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Gros Michel banana

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Gros Michel
Gros Michel bananas in various stages of ripening
SpeciesMusa acuminata
Cultivar groupAAA Group
CultivarGros Michel
Originnative from Southeast Asia,[1] selectively cultivated in Martinique, Jamaica[2]

Gros Michel (French pronunciation: [ɡʁo miʃɛl]), often translated and known as "Big Mike", is an export cultivar of banana and was, until the 1950s, the main variety grown.[3] The physical properties of the Gros Michel make it an excellent export produce; its thick peel makes it resilient to bruising during transport and the dense bunches that it grows in make it easy to ship.[4]

Taxonomy

Gros Michel is a triploid cultivar of the wild banana Musa acuminata, belonging to the AAA group.[5]

Its official designation is Musa acuminata (AAA Group) 'Gros Michel'.

Synonyms include:

  • Musa acuminata L. cv. 'Gros Michel'
  • Musa × paradisiaca L. cv. 'Gros Michel'

Gros Michel is known as Guineo Gigante, Banano, and Plátano Roatán in Spanish. It is also known as Pisang Ambon in the Philippines and Indonesia, Thihmwe in Burma, Chek Ambuong in Cambodia, Kluai hom thong in Thailand, Pisang Embun in Malaysia, and Chuoi Tieu Cao #2 in Vietnam.[5][6]

Cultivation history

Early popularity and decline

Brandes: Banana Wilt—Banana plants of the Gros Michel variety in Costa Rica attacked by the wilt organism. (1919)

French naturalist Nicolas Baudin carried a few corms of this banana from Southeast Asia, depositing them at a botanical garden on the Caribbean island of Martinique. In 1835, French botanist Jean François Pouyat carried Baudin's fruit from Martinique to Jamaica.[7] Originally called the "Figue Baudin" ("Baudin's fig"), the fruits were later referred to as "Poyo," after their Jamaican importer; the origin of the name "Gros Michel" is unknown.[8]

Gros Michel bananas were grown on massive plantations in Honduras, Costa Rica, and elsewhere in Central America. The variety was once the dominant export banana to Europe and North America, grown in Central America but, in the 1950s, Panama disease, a wilt caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense, wiped out vast tracts of Gros Michel plantations in Central America, though it is still grown on non-infected land throughout the region.[9]

By the 1960s, the exporters of Gros Michel bananas were unable to keep trading such a susceptible cultivar, and they started growing resistant cultivars belonging to the Cavendish subgroup (another Musa acuminata AAA).[9]

Genetic modification

There are efforts to use genetic modification to create a version of the Gros Michel which is resistant to Panama disease.[10] There have also been successful hybrids of Cavendish and Gros Michel that display a resistance to Panama disease.[11]

A 2013 paper described experiments to create a version of Gros Michel which is resistant to black sigatoka, another fungal infection.[12]

Cultural references

"Yes! We Have No Bananas", a novelty song about a grocer from the 1922 Broadway revue Make It Snappy, is said to have been inspired by a shortage of Gros Michel bananas, which began with the infestation of Panama disease early in the 20th century.[13]

The Gros Michel is included as a Joker card in the Poker themed roguelike deck-building video game Balatro, where it has a one-in-six chance of being destroyed after each round. After it gets destroyed, the Cavendish card has a chance to appear in the shop in its place; a reference to the cultivar's susceptibility to disease and its subsequent commercial replacement.[14][15]

The Gros Michel has a higher concentration of isoamyl acetate, the ester commonly used for "banana" food flavoring, than the Cavendish.[16] This higher concentration is responsible for the myth that banana flavoring was based on the Gros Michel, but artificial banana flavor was created before bananas were widely available in American markets.[17][18]

See also

References

  1. ^ Marin, Douglas H.; Sutton, Turner B.; Barker, Kenneth R. (1998). "Dissemination of Bananas in Latin America and the Caribbean and Its Relationship to the Occurrence of Radophouls similis". Plant Disease. 82 (9). Scientific Societies: 964–974. doi:10.1094/pdis.1998.82.9.964. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30856847.
  2. ^ Robert J. Lancashire (25 August 2006). "Jamaican bananas and plantains". The Department of Chemistry, University of the West Indies. Archived from the original on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  3. ^ Koeppel, Dan (2008-06-18). "Yes, We Will Have No Bananas" (Editorial). New York Times. Retrieved 2008-06-18.
  4. ^ "The History of Banana Flavoring". Lucky Peach. 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2017-06-27. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  5. ^ a b Michel H. Porcher; Prof. Snow Barlow (2002-07-19). "Sorting Musa names". The University of Melbourne. Retrieved 11 January 2011.
  6. ^ Molina, A.B.; Roa, V.N. (2000). Advancing Banana and Plantain R and D in Asia and the Pacific. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute. p. 3. ISBN 978-971-91751-3-1. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  7. ^ Dan Koeppel (2008). Banana: the fate of the fruit that changed the world. Hudson Street Press. pp. 33. ISBN 978-1-4295-9325-0.
  8. ^ Hancock, James F. (17 February 2017). Plantation Crops, Plunder and Power: Evolution and Exploitation. Taylor & Francis. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-351-97708-1. Retrieved 3 May 2024.
  9. ^ a b "Panama Disease: An Old Nemesis Rears Its Ugly Head Part 1: The Beginnings of the Banana Export Trades". apsnet.org. Archived from the original on 2018-08-21. Retrieved 2016-03-15.
  10. ^ Dale, James; James, Anthony; Paul, Jean-Yves; Khanna, Harjeet; Smith, Mark; Peraza-Echeverria, Santy; Garcia-Bastidas, Fernando; Kema, Gert; Waterhouse, Peter (2017-11-14). "Transgenic Cavendish bananas with resistance to Fusarium wilt tropical race 4". Nature Communications. 8 (1): 1496. Bibcode:2017NatCo...8.1496D. doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01670-6. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5684404. PMID 29133817.
  11. ^ "Fusarium wilt".
  12. ^ Kovács, Gabriella; Sági, László; Jacon, Géraldine; Arinaitwe, Geofrey; Busogoro, Jean-Pierre; Thiry, Els; Strosse, Hannelore; Swennen, Rony; Remy, Serge (2013). "Expression of a rice chitinase gene in transgenic banana ('Gros Michel', AAA genome group) confers resistance to black leaf streak disease". Transgenic Research. 22 (1): 117–130. doi:10.1007/s11248-012-9631-1. PMC 3525978. PMID 22791138.
  13. ^ Koeppel, Dan (19 June 2005). "Can This Fruit Be Saved?". Popsci.com. Archived from the original on 21 February 2014. Retrieved 2008-06-22.
  14. ^ Parks, William. "Balatro: All Jokers (& How to Unlock Them)". Gamerant. Retrieved 25 February 2024.
  15. ^ Zerbinatto, Murillo (2024-04-08). "Balatro Reveals Update 1.0.1 Patch Notes". Game Rant. Retrieved 2024-04-27.
  16. ^ "ScienceFriday: Why Don't Banana Candies Taste Like Real Bananas?".
  17. ^ "The secrets of fake flavours". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
  18. ^ "The chemistry of artificial banana flavor". Earth.com. Retrieved 2024-06-05.
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