Michael Bloomberg

Michael Bloomberg
108th Mayor of New York City
Incumbent
Assumed office January 1, 2002
Preceded by	Rudolph W. Giuliani
Personal details
Born	Michael Bloomberg February 14, 1942 Boston, Massachusetts
Died	Michael Bloomberg
Resting place	Michael Bloomberg
Nationality	American
Political party	Republican
Spouse	Susan Brown (divorced)
Parent	Michael Bloomberg

Michael Rubens Bloomberg (born 14 February 1942) is an American businessman, philanthropist, and the founder of Bloomberg L.P., currently serving as the Mayor of New York City. He was a general partner at Salomon Brothers before founding the financial software service company in 1981. He was elected mayor as a Republican in 2001, and was reelected to a second term in 2005. He is frequently mentioned as a possible independent or Unity08 candidate for the U.S. Presidential Election, 2008.

Personal life and business career

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Michael Bloomberg on Wall Street.

Bloomberg was born to a Jewish family of Polish ancestry, at St. Elizabeth's Hospital, in the Boston neighborhood known as Brighton on 14 February 1942. His parents were Charlotte and William Henry Bloomberg, who was born in Chelsea, Massachusetts. He lived at 100 Brainerd Road, in the Boston neighborhood of Allston, until he was two years old, when the family moved to Atherton Road, in Brookline, Massachusetts. When he was four, his family moved to Medford, Massachusetts, a Boston suburb. He lived there until after he graduated from college.

While advancing to the rank of Eagle Scout in the Boy Scouts of America, Bloomberg sold Christmas wreaths for five years so he could afford to go to summer camp each year. He attended Johns Hopkins University, where he joined Phi Kappa Psi, and graduated in 1964 with a B.S. degree in electrical engineering. Later he received his MBA degree from Harvard Business School.

Bloomberg was a general partner at Salomon Brothers, where he headed equity trading, sales and, later, systems development. He made his fortune with his own company, Bloomberg L.P., selling financial information terminals to Wall Street firms; the company also began a radio network (the flagship station is 1130 WBBR-AM in New York City).

Bloomberg is among the world's richest people. He was ranked 44th by Forbes magazine in its list of 400 Richest Americans in September 2006. He was ranked 94th in its list of the 500 Richest People in the Worldin March 2005.

Bloomberg's daughters by former wife British-born Susan Brown are Georgina Bloomberg (who has been featured on Born Rich, a documentary film about the children of the extremely wealthy) and Emma Bloomberg. His younger sister, Marjorie Tiven, is Commissioner of the New York City Commission for the United Nations, Consular Corps and Protocol. His mother, Charlotte Bloomberg (born 3 January 1909), is reported to be in very good health for her age. His current girlfriend is state banking superintendent Diana Taylor.

Bloomberg has written an autobiography, Bloomberg by Bloomberg (1997, ISBN 0-471-15545-4).

Bloomberg does not reside in Gracie Mansion, the official mayor's mansion, but at his own home elsewhere on the Upper East Side (17 East 79th Street between Madison and Fifth Avenues). He maintains his home address in the white pages and is known to ride the subway to City Hall every morning, even during periods of heightened terrorist alert.

Bloomberg currently serves as an ex-officio trustee of the Museum of Modern Art.

Although he lists his height as five feet, ten inches on his driver's license, his actual height is five feet, seven inches; maybe less.[4]

Philanthropy

Forbes and other sources report his net worth at US$5.5 billion, which, in addition to aiding his political career, has allowed him to engage in substantial philanthropy, including the donation of over US$300 million to Johns Hopkins University, where he served as the chairman of the board from 1996 to 2002.

His charitable contributions were such that he was ranked seventh in the United States in philanthropic endeavors. He has also given to JHU's chapter of ΦΚΨ, of which he was president as an undergraduate.

Harassment controversies

In the past, Bloomberg has been sued over allegations about sexual harassment and discrimination at his companies. Allegedly, he said "I'd do her" in reference to a female employee, and complained when one woman got pregnant. He was also accused of failing to investigate a sexual assault alleged to have been perpetrated by one of his company's executives. All lawsuits over these issues were withdrawn or settled out-of-court, and no such allegations have arisen from Mayor Bloomberg's time in office.

Political career

Post-Mayoral plans

Mayor Bloomberg has repeatedly stated his intention to return to a life of philanthropy once his eight-year tenure in office expires. In pursuit of this goal, he has purchased a prospective headquarters for his planned foundation on the Upper East Side, originally built by Stuyvesant Fish, for $45 million.

