User:Wtmitchell/sandbox
Sandbox for a Pacification of Batangas article.
- some source links
- Michael, Daniel (December 2017). James Franklin Bell : hard war in the Philippines (Master of Arts in History thesis). Louisville, Kentucky: University of Louisville.
- Bruno, Thomas A. (March 25, 2010). Ending an Insurgency Violently | The Samar and Batangas Punitive Campaigns (PDF) (Report). U.S. Army War College.
- "Fair Warfarc | Conducted by our forces in the Philippines | The Famous Order No, 100". The Wilmington NC Messenger. May 8, 1902.
- "Pacifying the Philippines". Weapons and Warfare. April 4, 2020.
| Pacification of Batangas | |
|---|---|
| Part of Philippine–American War | |
| Location | |
| Planned by | General J. Franklin Bell |
| Commanded by | General Adna Chaffee |
| Objective | Neutralize rogue guerilla force following conclusion of general hostilities |
| Date | April 16, 1902 (UTC+6) |
| Executed by | U.S. Army, U.S. Marines |
| Outcome | Objective achieved but with significant collateral damage and noncombatant casualties |
| Casualties | <> |
The Pacification of Batangas was an operation initiated following the Balangiga massacre incident in September of 1901 by Philippine Governor William H. Taft and General Adna Chaffee, Philippine Division commander.[1] General hostilities in the Philippine-American War had largely ceased in April, following the capture of Emilio Aguinaldo, president of the insurgent Philippine Republic, and his publication of a manifesto on April 19, 1901 acknowledging and accepting U.S. sovereignty throughout the Philippines.[2] The Balangiga incident sparked pacification actions against guerilla groups previously operating iin Samar and southern Luzon. Chafee selected Brigadier General James Franklin Bell to pacify Southerrn Luzon. fn|Ramsey|2007|p=5 Miguel Malvar had assumed command of of Filipino guerilla forces in southern Luzon, including the provinces of Batangas, Laguna, and portions of Tayabas. reorganized them, renamed the combined armed forces as "Army of Liberation"" and continued pursuing guerilla warfare.[1]
After assessing the situation in his new command, Bell concluded that it would be necessary to cut off the income and food of the Malvar's guerillas and crowd them persistently with operations in order to wear them out.[3][a]
Notes
References
- ^ a b Ramsey 2007, p. 5.
- ^ "Today in Filipino History, April 19, 1901, Aguinaldo issued Peace Manifesto after his capture and after his Oath of Allegiance to the United States". Office of the Military Governor in the Philippine Islands. n.d. [April 19, 1901]. Retrieved September 19, 2024.
- ^ Ramsey 2007, p. 7.
- ^ *Andrews, Frank L. (2002). The Philippine Insurrection (1899-1902) | development of the U.S. Army's counterinsurgency policy (Master of Arts in Liberal Arts thesis). Louisiana State University. pp. 60–64.
Bibliography
- Ramsey, Robert D. III (2007). A Masterpiece of Counterguerrilla Warfare | BG J. Franklin Bell in the Philippines 1901-1902 (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press, US Army Combined Arms Center. ISBN 978-0-16-079503-9.
Bibliography
- Miller, Stuart Creighton (1982). "Benevolent Assimilation": The American Conquest of the Philippines, 1899-1903. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-16193-9.