Bushshrike

Bushshrikes
	A yellow-crowned gonolek (Laniarius barbarus) in Gambia
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Passeriformes
Superfamily:	Malaconotoidea
Family:	Malaconotidae; Swainson, 1824
Genera
	Nilaus ; Dryoscopus; Tchagra; Laniarius ; Rhodophoneus; Chlorophoneus; Telophorus; Malaconotus

The bushshrikes are smallish passerine birds. They were formerly classed with the true shrikes in the family Laniidae, but are now considered sufficiently distinctive to be separated from that group as the family Malaconotidae, a name that alludes to their fluffy back and rump feathers.^[1]

Like their shrike-like relatives, the helmetshrikes, the bushshrikes have arisen in Africa in relatively recent times.^[2] The family is endemic to sub-Saharan Africa but completely absent from Madagascar,^[2] where the vangas are their closest relatives.^[3] They are found in scrub or open woodland, and less often in marshes, Afromontane or tropical forest. They are similar in habits to shrikes, hunting insects and other small prey from a perch on a bush. Although similar in build to the shrikes, these tend to be either colourful species or largely black; some species are quite secretive.

Some bushshrikes have flamboyant displays. The male puffbacks puff out the loose feathers on their rump and lower back, to look almost ball-like.

These are mainly insectivorous forest or scrub birds. Up to four eggs are laid in a cup nest in a tree.

Taxonomy

Bock has posited that the family name Malaconotidae was first used by William John Swainson in 1824; however, this is disputed by Storrs Olson, who reports that Swainson used the term Malaconoti as a non-defining plural, and placed the genus in the Thamnophilinae within the shrike family Laniidae.^[4] Peters regarded the group as a subfamily, Malaconotinae, of the shrikes. In 1971, the group was raised to family status, with their resemblance to typical shrikes considered to be more a result of convergent evolution.^[5]

Bushshrikes, helmetshrikes (Prionopidae), ioras (Aegithinidae), vangas (Vangidae) and the Australian butcherbirds, magpies and currawongs (Cracticidae) and woodswallows (Artamidae) are part of a large group of shrike-like birds distributed from Africa to Australia, which have been defined as the superfamily Malaconotoidea by Cacraft and colleagues in 2004.^[6] Previously, bushshrikes and helmetshrikes have been considered part of the Old World shrike family, Laniidae, based on shared characteristics including a hooked bill.^[7] However, analysis of behavioral and molecular characteristics places Malaconotidae closer to Platysteiridae and Vangidae, suggesting that the birds of the family Laniidae are only distant relatives.^[8]

An intron-comparison study by Fuchs et al. in 2004 provided strong support for the monophyly of the Malaconotidae, but the relationships between the genera of the family remain unclear.^[7] The genus Nilaus is morphologically more similar to Prionopidae than the rest of the bushshrike family is,^[8] but the results presented by Fuchs et al. place it within Malaconotidae. This placement is supported by DNA/DNA hybridization data as well as studies of hind limb musculature.^[9] The genus Dryoscopus consists of six small species with similar coloring, which may be closely related to birds of the genus Tchagra.^[7] The genus Malaconotus consists of six species which were traditionally believed to be closely related to Telophorus due to similar coloration, but new analyses suggest a close relationship between Malaconotus and Dryoscopus and Tchagra.^[7] Strong evidence exists for the monophyly of the genus Laniarius, and Fuchs et al. suggest its closest relatives are the genera Telophorous and Rhodophoneus, but the exact relationships are unclear.^[7]

Description

Bushshrikes are small to medium-sized passerines, with short, rounded wings and strong legs and feet. Plumage is typically black, grey, and brown, with some yellow and green. Some bushshrikes have red undersides or red throat-patches.^[10]

Distribution and habitat

Bushshrikes typically inhabit forest margins or patches of bush in savannah.^[5] Some species have been known to inhabit coffee plantations,^[11] or subsist in sacred groves where riparian vegetation is informally protected from shifting cultivation.^[12]

Behavior

Bushshrike diets consist mainly of large insects, but occasionally may include wild fruits and berries^[10] and sometimes rodents.^[7] They catch their prey by gleaning among tree foliage.^[5] They also join mixed bird parties, loose foraging assemblages consisting mainly of passerine birds.^[2]

Their nests are generally small and neat, and they lay clutches of 2–3 eggs.^[5]

Bushshrikes have distinctive harsh or guttural calls,^[10]^[11] which may be sung as duets. Male and female birds are able to learn songs of similar complexity, and both sexes have a similarly sized repertoire.^[13] Songs may be sung to indicate territory or as part of courtship. A 1992 study of the calls of Laniarius funebris found that a male's likelihood of singing a mating song was correlated with his mate's estradiol levels, rather than his own testosterone levels, suggesting that behavioral cues between a mating pair, rather than hormone levels, are more important in triggering mating songs.^[14]