Despite Bloomberg's statements, he is often talked about as a potential 2008 independent presidential candidate. Bloomberg denies these plans, but has dropped several coy hints over the past year that the idea has crossed his mind. In 2006, he met with Al From of the centrist group the Democratic Leadership Council to talk about the logistics of a possible run.[5]

In August of 2006, Bloomberg donated $125 million to a worldwide anti-smoking initiative designed to curb smoking and introduce anti-smoking measures throughout the globe.

The donation will defray the cost of the first two years of a "Worldwide Stop Smoking Initiative," and the recipients will chiefly be pre-existing anti-smoking lobbying groups.[6]

According to reporter Kent Cooper of Political Moneyline, on Thursday 30 November 2006, two leading Virginia conservative Independent state leaders, Carey Campbell and Joseph Oddo, filed papers for a Draft Michael Bloomberg for President Committee. Formal announcement of the organization had been expected Monday 4 December 2006. Cooper quotes Oddo as saying:

"Through the web site DraftMichael.com and media interviews we hope to attract new chairmen in every state, and congressional district. We're calling on folks to contribute $10 dollars each. With $10 each from 100,000 Americans, we can show Michael Bloomberg there's grassroots support for an Independent run for President."

2001 election

In 2001, the incumbent mayor, Rudy Giuliani, was ineligible for re-election, as New York limits the mayoralty to two terms. Several well-known New York City politicians aspired to succeed him. Bloomberg, a lifelong member of the Democratic Party, decided to run for mayor as a member of the Republican Party.

Voting in the primary began on the morning of 11 September 2001. Later that day, however, because of the World Trade Center September 11, 2001 attacks, the primary was postponed. In the rescheduled primary, Bloomberg defeated Herman Badillo, a former Congressman, to become the Republican nominee. The Democratic primary did not produce a first-round winner. There was a runoff, in which the nomination went to New York City Public Advocate Mark J. Green.

In the general election, Bloomberg had Giuliani's endorsement. He also enjoyed a huge spending advantage. New York City's campaign finance law restricted the contributions a candidate could accept, but Bloomberg exercised his right to opt out of this law, attracting some criticism. He spent some $73 million of his own money on his campaign, outspending Green by five to one. One of the major themes of his campaign was that, with the city's economy suffering from the effects of the attacks, it needed a mayor with business experience.

In addition to being the Republican nominee, Bloomberg had the ballot line of the controversial Independence Party, in which "Social Therapy" leaders Fred Newman and Lenora Fulani exert strong influence. The latter proved important, as Bloomberg's votes on that line exceeded his margin of victory over Green. (Under New York's fusion rules, a candidate can run on more than one party's line and combine all the votes received on all lines. Green, the Democrat, also had the ballot line of the Working Families Party.) Another factor was the vote on Staten Island, which has traditionally been far friendlier to Republicans than the rest of the city. Bloomberg crushed Green in that borough, taking 75% of the vote there. Overall, Bloomberg won 50% to 48%.

Bloomberg declined the mayor's salary, accepting renumeration of $1.00 annually. He is considered a liberal Republican, who is pro-choice, in favor of legalizing same-sex marriage and an advocate for stricter gun control laws.

Bloomberg's election marked the first time in New York City history that two Republicans had been elected mayor consecutively.

2005 election

Bloomberg seconds after being sworn in for 2nd term as Mayor of New York City on 1 January 2006.

Bloomberg was re-elected mayor in November 2005 by a margin of 20%, the widest margin ever for a Republican mayor of New York.[7]

Bloomberg had spent over $66 million on his campaign by late October 2005, and was projected to exceed the record of $74 million he spent on the previous election. He chose not to use public campaign funds and therefore his campaign was not subject to the restrictions imposed on candidates who accept such funding.

In late 2004 or early 2005, he gave the Independence Party $250,000 to fund a phone bank seeking to recruit volunteers for his re-election campaign.[8]

Former Bronx Borough President Fernando Ferrer won the Democratic nomination to oppose Bloomberg in the general election; there was no opposition in the Republican primary, as Bloomberg's campaign successfully sued to keep Thomas Ognibene off the ballot. Ognibene, who ultimately ran on the Conservative Party ticket, accused Bloomberg of betraying Republican Party ideals.

