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Emmanuelle Charpentier

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Emmanuelle Charpentier
Charpentier in 2015
Born
Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier

(1968-12-11) 11 December 1968 (age 55)
Juvisy-sur-Orge, France
EducationPierre and Marie Curie University (BSc MSc, PhD)
Known forCRISPR[1]
Awards
Scientific career
Fields
InstitutionsUniversity of Berlin
Umeå University
Max Planck Society
ThesisAntibiotic resistance in Listeria spp (1995)
Doctoral advisorPatrice Courvalin
Websitewww.emmanuelle-charpentier-pr.org

Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier (French pronunciation: [emanɥɛl maʁi ʃaʁpɑ̃tje]; born 11 December 1968[2]) is a French professor and researcher in microbiology, genetics, and biochemistry.[1] As of 2015, she has been a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. In 2018, she founded an independent research institute, the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens.[3] In 2020, Charpentier and American biochemist Jennifer Doudna of the University of California, Berkeley, were awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry "for the development of a method for genome editing" (through CRISPR). This was the first science Nobel Prize ever won by two women only.[4][5][6]

Early life and education

Born in 1968 in Juvisy-sur-Orge in France, Charpentier studied biochemistry, microbiology, and genetics at the Pierre and Marie Curie University (which became the Faculty of Science of Sorbonne University) in Paris.[7] She was a graduate student at the Institut Pasteur from 1992 to 1995 and was awarded a research doctorate. Charpentier's PhD work investigated molecular mechanisms involved in antibiotic resistance.[8] Her paternal grandfather was an Armenian who escaped to France during the Armenian genocide and met his wife in Marseille.[9]

Career and research

The Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin, Germany

Charpentier worked as a university teaching assistant at Pierre and Marie Curie University from 1993 to 1995 and as a postdoctoral fellow at the Institut Pasteur from 1995 to 1996. She moved to the US and worked as a postdoctoral fellow at Rockefeller University in New York from 1996 to 1997. During this time, Charpentier worked in the lab of microbiologist Elaine Tuomanen.[10] Tuomanen's lab investigated how the pathogen Streptococcus pneumoniae utilizes mobile genetic elements to alter its genome. Charpentier also helped to demonstrate how S. pneumoniae develops vancomycin resistance.[11]

Charpentier was an assistant research scientist at the New York University Medical Center from 1997 to 1999. She worked in the lab of Pamela Cowin, a skin-cell biologist interested in mammalian gene manipulation. Charpentier published a paper exploring the regulation of hair growth in mice.[12] She held the position of Research Associate at the St. Jude Children's Research Hospital and at the Skirball Institute of Biomolecular Medicine[13] in New York from 1999 to 2002.[7]

After five years in the United States, Charpentier returned to Europe and became the lab head and a guest professor at the Institute of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, from 2002 to 2004. In 2004, Charpentier published her discovery of an RNA molecule involved in the regulation of virulence-factor synthesis in Streptococcus pyogenes.[14] From 2004 to 2006 she was lab head and an assistant professor at the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology. In 2006 she became a privatdozentin (Microbiology) and received her habilitation at the Centre of Molecular Biology. From 2006 to 2009 she worked as lab head and associate professor at the Max F. Perutz Laboratories.[7]

Charpentier moved to Sweden and became lab head and associate professor at the Laboratory for Molecular Infection Medicine Sweden (MIMS), at Umeå University. She held the position of group leader from 2008 to 2013 and was visiting professor from 2014 to 2017.[15] She moved to Germany to act as department head and W3 Professor at the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research[16] in Braunschweig and the Hannover Medical School from 2013 until 2015. In 2014 she became an Alexander von Humboldt Professor.[7]

In 2015 Charpentier accepted an offer from the German Max Planck Society to become a scientific member of the society and a director at the Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology in Berlin. Since 2016, she has been an Honorary Professor at Humboldt University in Berlin; since 2018, she is the Founding and acting director of the Max Planck Unit for the Science of Pathogens.[7][17][18] Charpentier retained her position as visiting professor at Umeå University until the end of 2017 when a new donation from the Kempe Foundations and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation allowed her to offer more young researchers positions within research groups of the MIMS Laboratory.[19]

CRISPR/Cas9

Charpentier is best known for her Nobel-winning work of deciphering the molecular mechanisms of a bacterial immune system, called CRISPR/Cas9, and repurposing it into a tool for genome editing. In particular, she uncovered a novel mechanism for the maturation of a non-coding RNA which is pivotal in the function of CRISPR/Cas9. Specifically, Charpentier demonstrated that a small RNA called tracrRNA is essential for the maturation of crRNA.[20]

In 2011, Charpentier met Jennifer Doudna at a research conference in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and they began a collaboration.[10] Working with Doudna's laboratory, Charpentier's laboratory showed that Cas9 could be used to make cuts in any DNA sequence desired.[21][22] The method they developed involved the combination of Cas9 with easily created synthetic "guide RNA" molecules. Synthetic guide RNA is a chimera of crRNA and tracrRNA; therefore, this discovery demonstrated that the CRISPR-Cas9 technology could be used to edit the genome with relative ease.[22] Researchers worldwide have employed this method successfully to edit the DNA sequences of plants, animals, and laboratory cell lines. Since its discovery, CRISPR has revolutionized genetics by allowing scientists to edit genes to probe their role in health and disease and to develop genetic therapies with the hope that it will prove safer and more effective than the first generation of gene therapies.[6]

