2024". Metro TV News (in Indonesian). 4 April 2024. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  14. ^ "Tito soal Pilkada Dimajukan: Pelantikan Kepala Daerah Serentak 1 Januari 2025". Kumparan (in Indonesian). 31 August 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  15. ^ "MA Perintahkan KPU Cabut Aturan Batas Usia Calon Kepala Daerah". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 30 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  16. ^ "MA Tambah Tafsir soal Batas Usia Calon Kepala Daerah, Beri Jalan Kaesang Maju Pilgub Jakarta?". Tempo (in Indonesian). 30 May 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  17. ^ "KPU Berubah Sikap: Caleg Terpilih Harus Mundur Jika Maju Pilkada 2024". CNN Indonesia (in Indonesian). 16 May 2024. Retrieved 16 May 2024.
  18. ^ Salam, Hidayat (1 April 2024). "Penyusunan Aturan Pendaftaran Calon Kepala Daerah dari Parpol Masih Tunggu MK". Kompas (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  19. ^ "Pencalonan Pilkada Akan Mengacu Hasil Pemilu 2024". Harian Jogja (in Indonesian). 22 February 2023. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
  20. ^ "Partai Buruh dan Gelora Gugat Aturan Pencalonan Pilkada". Rmol.id (in Indonesian). 21 May 2024. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
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  28. ^ a b "Pemerintahan Daerah: DKI Jakarta Tak Perlu Pemilihan Bupati/Wali kota" (in Indonesian). Constitutional Court of Indonesia. 7 August 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2024.
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