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Bloomberg visiting with Grand Rabbi Moshe Leib Rabinovich of the Munkacs Hasidic sect in Brooklyn, N.Y. in 2004

Bloomberg was the most prominent Republican to oppose the confirmation of John Roberts as Chief Justice of the United States.[9] Though a Republican, Bloomberg is a staunch supporter of abortion rights and did not believe that Roberts was committed to maintaining Roe v. Wade.

In addition to receiving Republican support, Bloomberg has obtained the endorsements of several prominent Democrats: former Democratic Mayor Ed Koch, former Democratic governor Hugh Carey, former Democratic City Council Speaker Peter Vallone, his son, Councilman Peter Vallone, Jr., former Democratic Congressman Floyd Flake (who had previously endorsed Bloomberg in 2001), and Brooklyn Borough President Marty Markowitz.[10]

Bloomberg's term as mayor ends on December 31, 2010. He is banned by term limits from running again. The election means that the Republicans have held onto the mayor's office for four consecutive elections, or sixteen years. Bloomberg joins Rudy Giuliani and Fiorello LaGuardia as re-elected Republican mayors in this mostly Democratic city. (John Lindsay was also elected mayor of New York twice while a registered Republican; however, Lindsay did not receive the Republican Party nomination during his campaign for re-election, and he switched to the Democratic Party during his second term.)

One of Bloomberg's top aides, Kevin Sheekey, has indicated that he is trying to convince Bloomberg to run for President in 2008 as an Independent or a Democrat. Bloomberg has often expressed in public his lack of interest in running for president. Were he to do so, he would likely draw primarily from his own funds to finance his presidential run, just as has been the case with his mayoral campaigns.[11][12]

Bloomberg is heard every Friday on the John Gambling Show 77 WABC Radio 10:00-11:00 a.m., and accepts callers in the last five minutes of the segment.

Policies as mayor

Bloomberg giving a speech in August 2004.

Bloomberg has said he wants reforming public education to be the legacy of his first term and addressing poverty to be the legacy of his second. He is known as a political pragmatist and for a managerial style that reflects his experience in the private sector. Bloomberg has chosen to apply a statistical, results-based approach to city management, appointing city commissioners based on their expertise and granting them wide autonomy in their decision-making. Breaking with 190 years of tradition, Bloomberg implemented a "bullpen" open office plan, reminiscent of a Wall Street trading floor, in which dozens of aides and managerial staff are seated together in a large chamber. The design is intended to promote accountability and accessibility.

Education

Bloomberg's first mayoralty coincided with a major shift of authority over the city's public school system from the state government to the city government. From 1968 until 2000, New York City's schools were managed by the Board of Education, which was comprised of seven members. Only two of the seven were appointed by the mayor, which meant the City had a minority of representatives on the board and the mayor's ability to shape education policy was greatly diminished. In addition to the Board, 25 local school boards also played a part in running the system. In 2000, the local boards and Board of Education were abolished and replaced with a new mayoral agency, the Department of Education.

Bloomberg appointed Joel Klein as Schools Chancellor to run the new department, which was based at the renovated Tweed Courthouse near City Hall. Under Bloomberg and Chancellor Klein, test scores have risen and the City has obtained a higher percentage of funding from the state budget. Bloomberg opposes social promotion, and favors after-school and summer-school programs to help schoolchildren catch up, rather than allowing them to advance to the next grade level when they may be unprepared. Despite often tense relations with teachers' unions, he avoided a teacher strike by concluding a contract negotiation in which teachers received an average raise of 15% in exchange for givebacks and productivity increases.

Bloomberg has enforced a strengthened cell-phone ban in city schools that had its roots dating to a 1988 school system ban on pagers. The ban is controversial among some parents, who are concerned with their ability to contact their children. Administration representatives have noted that students are distracted in class by cell phones and often use them inappropriately, in some instances sending and receiving text messages, taking photographs, surfing the Internet, and playing video games, and that cell-phone bans exist in other cities including Detroit and Philadelphia.

Social policy

Bloomberg claims to support the legalization of same-sex marriage in New York. However, he appealed a decision finding the limiting of same-sex marriage unconstitutional. "My personal opinion is that anybody should be allowed to marry anybody. I don't happen to think we should put restrictions on who you should marry.... What the city doesn't want to have happen is people getting a marriage license and then six months, or one year later, or two years later, finding out it's meaningless," he has said.[13]

Public health

Bloomberg is passionately interested in public health. He has donated millions of dollars to the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and appointed Dr. Thomas R. Frieden, an epidemiologist with a reputation for activism and scientific rigor, to be his Health Commissioner. Under Frieden the city Health Department has made HIV, diabetes and hypertension priorities.