List of species in taxonomic order

Image	Genus	Living Species
	Nilaus Swainson, 1827	Brubru, Nilaus afer
	Dryoscopus F. Boie, 1826 – puffbacks	Northern puffback, Dryoscopus gambensis Pringle's puffback, Dryoscopus pringlii Black-backed puffback, Dryoscopus cubla Red-eyed puffback, Dryoscopus senegalensis Pink-footed puffback, Dryoscopus angolensis Sabine's puffback, Dryoscopus sabini
	Bocagia Shelley, 1894	Marsh tchagra, Bocagia minuta
	Tchagra Lesson, 1831 – tchagras	Black-crowned tchagra, Tchagra senegalus Brown-crowned tchagra, Tchagra australis Three-streaked tchagra, Tchagra jamesi Southern tchagra, Tchagra tchagra
	Laniarius Vieillot, 1816 – boubous and gonoleks	Red-naped bushshrike, Laniarius ruficeps Lühder's bushshrike, Laniarius luehderi Gabela bushshrike or Amboim bushshrike, Laniarius amboimensis Braun's bushshrike, Laniarius brauni Turati's boubou, Laniarius turatii Ethiopian boubou, Laniarius aethiopicus Tropical boubou, Laniarius major East Coast boubou, Laniarius sublacteus Black boubou, Laniarius nigerrimus Swamp boubou, Laniarius bicolor Southern boubou, Laniarius ferrugineus Yellow-crowned gonolek, Laniarius barbarus Black-headed gonolek, Laniarius erythrogaster Crimson-breasted shrike, Laniarius atrococcineus Papyrus gonolek, Laniarius mufumbiri Yellow-breasted boubou, Laniarius atroflavus Slate-colored boubou, Laniarius funebris Lowland sooty boubou, Laniarius leucorhynchus Willard's sooty boubou, Laniarius willardi Mountain sooty boubou, Laniarius poensis Albertine sooty boubou, Laniarius holomelas Fuelleborn's boubou, Laniarius fuelleborni
	Rhodophoneus Heuglin, 1871 – rosy-patched bushshrike	Rosy-patched bushshrike, Rhodophoneus cruentus
	Chlorophoneus Cabanis, 1850	Bocage's bushshrike, Chlorophoneus bocagei Orange-breasted bushshrike, Chlorophoneus sulfureopectus Olive bushshrike, Chlorophoneus olivaceus Many-colored bushshrike, Chlorophoneus multicolor Black-fronted bushshrike, Chlorophoneus nigrifrons Mount Kupe bushshrike, Chlorophoneus kupeensis
	Telophorus Swainson, 1832	Bokmakierie, Telophorus zeylonus Gorgeous bushshrike, Telophorus viridis Doherty's bushshrike, Telophorus dohertyi
	Malaconotus Swainson, 1824	Fiery-breasted bushshrike, Malaconotus cruentus Lagden's bushshrike, Malaconotus lagdeni Green-breasted bushshrike, Malaconotus gladiator Grey-headed bushshrike, Malaconotus blanchoti Monteiro's bushshrike, Malaconotus monteiri Uluguru bushshrike, Malaconotus alius

References

^ Hockey, P. A. R.; Dean, W. R. J.; Ryan, P. G. (2005). Roberts Birds of Southern Africa (7th ed.). Cape Town: Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-620-34053-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c Maclean, Gordon L. (1990). Ornithology for Africa: a text for users on the African continent. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. pp. 85, 94, 126. ISBN 0-86980-771-4.
^ Fuchs, Jérôme; Bowie, Rauri C.K.; Fjeldså, Jon; Pasquet, Eric (November 2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of the African bush-shrikes and helmet-shrikes (Passeriformes: Malaconotidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (2): 428–439. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.014. PMID 15336676. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
^ Olson, Storrs L. (1995). "Review of History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume 222". The Auk. 112 (2): 539–46. doi:10.2307/4088759. JSTOR 4088759.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Lovegrove, Roger (2010). Shrikes. Helm Identification Guides. A&C Black. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4081-3505-1.
^ Cracraft, Joel, Barker F. Keith, Braun, Michael, Harshman, John, Dyke, Gareth J., Feinstein, Julie, Stanley, Scott, Cibois, Alice, Schikler, Peter, Beresford, Pamela, García-Moreno, Jaime, Sorenson, Michael D., Yuri, Tamaki, Mindell, David P. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): toward an avian tree of life". In Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ (eds.). Assembling the tree of life. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 468–89. ISBN 0-19-517234-5.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Fuchs, Jérôme; Bowie, Rauri C.K.; Fjeldsa, Jon; Pasquet, Eric (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of the African bush-shrikes and helmet-shrikes (Passeriformes: Malaconotidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (2): 428–439. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.014. PMID 15336676.
^ ^a ^b Harris, Tony (2000). Shrikes & Bush-shrikes: Including wood-shrikes, helmet-shrikes, flycatcher-shrikes, philentomas, batises and wattle-eyes. A&C Black.
^ Sibley, C.G.; Ahlquist, J.E. (1990). Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
^ ^a ^b ^c Stuart, Chris; Stuart, Tilde (1999). Birds of Africa. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19430-9.
^ ^a ^b Ryan, P. G.; Sinclair, I.; Cohen, C.; Mills, M. S. L.; Spottiswoode, C.N.; Cassidy, R. (2004). "The conservation status and vocalizations of threatened birds from the scarp forests of the Western Angola Endemic Bird Area". Bird Conservation International. 14 (4): 247–260. doi:10.1017/S0959270904000322.
^ Kühnert, Katharina; Grass, Ingo; Waltert, Matthias (April 2019). "Sacred groves hold distinct bird assemblages within an Afrotropical savanna". Global Ecology and Conservation. 18: e00656. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00656. S2CID 187391053.
^ Gahr, M.; Sonnenschein, E.; Wickler, W. (1998). "Sex Difference in the Size of the Neural Song Control Regions in a Dueting Songbird with Similar Song Repertoire Size of Males and Females". The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (3): 1124–1131. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-03-01124.1998. PMC 6792776. PMID 9437032.
^ Schwabl, Hubert; Sonnenschein, Edith (1992). "Antiphonal duetting and sex hormones in the tropical bush shrike Laniarius funebris". Hormones and Behavior. 26 (3): 295–307. doi:10.1016/0018-506X(92)90001-C. PMID 1398550. S2CID 9590959.