In 2013, Charpentier co-founded CRISPR Therapeutics and ERS Genomics along with Shaun Foy and Rodger Novak.[23]

Awards

Emmanuelle Charpentier in the Senate Chamber of York University in 2016, after giving her Gairdner Foundation International Award Lecture
Emmanuelle Charpentier in the Senate Chamber of York University in 2016, after giving her Gairdner Foundation International Award Lecture

In 2015, Time magazine designated Charpentier one of the Time 100 most influential people in the world (together with Jennifer Doudna).[24][25]

Charpentier's awards are:

Nobel Prize in Chemistry,[26] the Breakthrough Prize in Life Sciences, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Gruber Foundation International Prize in Genetics, the Leibniz Prize, the Tang Prize, the Japan Prize, and the Kavli Prize in Nanoscience. She has won the BBVA Foundation Frontiers of Knowledge Award jointly with Jennifer Doudna and Francisco Mojica.[27]

Honorary doctorate degrees

Memberships

In 2019, Charpentier was a featured character in the play STEM FEMMES by Philadelphia theater company Applied Mechanics.[87]

In 2021, Walter Isaacson detailed the story of Jennifer Doudna and her collaboration with Charpentier leading to the discovery of CRISPR/CAS-9, in the biography The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race.[88]

References

  1. ^ a b Abbott, Alison (2016). "The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life". Nature. 532 (7600): 432–434. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..432A. doi:10.1038/532432a. PMID 27121823.
  2. ^ "The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  3. ^ "CRISPR discoverer gets own research institute". 19 April 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
  4. ^ a b "Press release: The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2020". Nobel Foundation. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  5. ^ Wu, Katherine J.; Peltier, Elian (7 October 2020). "Nobel Prize in Chemistry Awarded to 2 Scientists for Work on Genome Editing – Emmanuelle Charpentier and Jennifer A. Doudna developed the Crispr tool, which can alter the DNA of animals, plants and microorganisms with high precision". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 October 2020.
  6. ^ a b "Two female CRISPR scientists make history, winning Nobel in chemistry". STAT. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 12 October 2020.
  7. ^ a b c d e "Charpentier, Emmanuelle – Vita". Max Planck Society. Retrieved 3 May 2017.
  8. ^ Deffke, Uta (7 February 2017). "Emmanuelle Charpentier". www.mpg.de. Retrieved 10 June 2020.
  9. ^ "Nobel laureate Emmanuelle Marie Charpentier reveals Armenian identity". Public Radio of Armenia. 6 September 2022. Archived from the original on 29 October 2022. Retrieved 6 September 2022.
  10. ^ a b Abbott, Alison (28 April 2016). "The quiet revolutionary: How the co-discovery of CRISPR explosively changed Emmanuelle Charpentier's life". Nature News. 532 (7600): 432–434. Bibcode:2016Natur.532..432A. doi:10.1038/532432a. PMID 27121823.
  11. ^ Novak, R.; Henriques, B.; Charpentier, E.; Normark, S.; Tuomanen, E. (1999). "Emergence of vancomycin tolerance in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Nature. 399 (6736): 590–593. Bibcode:1999Natur.399..590N. doi:10.1038/21202. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 10376600. S2CID 424755.
  12. ^ Charpentier, Emmanuelle; Lavker, Robert M.; Acquista, Elizabeth; Cowin, Pamela (17 April 2000). "Plakoglobin Suppresses Epithelial Proliferation and Hair Growth in Vivo". Journal of Cell Biology. 149 (2): 503–520. doi:10.1083/jcb.149.2.503. ISSN 0021-9525. PMC 2175163. PMID 10769039.
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  14. ^ Mangold, Monika; Siller, Maria; Roppenser, Bernhard; Vlaminckx, Bart J. M.; Penfound, Tom A.; Klein, Reinhard; Novak, Rodger; Novick, Richard P.; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (2004). "Synthesis of group A streptococcal virulence factors is controlled by a regulatory RNA molecule". Molecular Microbiology. 53 (5): 1515–1527. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04222.x. ISSN 1365-2958. PMID 15387826. S2CID 34811329.
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  20. ^ Deltcheva, Elitza; Chylinski, Krzysztof; Sharma, Cynthia M.; Gonzales, Karine; Chao, Yanjie; Pirzada, Zaid A.; Eckert, Maria R.; Vogel, Jörg; Charpentier, Emmanuelle (March 2011). "CRISPR RNA maturation by trans -encoded small RNA and host factor RNase III". Nature. 471 (7340): 602–607. Bibcode:2011Natur.471..602D. doi:10.1038/nature09886. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 3070239. PMID 21455174.
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  87. ^ Reinckens, Mina. "'STEM FEMMES' centers women in science with theater". Broad Street Review. Retrieved 24 February 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  88. ^ Isaacson, Walter (2021). The code breaker : Jennifer Doudna, gene editing, and the future of the human race (First hardcover ed.). New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-9821-1585-2. OCLC 1187220557.
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