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Foreign relations of Paraguay

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Paraguayan foreign policy has concentrated on maintaining good relations with its neighbors, and it has been an active proponent of regional co-operation. It is a member of the United Nations and has served one term in the UN Security Council in 1967-1969. It maintains membership in several international financial institutions, including the World Bank, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the International Monetary Fund. It also belongs to the Organization of American States, the Latin American Integration Association (ALADI), the Rio Group, INTERPOL, MERCOSUR (the Southern Cone Common Market) and UNASUR.

At the political level, diplomatic affairs and international relations of Paraguay are officially handled by the Ministry of Foreign Relations, which answers to the executive branch of the government. Minister of Foreign Relations 2018 -2019 was Luis Alberto Castiglioni.[1]

Unlike any other country in South America, Paraguay recognizes the Republic of China instead of the People's Republic of China. Paraguay presently is the largest country maintaining official diplomatic relations with the Republic of China.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Paraguay maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date[2]
1  Mexico 3 June 1831[3]
2  Argentina 31 July 1841[4]
3  Chile 22 July 1843[5]
4  Brazil 14 September 1844[6]
5  Uruguay 15 June 1845[7]
6  France 4 March 1853[8]
7  United Kingdom 2 November 1853[9]
8  United States 26 November 1861[10]
9  Italy 1867[11]
10  Colombia 27 July 1870[12]
—  Holy See 31 December 1877[13]
11  Portugal 9 November 1878[14]
12  Bolivia 15 October 1879[15]
13  Spain 10 September 1880[16]
14  Ecuador 15 December 1880[17]
15  El Salvador 1880[18]
16  Peru 18 June 1881[19]
17  Serbia 17 February 1883[20]
18  Costa Rica 1883[21]
19   Switzerland 1887[22]
20  Venezuela 7 August 1891[23]
21  Belgium 15 February 1894[24]
22  Dominican Republic 18 February 1902[25]
23  Denmark 18 July 1903[26]
24  Austria 9 November 1903[27]
25  Germany 9 November 1903[27]
26  Netherlands 9 November 1903[27]
27  Norway 2 April 1906[28]
28  Guatemala 1 May 1907[29]
29  Japan 17 November 1919[30]
30  Cuba 16 March 1920[31]
31  Poland 2 May 1920[32]
32  Sweden 24 February 1923[33]
33  Czech Republic 14 February 1936[34]
34  Panama 31 October 1942[35]
35  Israel January 1949[36]
36  Honduras 8 February 1952[37]
37  Turkey 11 September 1953[38]
38  Nicaragua 18 January 1956[31]
39  Haiti 2 October 1956[27]
—  Republic of China 8 July 1957[39]
40  Lebanon 12 May 1958[40]
41  Egypt 1959[41]
42  India 13 September 1961[42]
43  South Korea 12 June 1962[43]
44  Canada 5 July 1962[44]
45  Philippines 12 December 1962[45]
46  Thailand 17 December 1962[46]
47  Finland 20 November 1963[47]
48  Morocco 1964[48]
49  Luxembourg 26 February 1965[49]
50  Pakistan 23 October 1967[50]
51  South Africa 3 April 1974[51]
52  Australia 2 December 1974[52]
53  Indonesia 29 November 1981[53]
54  Nigeria 27 May 1988[54]
55  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 22 June 1989
56  Malaysia 17 November 1989[55]
57  Hungary 2 May 1991
58  Slovenia 25 February 1992[56]
59  Croatia 13 March 1992[57]
60  Russia 14 May 1992[58]
61  Romania 28 May 1992
62  Latvia 3 June 1992
63  Armenia 2 July 1992
64  Estonia 2 July 1992
65  Ivory Coast 28 July 1992
66  Albania 29 July 1992
67  Belize 2 November 1992
68  Jamaica 10 November 1992
69  Belarus 18 November 1992
70  Suriname 20 November 1992
71  Bulgaria 2 December 1992
72  Singapore 10 December 1992
73  Slovakia 8 January 1993[59]
74  New Zealand 17 February 1993
75  Iran 19 February 1993
76  Kuwait 23 February 1993
77  Ukraine 26 February 1993
78  Lithuania 3 March 1993
79  Seychelles 23 April 1993
80  Barbados 27 May 1993[60]
81  Saint Lucia 18 June 1993
82  Cameroon 3 December 1993
83  Guyana 14 April 1994
84  Trinidad and Tobago 24 May 1994
85  Cambodia 27 October 1994
86  Algeria 3 February 1995
87  Andorra 23 March 1995
88  Vietnam 30 May 1995
89  Greece 27 September 1995[27]
90  Brunei 8 April 1996
91  Mozambique 3 October 1997
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended) 9 February 2000[61][62]
92  Ireland 15 May 2001
93  Uzbekistan 27 August 2001[63]
94  Cyprus 8 October 2001
95  Qatar 8 November 2002
96  San Marino 3 April 2003[64]
97  Mongolia 17 June 2003[65]
98  Iceland 17 March 2004
99  Azerbaijan 20 April 2004
100  Malta 8 July 2004
101  Kazakhstan 20 September 2004[66]
102  Syria 13 December 2004
—  State of Palestine 26 March 2005[67]
103  Bahrain 6 May 2005
104  Sudan 11 May 2005[68]
105  Laos 28 September 2005
106  Equatorial Guinea 3 November 2005
107  Jordan 15 November 2005
108  Oman 15 November 2005
109  Namibia 17 April 2006[69]
110    Nepal 2 August 2006
111  Tajikistan 30 August 2006[70]
112  Republic of the Congo 23 March 2007[71]
113  Eswatini 3 April 2007[71]
114  Montenegro 5 June 2007
115  Angola 21 June 2007[71]
116  United Arab Emirates 13 July 2007
117  Botswana 16 July 2007
118  North Macedonia 26 October 2007
119  Liechtenstein 2007[72]
120  Benin 18 February 2009[73]
121  Sri Lanka 3 April 2009
122  Saudi Arabia 9 July 2009
123  Bosnia and Herzegovina 22 September 2009
124  Kenya 25 September 2009
125  Georgia 9 March 2010
126  Senegal March 2010[74]
127  Eritrea March 2010[74]
128  Gambia 23 April 2010[75]
129  Burkina Faso 18 May 2010
130  Uganda 18 June 2010
131  Mali 25 June 2010[76]
132  Djibouti 22 July 2010
133  Maldives 28 September 2010[77]
134  Mauritius 28 September 2010
135  Zambia 28 September 2010[78]
136  Ethiopia 29 September 2010[79]
137  Fiji 22 December 2010
138  Burundi 2010[80]
139  Niger 2010[80]
140  Samoa 28 January 2011[81]
141  Libya 9 February 2011
142  Solomon Islands 4 May 2011[82]
143  Moldova 5 May 2011[83]
144  Tuvalu 2 June 2011[84]
145  Zimbabwe 29 March 2012
146  Kyrgyzstan 23 May 2012[85]
147  Mauritania 5 June 2012[86]
148  Monaco 14 June 2012[87]
149  Saint Kitts and Nevis 22 March 2013[88]
150  Dominica 5 March 2015[89]
151  Antigua and Barbuda 21 September 2016
152  Grenada 21 September 2016
153  Papua New Guinea 21 September 2016
154  Turkmenistan 28 July 2017
155  Federated States of Micronesia 11 October 2018
156  Tunisia 1 November 2018
157  Marshall Islands 26 September 2019
158  Guinea 15 June 2021[90]
159  Ghana 17 June 2021[91]
160  Kiribati 20 October 2021
161  Palau 1 April 2022[92]
162  East Timor 18 September 2022
163  Bangladesh 24 October 2022[93]
164  Rwanda 18 April 2023
165  Guinea-Bissau 13 July 2023
166  São Tomé and Príncipe 13 July 2023