Bloomberg extended New York City's smoking ban to all commercial establishments, including bars and nightclubs. This reform removed the last indoor public areas in which one could smoke in the city. The smoking ban took effect in March 2003. Bloomberg's smoking ban was considered trend-setting and many municipalities in North America and Europe have subsequently enacted similar bans.

In June 2005 Bloomberg signed the Potty Parity bill requiring more women's toilets in newly opened public places such as bars, theaters, stadiums and convention facilities

On 5 December 2006, New York became the first city in the United States to ban trans-fat from all restaurants. It will go into effect in July of 2008.

Immigration

Bloomberg is a supporter of immigration reform to secure the rights of illegal immigrants, who comprise a large part of the population of New York City. He argues that deportation breaks up families and scares illegal immigrants away from cooperating with law enforcement or accessing vital social services; as such, he supports proposals like those put forth by U.S. Senators Ted Kennedy and John McCain, which would normalize the status of otherwise law-abiding illegal immigrants already present. Bloomberg also believes that border enforcement is somewhat futile. He told the US Senate Judiciary Committee Field Hearing on Federal Immigration Legislation on 5 July 2006: "It is as if we expect border control agents to do what a century of communism could not: Defeat the natural forces of supply and demand and defeat the natural human instinct for freedom and opportunity. You might as well sit on the beach and tell the tide not to come in." [14]

He also issued Executive Order 41 on 17 September 2003 which instructs city employees not to ask nor to disclose information about immigration status unless required by law or organizational mission. [15][16]

Crime and security

During Bloomberg's tenure, the reduction of crime that began under Mayor Rudy Giuliani has continued[17]. Bloomberg's approach to the issue has been more low-key than that of Giuliani, who was often criticized by advocates for the homeless and civil rights groups. However, there exists some criticism that the reduced-crime statistics are frequently falsified or doctored to exaggerate the reduction. [18][19][20]

Since 2003, Bloomberg has become increasingly assertive in demanding that federal homeland security funds be distributed to municipalities based on risk --such as New York City-- and population rather than any other measure. In an appearance before the United States Senate he argued that federal security funds should not be indiscriminately distributed, spread like "peanut butter."

Gun control

Bloomberg is a strong advocate of gun control and made it a major issue of his administration in his second inaugural address. Most of the beneficiaries of his donations to Congressional candidates, however, have been opponents of gun control. Those incumbent Congressmen have had high ratings ("A" to "B+") from interest groups (e.g., National Rifle Association, GOA) which oppose gun control.

Bloomberg once said, "I don't know why people carry guns. Guns kill people..."[21]. Bloomberg is also a co-chair and founder of Mayors Against Illegal Guns, and organization of 240 mayors dedicated to making American cities safer.

Tolerance of CD & DVD piracy by local police

The New York City Police Department tolerates sale of pirated CDs and DVDs on major commercial streets and major MTA subway line concourses, such as 34th Street, 53rd Street, 59th Street and 23rd Street/Ely stations. The motion picture industry and music industry have made efforts to crack down on mixtapes and movies. While New York's mayor, Michael Bloomberg, and City Council have made efforts to counter piracy, the New York Police Department has opposed cooperating with the crackdown effort. As such, New York is a center for the bootleg production and distribution of pirated CDs and DVDs. (needs citation)

Budgeting

Facing a severe fiscal crisis after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, Bloomberg introduced a $3 billion tax increase in the middle of the fiscal 2003 year. This move is credited with stabilizing the city's finances, which have since recovered. However, critics have said a responsible political official with spine, would have instead sought to cut the bloated government budget and the bloated government payrolls, instead of raising taxes.

In 2004 and 2005, the city experienced record surpluses, but financial experts and Bloomberg administration officials warn about significant unfunded future pension costs owed to city workers. To address this concern, Bloomberg unilaterally set aside $2 billion for a city-retirees' health fund in 2006. However critics have said, that the mayor lacked the political courage to cut the bloated New York City government payrolls, which would have provided a long term fiscally responsible solution. This lack of political courage, is a primary reason why New York City has one one the highest tax rates in the United States.