External links

Bushshrike videos on the Internet Bird Collection

[rob7-1] Hockey, P. A. R.; Dean, W. R. J.; Ryan, P. G. (2005). Roberts Birds of Southern Africa (7th ed.). Cape Town: Trustees of the John Voelcker Bird Book Fund. pp. 47–48. ISBN 0-620-34053-3.

[mac1-2] Maclean, Gordon L. (1990). Ornithology for Africa: a text for users on the African continent. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press. pp. 85, 94, 126. ISBN 0-86980-771-4.

[fuch1-3] Fuchs, Jérôme; Bowie, Rauri C.K.; Fjeldså, Jon; Pasquet, Eric (November 2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of the African bush-shrikes and helmet-shrikes (Passeriformes: Malaconotidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (2): 428–439. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.014. PMID 15336676. Retrieved 24 January 2022.

[4] Olson, Storrs L. (1995). "Review of History and Nomenclature of Avian Family-Group Names. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Volume 222". The Auk. 112 (2): 539–46. doi:10.2307/4088759. JSTOR 4088759.

[Lovegrove_2010-5] Lovegrove, Roger (2010). Shrikes. Helm Identification Guides. A&C Black. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-4081-3505-1.

[6] Cracraft, Joel, Barker F. Keith, Braun, Michael, Harshman, John, Dyke, Gareth J., Feinstein, Julie, Stanley, Scott, Cibois, Alice, Schikler, Peter, Beresford, Pamela, García-Moreno, Jaime, Sorenson, Michael D., Yuri, Tamaki, Mindell, David P. (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships among modern birds (Neornithes): toward an avian tree of life". In Cracraft J, Donoghue MJ (eds.). Assembling the tree of life. New York, New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 468–89. ISBN 0-19-517234-5.

[fuchs-7] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Fuchs, Jérôme; Bowie, Rauri C.K.; Fjeldsa, Jon; Pasquet, Eric (2004). "Phylogenetic relationships of the African bush-shrikes and helmet-shrikes (Passeriformes: Malaconotidae)". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 33 (2): 428–439. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.06.014. PMID 15336676.

[Harris2000-8] Harris, Tony (2000). Shrikes & Bush-shrikes: Including wood-shrikes, helmet-shrikes, flycatcher-shrikes, philentomas, batises and wattle-eyes. A&C Black.

[SibleyAlquist-9] Sibley, C.G.; Ahlquist, J.E. (1990). Phylogeny and Classification of Birds: A Study in Molecular Evolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.

[stuart-10] Stuart, Chris; Stuart, Tilde (1999). Birds of Africa. Cambridge: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-19430-9.

[ryan04-11] Ryan, P. G.; Sinclair, I.; Cohen, C.; Mills, M. S. L.; Spottiswoode, C.N.; Cassidy, R. (2004). "The conservation status and vocalizations of threatened birds from the scarp forests of the Western Angola Endemic Bird Area". Bird Conservation International. 14 (4): 247–260. doi:10.1017/S0959270904000322.

[kuhn1-12] Kühnert, Katharina; Grass, Ingo; Waltert, Matthias (April 2019). "Sacred groves hold distinct bird assemblages within an Afrotropical savanna". Global Ecology and Conservation. 18: e00656. doi:10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00656. S2CID 187391053.

[Gahr98-13] Gahr, M.; Sonnenschein, E.; Wickler, W. (1998). "Sex Difference in the Size of the Neural Song Control Regions in a Dueting Songbird with Similar Song Repertoire Size of Males and Females". The Journal of Neuroscience. 18 (3): 1124–1131. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.18-03-01124.1998. PMC 6792776. PMID 9437032.

[Schwabl-14] Schwabl, Hubert; Sonnenschein, Edith (1992). "Antiphonal duetting and sex hormones in the tropical bush shrike Laniarius funebris". Hormones and Behavior. 26 (3): 295–307. doi:10.1016/0018-506X(92)90001-C. PMID 1398550. S2CID 9590959.

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