Bilateral relations

Africa

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Egypt
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Cairo.[94]
  • Egypt is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Montevideo, Uruguay.
 SADR 2000-02-09

Paraguay recognizes the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.

In January 2014, Paraguay officially suspends its relations with Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic.[95]

 South Africa

Americas

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Argentina 1811 See Argentina–Paraguay relations
 Bolivia See Bolivia–Paraguay relations

In 2009 Bolivian President Evo Morales and Paraguayan President Fernando Lugo signed an agreement settling a border dispute, which had led to the Chaco War in the 1930s. President Lugo expressed the hope that natural resources could now "be developed and used by both countries" [100] Relations, as with many countries in the area, have had increased tension since the Paraguay impeachment in 2012.

 Brazil See Brazil–Paraguay relations
Border of Brazil and Paraguay

Paraguay–Brazil relations have improved greatly after Brazilian President Lula's decision in 2009 to triple its payments to Paraguay for energy from a massive hydro-electric dam on their border, ending a long-running dispute. Under the accord, Brazil will pay Paraguay $360m a year for energy from the jointly-operated Itaipu plant. Brazilian President Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva called it a "historic agreement" and the deal slated as a political victory for former Paraguayan President Fernando Lugo.[101]

In February 2019, Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro praised the late military strongman of Paraguay, Alfredo Stroessner, calling him "a man of vision." Bolsonaro made the comments during a ceremony at the Itaipu hydroelectric dam on the countries' shared border. At his side was his close ally, Paraguayan right-wing President Mario Abdo Benitez.[102]

  • Brazil has an embassy in Asunción and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Brasília and maintains several consulates throughout the country.
 Canada
  • Canada is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Paraguay has an embassy in on Slatter street in Ottawa.[103]
 Colombia See Colombia–Paraguay relations, List of ambassadors of Paraguay to Colombia
  • Colombia has an embassy in Asunción.
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Bogotá.
 Mexico 18 April 1881 See Mexico–Paraguay relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 18, 1881.