Development

Mayor Bloomberg and his Deputy Mayor for Economic Development & Rebuilding Daniel L. Doctoroff have overseen one of New York City’s most dramatic economic resurgences, spearheading the effort to reverse New York’s fiscal crisis after the attacks of 9/11 through a five-borough economic development strategy. By focusing on making New York’s economy more diverse, its business climate more hospitable, and its communities more livable, they have helped lead New York to its strongest economic position in decades. In 2005, the city achieved record levels of jobs, visitors, population, and the greatest number of housing starts since the 1960s.

Poverty

Bloomberg plans to make poverty reduction be the central focus of his second term. In 2006 he appointed a Commission on Economic Opportunity to come up with innovative ideas to address poverty in the city. The commission's initial report was released in September 2006.

According to the United States Census Bureau the city's poverty rate of 19 percent in 2004 had not changed since 2001, while in Manhattan the earnings of the top fifth of earners ($330,244 on average) were 41 times the earnings of the bottom fifth ($8,019 on average). Bronx County is the second poorest urban county in the United States, with a per capita income of $13,595 (after El Paso County, Texas); Kings County, which is coterminous with Brooklyn, has a per capita of $16,775, which is lower than the 2000 per capita income of New Orleans. In 2004, the Census' American Community Survey reported, Latinos had the highest poverty rate in the city (29 percent), compared to Blacks (21 percent), Asians (18 percent) and non-Latino Whites (11 percent). Although in 2005 Latinos made up 28 percent of the New York City's total population, they made up 42 percent of its poverty population. The Mayor's Commission, however, has been criticized by advocacy groups like the National Institute for Latino Policy, for not addressing the problem of high and persistent poverty in the Latino community, pointing to the underrepresentation of Latinos on the Commission (only 4 out of 32 commissioners are Latino) and its leadership (no Latinos).

The Mayor's Commission issued a 52-page report on September 18, 2006 entitled, Increasing Opportunity and Reducing Poverty in New York City. arguing that it would be counterproductive to try to focus on everyone's problems, and instead would concentrate on three groups: very young children, young adults, and the working poor. By targeting these critical groups, the Commission believes it can best combat poverty overall. However, the focus has been criticized by those who would like a focus on other groups--including the elderly, the unemployed, the homeless, and those recently released from prison. The New York Times reported that little new city money is likely to be invested to fight poverty; management reform will be the main source of improvements. For example, the Times noted that food stamp administration will be important for all three of the groups targeted by the commission. Food stamps are fully funded by the federal government, so any expansion of their use is a cost-free reform for the city. The Mayor also announced that he plans to explore the use of cash incentives to poor parents to get them to keep their children in school and promote other constructive behaviors, but that he will be seeking financial support for these incentives from the private sector.

The Commission is expecting reports and plans by city agencies on how they each plan to address the issues raised in the Commission's report by November 2006, and will need to get City Council and State Legislative authorization for parts of its plan. The planning and implementation of the Commission's recommendations are under the leadership of Deputy Mayor Linda Gibbs, who is credited with being the person in the Administration who convinced Mayor Bloomberg to make poverty reduction a major theme of his second and final term.

Housing

Over the three years prior to June 2006, housing rents in New York City rose faster than inflation while inflation-adjusted incomes fell, according to a report by New York University.

The report indicated that New Yorkers with low or moderate incomes spent increasing proportions of their wages and salaries on housing costs. The quantity of units available at rents affordable to city households earning 42 percent or less fell by 205,000 units in three years prior to the report. Lower-income residents had greater difficulty with the housing cost changes. During the period from 2002 to 2005, low-income families (in private-market housing) spent 43.9 percent of their incomes on rent, on average. [22]

Bloomberg has increased city funding for the new development of affordable housing.

Support for Republicans beyond New York area

Since 2000, Bloomberg has given $29,200 in donations to eleven Congressional candidates. Nine of these candidates were Republicans: John E. Stevens, Harold Rogers, John McCain, Richard C. Shelby, Lynette Boggs McDonald, Vito Fossella, Peter T. King, James T. Walsh, Michael Oxley. Their voting records on social and economic issues are characteristic of conservative Republicans.

World Trade Center responder death benefits

On 14 August 2006, Governor George Pataki signed legislation ordering the city to pay increased amounts in death benefits for rescue workers or "first responders", such as FDNY and NYPD members who later died from illnesses such as cancer after working at the World Trade Center site.

