Timeline of Mashhad
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Mashhad, Iran.
Prior to 20th century
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- 330 BCE - Passage and residence of Alexander the Great during his Persian campaign.[1][2][3][4] Probably the first settlement in the modern city area.[5][6]
- 818 CE - Death of Ali al-Ridha (8th Imam of Twelver Shia Islam) at Sanābādh; Imam Reza shrine established.[7]
- 970s-990s - Imam Reza Shrine demolished "in an act of fanaticism" by Ghaznavid Nāṣer-al-dawla Sübüktigin.[8]
- 1009 - Imam Reza Shrine rebuilt.[8][9]
- 1121 - Town wall built.[7]
- 1161 - Mashhad sacked by Ghuzz Turks.[7]
- 1389 - Nearby Tus besieged and "left a heap of ruins" by forces of Timurid Miran Shah; refugees flee to Mashhad.[7]
- 1418 - Goharshad Mosque built.[10]
- 1426 - Bala-yi sar madrasa built at the Imam Reza shrine.[10]
- 1439 - Du-dar madrasa built by Shah Rukh at the Imam Reza shrine.[10][9]
- 1457 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi established.
- 1501 - Twelver Shia Islam declared official state religion in Iran, a development beneficial to Mashhad as a holy city (approximate date).[7][11]
- 1507 - Mashhad taken by forces of Uzbek Muhammad Shaybani.[7]
- 1544 - Mashhad sacked by Uzbek forces.[7]
- 1589 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Shaybanid Abd al-Mumin.[7]
- 1598 - Mashhad taken by forces of Abbas I of Persia; Uzbeks defeated.[7]
- 1722 - Afghan Abdalis in power.[7]
- 1726 - Mashhad besieged by Persian forces.[7]
- 1753 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Afghan Ahmad Shah Durrani.[7]
- 1803 - Mashhad besieged by forces of Fath Ali Shah.[7]
- 1849 - Mashhad taken by forces of Husam al-Saltana.[12]
- 1876 - Palace of Abbas Mirza built.[12]
- 1889 - British and Russian governments maintain consulates-general.[9]
20th century
[edit]- 1912 - 29 March: Bombing of city by Russians.[12]
- 1918
- 1920 - Population: 70,000-80,000 (approximate estimate).[14]
- 1925 / 1304 SH - 31 March: Solar Hijri calendar legally adopted in Iran.
- 1949 - Razavi University established.
- 1959 - Nader Shah Mausoleum erected.[15]
- 1963 - Population: 312,186 (estimate).[16]
- 1964 - Astan Quds Razavi Central Museum inaugurated.
- 1966 - Mashhad railway station opens.
- 1968 - سینما هویزه (cinema) established.[chronology citation needed]
- 1970 - سینما قدس (مشهد) (cinema) established.[chronology citation needed]
- 1971 - سینما آفریقا (مشهد) (cinema) established.[chronology citation needed]
- 1980 - باغوحش وکیلآباد (zoo) established.[chronology citation needed]
- 1982 - Population: 1,120,000 (estimate).[17]
- 1983 - Samen Stadium opens.
- 1995 - Central Library of Astan Quds Razavi new building opens.
- 1996 - Population: 1,887,405.[18]
21st century
[edit]- 2004
- Proma Hypermarket in business.
- City becomes part of the newly formed Razavi Khorasan Province.
- 2011
- Mashhad Urban Railway begins operating.
- Siah Jamegan Aboumoslem Khorasan F.C. (football club) formed.
- پیست دوچرخهسواری مشهد (velodrome) opens.[chronology citation needed]
- Imam Reza Stadium construction begins.
- Population: 2,766,258.[19]
- 2013 - 14 June: Local election held.
- 2014
- Sowlat Mortazavi becomes mayor.[13]
- City becomes part of newly formed national administrative Region 5.