  • Mexico has an embassy in Asunción.[104]
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Mexico City.
 Peru 2 May 1858 See Paraguay–Peru relations
 United States See Paraguay–United States relations

A military training agreement with Asunción, giving immunity to US soldiers, caused some concern after media reports initially reported that a base housing 20,000 US soldiers was being built at Mariscal Estigarribia within 200 km of Argentina and Bolivia, and 300 km of Brazil, near an airport which could receive large planes (B-52, C-130 Hercules, etc.) which the Paraguayan Air Forces do not have.[108][109]

In September 2009 Paraguay's President Fernando Lugo revoked plans for US troops to hold joint military exercises and development projects after stating that he no longer thinks that hosting troops taking part in the US department of defence's "New Horizons" programme was worthwhile. President Lugo referenced strong regional opposition from countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela, Bolivia and Ecuador to the expansion of US military bases in Colombia in his decision.[110]

 Uruguay 6 April 1845 See Paraguay–Uruguay relations
 Venezuela

Relations between Paraguay and Venezuela improved during Paraguay's leftist President Fernando Lugo (2008-2012), a change from 61 unbroken years of Colorado party rule. President Lugo supported Venezuela's entry into Mercosur however the Colorado Party's influence in Paraguay's Congress and Senate retarded this expansion.

Paraguay and Venezuela restarted negotiations on an unpaid debt of $250 million owed by Paraguayan oil company Petropar to its counterpart Petróleos de Venezuela after the Presidents of Paraguay and Venezuela met to deal with the financing.[113]

In January, 2019, Paraguay cut its diplomatic relations with Venezuela, considering the Venezuelan government of President Nicolas Maduro illegitimate due to disputed election.[114] Diplomatic relations were re-established on 15 November 2023.[115]

Asia

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Armenia
  • Armenia is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Paraguay is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia.
 Azerbaijan 20 April 2004[116] See Azerbaijan-Paraguay relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on April 20, 2004.[116]

 People's Republic of China no relations Paraguay is currently accredited to People's Republic of China through its embassy in Seoul, South Korea, Hong Kong and Macau through its embassy in Tokyo, Japan.[117][118]
 Republic of China(Taiwan) 8 July 1957 See Paraguay–Taiwan relations

Paraguay recognizes the Republic of China as the legitimate government of China.

 India 13 September 1961 See India–Paraguay relations
 Japan 17 November 1919 See Japan–Paraguay relations
  • Japan has an embassy in Asunción.
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Tokyo.
 Mongolia 2003-06-17
  • Mongolia is accredited to Paraguay through its embassy in Brasilia, Brazil.
  • Paraguay is accredited to Mongolia through its embassy in Seoul, South Korea.
  • Mongolia signed a visa-free agreement with Paraguay on 26 September 2019.[123]
 South Korea 15 June 1962 See Paraguay–South Korea relations
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Seoul.
  • South Korea has an embassy in Asunción.
 Turkey 1953[124] See Paraguay–Turkey relations
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Ankara.[125]
  • Turkey has an embassy in Asuncion.[125]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was 82.1 million USD in 2019 (Paraguay's exports/imports: 35/47.1 million USD).[125]

Europe

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Croatia 13 March 1992
 Denmark
 France 1853
 Germany 1860 See Germany–Paraguay relations
  • Germany has an embassy in Asunción.
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Berlin and a consulate-general in Frankfurt.
 Iceland
 Poland
  • Paraguay is accredited to Poland from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
  • Poland is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
 Russia See Paraguay–Russia relations
 Slovenia
 Spain 10 September 1880 See Paraguay–Spain relations
  Switzerland
 United Kingdom 1853-03-04

Oceania

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia See Australia–Paraguay relations

Australia's positive relations with Paraguay are growing. In 2011, Paraguay opened an embassy in Canberra, Australia opened a consulate in Asunción. As agricultural producers and exporters, they work together to achieve fairer international trade in agricultural products through membership of the Cairns Group and cooperation in other multilateral fora. Australia is also increasing its engagement with Paraguay through development cooperation and people-to-people exchanges. An increasing number of Paraguayan students are pursuing their education at Australian institutions.[141]

  • Australia is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Paraguay has an embassy in Canberra.
 New Zealand
  • New Zealand is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina. New Zealand has an Honorary Consulate in Asunción.[142][143][144]
  • There is no Embassy of Paraguay in New Zealand.[145] Paraguay is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.

International organizations

Paraguay is a member of the following international organizations:[146]

CAN (associate), FAO, G-11, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD (also known as the World Bank), ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur, MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM (observer), OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Rio Group, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

See also

References

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