The mayor objected to this, arguing that the increased cost of $5 million to $10 million a year would be unduly burdensome for the city. The responders and the city additionally conflicted with each other over the issue of payments for health costs of the living among the first responders. On 17 October 2006, federal judge Alvin K. Hellerstein rejected New York City's motion to dismiss lawsuits that requested health payments to the first responders.

2004 Republican National Convention

While Bloomberg was mayor, New York City hosted the 2004 Republican National Convention, to the opposition of some residents of the heavily Democratic city.

The mayor was particularly criticized for his handling of protest activity [23]. Almost 2000 protesters were detained at a former bus garage on Pier 57 characterized by opponents as a "Guantanamo on the Hudson." [24]

The Parks Department denied a permit for an anti-war march organized by United for Peace and Justice to terminate at Central Park's Great Lawn, and also denied a permit for the group's rally there. Critics cited this as abridging First Amendment rights. Defenders claim the decision was due to the fact that the Central Park Conservancy had spent tens of millions of dollars during the 1990s on redoing the lawn and on adding a new drainage system, and a march and/or rally would have virtually destroyed the lawn and taken several months to repair before it could be again used, and thus any large organized gatherings on the lawn are prohibited, except for the annual free concerts by the New York Philharmonic and the Metropolitan Opera.

The National Council of Arab Americans and the ANSWER Coalition, two groups sponsoring a planned march and rally, have sued the city in federal court for the denial of the Great Lawn permits. In addition to claiming that a large gathering would have damaged the newly renovated Great Lawn, the city also claimed it could not provide adequate police protection, and that the protesters failed to provide a rain date for the gathering. The July 31, 2006 edition of the The New York Times reported that court documents appeared to indicate the Parks Department turned down the permits in order to shield Republican visitors from the protests. The documents include several emails and legal memornda from city officials.

Bloomberg gave a sworn statement in which he claimed to have "no unique personal knowledge" about the permit denials. However, several of the documents in question indicate that Bloomberg received regular updates regarding the status of the permits. For example, an email from Parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe informed Bloomberg that "following your call," he received assurance that the denial letter would go out on July 11. Benepe also went to the Great Lawn himself to see if there was any activity and personally emailed the mayor to let him know there was no demonstration there.

NYPD political surveillance of protests and planned protests

The police department sent undercover officers across the country, to locales including at least 15 different places outside of the city, to study convention protest plans, according to a March 25, 2007 report in the New York Times:

"— including California, Connecticut, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Massachusetts, Michigan, Montreal, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Oregon, Tennessee, Texas and Washington, D.C. — and in Europe."

Undercover officers posed as activists or as sympathetic individuals. The spying began as early as October, 2003. They worked under an NYPD unit called "R.N.C. Intelligence Squad." Objects of the surveillance included activists in general, church groups, three New York City elected officials, anti-war activists, anti-globalization activists, death penalty opponents and environmentalists. Activities under surveillance included activities such as plans for a concert, with the theme, "Bands against Bush," during which music videos would be presented and political speeches would be made. Specifically investigated groups included Billionaires for Bush and the War Resisters League. Paul J. Browne, the main spokesman for the Police Department confirmed that surveillance had been comprehensive.

"David Cohen, the deputy police commissioner for intelligence. Mr. Cohen, a former senior official at the Central Intelligence Agency, was 'central to the N.Y.P.D.’s efforts to collect intelligence information prior to the R.N.C.,' Gerald C. Smith, an assistant corporation counsel with the city Law Department, said in a federal court filing."

Presidential aspirations for 2008

Although Bloomberg has downplayed any possibility of running for US President, he has not yet totally ruled it out. The Washington Post in March 2007 reported that he was considering a campaign as an independent. Even so, he has expressed some personal doubts whether he would have the mass appeal necessary to win a national election.

See also

• Election results for mayor of New York

External links

• Mike Bloomberg for NYC webpage
• Gotham Gazette 2005 webpage
• CityMayors.com profile
• Campaign contributions made by Michael Bloomberg
• New York Times Endorsement
• Mike Bloomberg for President
• The Mayor And His Money
• Primal Fear Short piece supporting a Badillo-Bloomberg Republican primary.
• Ferrer, Ognibene Take Shots At Absent Mayor In First Debate
• Video of speech at cornerstone laying ceremony for the Freedom Tower on July 4, 2004
• Committee to Draft Michael Bloomberg for President website