See also
[edit]- History of Mashhad
- List of mayors of Mashhad
- Timelines of other cities in Iran: Bandar Abbas, Hamadan, Isfahan, Kerman, Qom, Shiraz, Tabriz, Tehran, Yazd
References
[edit]- ^ Diodorus (17.77.5)
- ^ Curtius (6.6.4-5)
- ^ Justin (12.3.8 )
- ^ Arrian (4.9.9)
- ^ muhammad-bagher al-majlisi, bahaar-ol-anvaar
- ^ feiz al-kashaani, al-vaafi
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bosworth 2007.
- ^ a b Mawlawī 2011.
- ^ a b c Britannica 1910.
- ^ a b c Massumeh Farhad. "Mashhad". Oxford Art Online.
{{cite web}}: Missing or empty|url=(help) Retrieved 9 February 2017 - ^ John H. Lorentz (2010). A to Z of Iran. Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-7638-5.
- ^ a b c Streck 1934.
- ^ a b c "Mashhad Municipality Portal". Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ "Persia". Statesman's Year-Book. London: Macmillan and Co. 1921. hdl:2027/njp.32101072368440 – via HathiTrust.
Meshed
- ^ "City: Mashhad, Iran". ArchNet. MIT Libraries. Retrieved 9 February 2017.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1965. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations. 1966. pp. 140–161.
- ^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1987). "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1985 Demographic Yearbook. New York. pp. 247–289.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ "Countries of the World: Iran". Statesman's Yearbook 2003. UK: Palgrave Macmillan. 2002. ISBN 978-0-333-98096-5.
- ^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2015. United Nations Statistics Division. 2016.
This article incorporates information from the Persian Wikipedia.
Bibliography
[edit]in English
[edit]- James Baillie Fraser (1825). "(Mushed)". Narrative of a Journey into Khorasan in the Years 1821 and 1822. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, Brown, and Green.
- Edward Balfour (1885), "Meshed", Cyclopaedia of India (3rd ed.), London: B. Quaritch, hdl:2027/mdp.39015068611014
- Guy Le Strange (1905). "Khurasan: (Mashhad)". Lands of the Eastern Caliphate. Cambridge University Press.
- Houtum-Schindler, Albert (1910). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). pp. 177–178.
- M. Streck [in German] (1934). "Meshhed". In M.T. Houtsma; et al. (eds.). Encyclopaedia of Islam. Brill. pp. 467–477. 1993 reprint
- Noelle Watson, ed. (1996), "Mashhad", International Dictionary of Historic Places, Fitzroy Dearborn, ISBN 9781884964039
- C. Edmund Bosworth, ed. (2007). "Mashhad". Historic Cities of the Islamic World. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. pp. 332–338. ISBN 978-9004153882.
- ʿA.-Ḥ. Mawlawī, M. T. Moṣṭafawī, and E. Šakūrzāda (2011). "Āstān-e Qods-e Rażawī". Encyclopædia Iranica.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) (Article about the shrine) - Aḥmad Monzawī; ʿAlī Naqī Monzawī (2012). "Bibliographies and Catalogues in Iran: Mašhad". Encyclopædia Iranica.
in other languages
[edit]- Muhammad Hasan Khan Sani al-Dawla, Matla' al-shams (in Persian), Tehran, OCLC 45141226 1883-1885
- M. P. Pagnini Alberti (1971), Strutture commerciali di una città di pelligrinaggio: Mashhad (Iran nord-orientale) (in Italian), Università degli Studi di Trieste, Istituto de Geografia, OCLC 492722329
External links
[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mashhad.
- Items related to Mashhad, various dates (via Qatar Digital Library)
- "(Mashhad)". Women's Worlds in Qajar Iran. Harvard University.
Primary-source materials related to the social and cultural history of women's worlds in Qajar Iran
- Items related to Mashhad, various dates (via Europeana)
- Items related to Mashhad, various dates (via Digital Public Library of America)
- "(Mashhad)", Asnad.org: Digital Persian Archive, Philipps-Universität Marburg,
Image Database of Persian Historical Documents from Iran and Central Asia up to the 20th Century